Abstract
E. coli O157 is one of the main food-borne pathogens that attributed to the attaching and effacing Shigatoxigenic E. coli pathotype (AE-STEC). The occurrence of E. coli O157 in diarrheic calves investigated through molecular detection of rfbEO157 encoding gene was 8.02% within E. coli strains. Detection of AE-STEC virulence genes in E. coli O157 strains using multiplex PCR showed the presence of eae, stx1, stx2 and ehylA in percentages of 93.3, 73.3, 20 and 13.3%, respectively. The virulence genes profile of E. coli O157 revealed the predominance of eae+stx1 combination in 66.7% of these strains. All E. coli O157 strains exhibited antibiotic multi-resistances with higher resistance (100%) to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefalexin, cefuroxime and tetracycline, while the lowest resistance was detected for gentamicin (40%). Phenotypic resistance to extended spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs) indicated that 60% of these strains were resistant to ceftriaxone and cefotaxime, while 53.3% were resistant to cefquinome. Molecular detection of extended spectrum ?-lactamases (ESBLs) encoding genes recorded the superiority of blaTEM gene (100%), whereas the blaSHV and blaCTXM genes were detected in percentages of 40 and 20%, respectively. The genetic profiling of resistance genes revealed the role of blaCTXM gene in ESCs resistance as blaTEM+blaSHV+blaCTXM combination was detected only in ESC resistant strains. Finally, B2 phylogroup was the most prevalent one (80%) within E. coli O157 strains. This implicates diarrheic calves as a source of highly pathogenic multi-resistant E. coli O157 strains.
Keywords: E. coli O157, Virulence & Resistance genes, Diarrheic calves, Antimicrobial resistance, ESBLs.

Abstract
Fetal fluids and placentas, which are important in feto-maternal homeostasis, could be affected by the number of developing fetuses. Therefore, placenta morphological and amniotic fluid biochemical changes associated with single and twin pregnancies in Red Sokoto goats were studied. Using Richardson’s formula, 2.1 × [CRL (cm) + 17], 12 intact gravid uteri (7 single-pregnant and 5 twin-pregnant) from mid-gestation [?70-100 days gestational age (dGA)] pregnant goats were purposively selected. Feto-maternal biometrics [gravid uterine weight (GUW), total placental fluid volume (TPFV), average placentome diameter (APD), mean crown-rump length (MCRL), mean gestational age (MGA), mean fetal weight (MFW), total placentome number (TPN), and average interplacentomal distance (AID)]; amniotic fluid electrolytes [sodium (Na), potassium (K), chloride (Cl), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P)]; total protein; glucose; liver markers (AST and ALT); kidney markers (urea and creatinine), and cortisol concentrations were measured. The histology of the placentomes and the interplacentomal areas was also studied. The twin-pregnant (TP) goats had significantly higher (P<0.05) GUW, TPFV, APD, amniotic fluid glucose and cortisol; and lower (P<0.05) Ca levels. The rest of the parameters assessed did not differ between the TP and single-pregnant (SP) groups. Placentomes and the interplacentomal areas from the TP group had more diffuse villous inter-digitations and thicker luminal endothelium, respectively. It was concluded that TP Red Sokoto goats regulated placentome morphology, calcium, glucose and cortisol levels in order to achieve optimal conditions for the dams and the fetuses. Keywords: Amniotic fluid, Biochemistry, Goats, Placenta, Twin pregnancy.

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the postoperative analgesia provided by epidural lidocaine, lidocaine and morphine or lidocaine and tramadol in dogs following elective orchiectomy or ovariohysterectomy. Thirty-six clinically healthy dogs, classified as class I and II according to the American Society of Anesthesiologists classification system, were randomly allocated into three groups of 12 each, with six females and six males. The dogs received 4mg/kg of lidocaine combined with 0.01ml/kg of 0.9% NaCl, 0.1mg/kg of morphine or 1.0mg/kg of tramadol epidurally. Postoperative pain was assessed 4, 8, 12, 18 and 24 hours after epidural anaesthesia using the University of Melbourne pain scale (UMPS), by a single male observer who was blinded to the epidural protocol. According to the obtained results, evaluated epidural protocols provided sufficient and comparable postoperative analgesia throughout the complete 24-hours observation period. The appearance of vocalization or painful reaction to palpation of the wound surrounding tissue were absolutely absent. Values of 10 points, or higher, indicating the presence of moderate to severe pain and the necessity of additional analgesia, were not recorded. However, established quality of postoperative analgesia is probably not the sole result of epidural administration of drugs, but also analgesic activity of drugs used for general anaesthesia (xylazine and ketamine), and their mutual synergistic or additive effects.
Keywords: Dog, Epidural anaesthesia, Postoperative pain.

