Abstract
This study evaluated alpaca oocytes that developed to metaphase II (MII), using different concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) with and without equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) during in vitro maturation. Oocytes were obtained from ovaries of slaughtered alpacas. Oocytes were matured in vitro for 36h in TCM-99 and supplemented in groups with different doses of FSH: 0.5, 0.25, 0?g.mL-1 and eCG: 15, 5, 0IU.mL-1. Oocytes were stained with 2% lacmoid, and examined for their nuclear status. The parameter for comparisons between groups was the percentage of oocytes in MII. There was an interaction between FSH and eCG (P<0.05). A higher percentage of oocytes in MII were obtained when using 0.5µg.mL-1 of FSH with any concentration of 15, 5 or 0IU.mL-1 of eCG [58.4±1.94% (n=78); 59.5±1.94% (n=85); 54.3±0.56% (n=81); P<0.05]. A similar percentage was also found using 0.25µg.mL-1 of FSH plus 15IU.mL-1 of eCG [52.3±1.