Abstract
The work applied on the phallus of the adult goose and turkey to give knowledge for the phallus functional morphology and the mechanism of copulation of these domestic birds. It helped the surgical interfering of the wild geese and the artificial insemination in the turkey for commercial production. The phallus of the goose and the phallic bodies of the turkey were demonstrated by anatomical, histological, histochemical and scanning electron microscopy to compare the micromorphological features. The goose has an intromittent type phallus. It consisted of inner glandular part and outer cutaneous one. The former lined by mucous secretory cells, while the later cover externally by stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium. The turkey phallus was a non-intromittent type. It composed of a median phallic furrow on the crest at the ventral vent lip and flanked on either side by lateral phallic bodies. The later lined by stratified squamous non-keratinized and supported by longitudinal oriented skeletal muscle which circular in the furrow between two phallic bodies. Additionally, lymphatic aggregation was observed in phallus of two birds. This study helped in comparative studies and surgical operations.
Keywords: Phallus, Copulatory organ, Goose, Turkey, Scan electron microscope.

Abstract
This article presents the results of studying the impact of housing and feeding conditions on broiler chickens of Hubbard RedBro cross, as well as the quality of products obtained when using floor and cage content, in a farm. It established that when receiving a mixed feed of own production using feed raw materials grown on a farm without the use of pesticides, a statistically significant decrease in potentially dangerous substances for animal health is recorded. Compared with factory feed, it has reduced the content of pesticides by 14 times, and mercury and arsenic by 24 times, cadmium by five times, and lead by ten times. The results of the study of economic indicators of growing Hubbard RedBro cross broiler chickens, as well as the chemical composition and quality of carcasses, indicated that there was no significant difference between the floor and cell conditions of keeping. Still, the use of a diet based on eco-feeds contributed to a statistically significant decrease in the concentration of toxic metals in the muscles of the poultry of the experimental groups. As a result, it found that the use of the studied compound feed in the diets of broiler chickens increased the indicators of Biosafety and ensured the production of environmentally safe (“organic”) poultry meat products.
Keywords: Poultry, Organic meat, Eco-feed, Meat quality, Contaminants, Compound feed

Abstract
The present study was carried out to investigate and compare the effect of nicotine alone and in combination with melatonin on some oxidants and antioxidant parameters, histopathological changes and DNA integrity in the liver and kidneys of male rats. For this purpose 75 mature male rats weighing 120-140g were randomly divided into five groups; control group (1% ethanol in saline), nicotine group (rats administrated nicotine at a dose of 0.6mg/kg body weight; BW) and nicotine and melatonin groups (rats administrated the same dose of nicotine plus 1, 5 or 10mg/kg BW melatonin, respectively). Nicotine and ? melatonin were injected intraperitoneally daily for 21days. Fasting blood samples were collected from each rat one day after the end of last injection (at 22nd day) and sera were collected for determination of total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Five rats were sacrificed from each group; Liver and kidneys were collected for estimation of oxidative stress parameters (MDA, SOD and GSH), histopathological examination and for estimation of DNA damage. The results revealed that nicotine increased MDA, decreased TAC, SOD and GSH, induced histopathological changes and increased the percentage of DNA damage in the liver and kidneys Melatonin administration with nicotine counteracted the effect of nicotine on previous parameters. The effect of melatonin was dose dependent and the 10mg dose produced the highest protective effect. It is concluded that melatonin can ameliorate the harmful effect of nicotine on the liver and kidneys of male rats.
Keywords: Nicotine, Melatonin, Antioxidants, DNA, Histopathology, Rats.

Abstract
Hygiene and sanitation, which are of great importance for the protection of human. Beside this quality and quantity of the milk is very important for human health. The aim of this project is to develop a training model in raw milk hygiene in Ayd?n province, and to increase knowledge, skills and competencies of vocational/professional groups in raw milk production. Two surveys were conducted for the farm workers to be trained within the scope of the project. Firstly, a demonstrative survey was conducted for the farms where milk hygiene training was provided. The education satisfaction survey was conducted for the people who were educated after the seminar. The surveys were prepared by the project executives and the questions were answered by face to face interview method. The milk samples of the study were collected from 157 dairy farm bulk tanks located in Aydin province, before the beginning of the project and after training courses. The milk samples were analyzed for Total Viable Count (TVC) and Somatic Cell Count (SCC). In conclusion, 11% of tank milk samples were below the norm value of 100000cfu/mL out of 157 farms. It is also seen that 27 farms reduced their SCC values below 400000cells/mL out of 56 farms with a norm value of ?400000cells/mL after hygiene training. When the results were evaluated in general, hygiene was improved by 11% in average TVC value and 1% in SCC value after milking hygiene education.
Keywords: Bulk Tank Milk, Education, Milk Hygiene, SCC, TVC.

Abstract
The observations study was performed on a total of 72 puppies born alive from 16 pregnancy bitches at Asubali breeding kennel, Gianyar, Bali. After whelping, the total number of puppies born alive or dead within a litter, beginning the eyes open and first respond to hear was recorded. Each puppy was identified by a colored collar. Puppies were weighed at birth and continued until 7 day of age. Data were analyzed and presented as means and standard deviation. The difference of sex was analyzed using A two-tailed student t-test. The result of this study showed that average weight of the male puppies was 362.77±60.15 gram and the female puppies were 340.44±36.48 gram. During the first week of life, the mortality rate was 9.72%. The puppy’s eyes open at an age 10 to 15 day and begins to hear at an age 19 to 23 days. Birth weight and neonatal mortality was significantly affected by sex. Its concluded that the mortality rate neonatal was low in Kintamani dog.
Keywords: Birth weight, Mortality, Puppy, Kintamani.

Abstract
Arabian dromedary camels received little interest compared to other domestic animals. Literature data about factors affecting camel’s milk composition and serum biochemical profile are limited and not sufficient. In the present study a total of 60 milk samples (Three milk samples were collected from each animal for three consecutive days) and 20 blood samples were collected individually from 20 clinically healthy female dromedary camels at first month of lactation to study the effect of calf gender on milk composition, some hormonal and serum biochemical profile. Animals were grouped into two groups, A and B. Group A contained 10 females dromedary camels that gave birth to male calves and Group B contained 10 females dromedary camels that gave birth to female calves. All samples were analyzed, and the result revealed that calf gender has non-significant effect (P>0.05) on milk composition, serum progesterone, cortisol, calcium and magnesium levels. While significant effect but not sharp (P=0.02) were observed on serum phosphorus levels and high significant effect were recorded on serum estrogen level (P<0.0001).Since such study are rare inEgypt, the data presented, could be used as a reference guide for the effect of calf gender on milk composition, reproductive hormones and serum biochemical parameters of female dromedary camel during early lactation. Keywords: Calf gender, Milk composition, Reproductive hormones, Biochemical parameters, Dromedary camel.

Abstract
Sorbitol non-fermenting Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (SNF-STEC) is considered as a significant emerging pathogen. Though, cattle and buffaloes are the chief reservoir, species like goat, sheep, deer and other ruminants can also harbor this pathogen. Therefore, this pathogen can easily be transmitted to human and other animals through food chain and their environment. The present study, aimed to ascertain the antibiotic resistance profile of SNF-STEC isolates from buffaloes as well as to detect the resistance genes. A total of 33 sorbitol non-fermenting (SNF) E. coli isolates were tested against ten commonly used antibiotics both in human and veterinary medicine. Results revealed that 78.8% isolates were resistant to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and nalidixic acid whereas 60.6% to tetracycline and 48.5% to doxycycline. The majority of the isolates were found sensitive to both gentamycin and ciprofloxacin (90%) followed by erythromycin (66.7%) and ceftriaxone (51.5%). Of 33 SNF E. coli, 12 were STEC harboring both stx1 and stx2 gene that dictated 66.7% isolates were found resistant to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and nalidixic acid followed by ampicillin (58.3%) and tetracycline (58.3%). blaTEM was detected in 66.7% ampicillin resistant isolates and sul2 was exposed in 34.6% sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim resistant isolates. sul1 gene was negative for the sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim resistant isolates.
Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, Buffalo, Escherichia coli and SNF-STEC.

Abstract
Medicinal herbs have been used for several thousand years in traditional medicine and are known to be inexpensive, effective, readily available, and safe to use, with almost no side effects. As no previous research focused on the effect of ginger powder (Zingiber officinale) on acid-base balance in sheep, the goal of this study was studying the effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale) powder on acid-base balance, rumen, and blood constituents. Ten Egyptian ewes were given ginger powder 500mg/kg bwt orally in the morning before feeding for 5 days. Blood and rumen juice samples were collected in the morning on 0 (control), 3rd, and 5th day before feeding. Results generally showed a significant increase in rumen fluid pH, WBCS, lymphocytes, MCH, and MCHC. Significant decrease in total volatile fatty acids, serum total protein, and globulin were recorded. Ginger maintained acid-base balance, rumen protozoa activity, total protozoa count, rumen ammonia concentration, RBCs, PCV, Hemoglobin, neutrophils, albumin, BUN, Creatinine, GGT, and AST within normal range. Depending on changes in blood and rumen constituents we may suggest a recommendation for using ginger supplementation as 500mg/kg bwt orally for 3-5days as an immune stimulant and in the treatment of rumen acidosis and respiratory affections in sheep.
Keywords: Sheep, Zingiber officinale, Acid-base balance, Rumen and Blood constituents.

Abstract
Cystic ovaries could possibly be either a cause or effect of an existing reproductive disorder as influenced by many factors including hormonal, genetic and the environment. Cystic sows can be a salient source of subfertility in the herd while severely affecting farrowing rates and thus profitability in pig operations. Using direct morphological and morphometric examination of 822 ovaries from either pre-pubertal (about 4 months) or post-pubertal (about 1-2 years) pigs slaughtered at Tacloban City abattoir, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and characterize cystic ovaries which can be used as baseline information for further research relevant to polycystic ovarian syndrome and how it affects the pig’s productivity. With the majority of ovaries examined coming from pre-pubertal pigs, our study found a very low prevalence (? 0.85%) of cystic ovaries and can be attributed principally to post-pubertal pigs divided between oligocystic (0.61%) and polycystic ovaries (0.24%). As expected, cystic ovaries were much bigger across all dimensions (P?0.05). Further research should focus on post-pubertal animals particularly those candidates for slaughter due to culling. As sows are likely to perform poorly particularly in the presence of multiple ovarian cysts, skills and technology such as ultrasound for rapid diagnosis is highly required.
Keywords: Pigs, Cystic ovaries, polycystic ovarian syndrome, Tacloban City, Philippines.

Abstract
Mycotic mastitis due to Candida is increasing and the identification of Candida species is crucial in choosing the ideal antifungal drugs. Identification of Candida to species level is essential as many non-albicans Candida developed drug resistance against antifungal agents. A total of 138 milk samples (24, 15, 46 and 53 from goats, sheep, buffaloes and cows, respectively) were streaked on plain plates of SDA and incubated. CHROM agar was used to differentiate Candida isolates. Mycological examination revealed the presence of yeast in 8.3, 6.7, 32.6 and 47.2% milk samples of goats, sheep, buffaloes and cows, respectively. The total isolation percent of yeast in all milk samples was 31.2%. Species identification of Candida in the present work using both CHROM agar and the bio-typing assay (API 20 C AUX) revealed the highest presence of Candida albicans (11.6%) followed C. glabrata (5.8%), C. tropicalis (5.1%) and C. krusei (2.9%). Multiplex PCR gave two different sized PCR products specific for every tested Candida isolates separately. It was concluded that phenotypic and biochemical assays are time-consuming and exposed to misdiagnosis. Whereas multiplex PCR is a genotypic-based technique that permits the identification of species that is difficult to be identified conventionally because of their abnormal morphology or biochemical features and also this assay is simple, easy and time saving so it is recommended to be implemented in clinical laboratories.
Keywords: Candida, Milk, API 20 C AUX, CHROM agar, PCR.

Abstract
Mammary blood flow has been measured in human breast as well as cow, sheep and goat udders. According to the available literature, mammary blood flow has not been measured in lactating camels. So, the objective of this research was to measure mammary blood flow (MBF) in lactating camel. Data from two lactating camels were used to measure MBF using the antipyrine absorption method. Following complete manual removal of the milk from the udder, 3g of antipyrine dissolved in 30mL of distilled water was injected into each udder gland by the teat orifice. Blood samples were collected simultaneously from the left and right milk veins and pulmonary artery at 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 minutes following the infusion of antipyrine. Oxytocin (20IU) was injected intravenously 45 min following the infusion of antipyrine, and the volume of the milk removed by manual milking from each udder quarter was measured. Concentrations of antipyrine in the milk and blood were calculated, and MBF per udder gram per minute was measured. Results showed MBF of 6250ml/min (9000L/24h) for camel number 1 and 7800ml/min (11232L/24h) for camel number 2. Blood to milk ratios were 1200:1 and 1021:1 for camel number 1 and 2, respectively. MBF per gram of udder weight was 735.29ml/min/g and 829.78ml/min/g for camel number 1 and 2, respectively.
Keywords: Physiology, Mammary gland, Blood flow, Antipyrine absorption method, Lactating camel.

Abstract
Avian mycoplasmosis consider one of the main poultry industry problems all over the world. The present short communication records the pathological lesions in Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) positive samples. Our study was applied to joint tissue samples collected from chicken suspected of mycoplasma infections during a previous study. Joint tissue samples positive MS infection; from broiler breeder flocks aging 46-57 weeks with clinical arthritis were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Histopathological examined sections from MS positive joint samples showed detachment of the synovial sheet, moderate to severe tendonitis with moderate intensive inflammatory cells infiltration. Infiltration in/and around the blood vessels with lymphocytes of the synovial sheet. Few cases showed mild inflammation in tendon sheet characterized by inflammatory cells infiltration. In was concluded from the study that te detection of histopathological changes can be of value in diagnosis of MS natural infection in chicken with clinical arthritis but not sufficient alone. Although, histopathological examination is an auxiliary diagnostic tool besides isolation and molecular identification techniques.
Keywords: Mycoplasma synoviae, Histopathology, Broiler breeder and Joints.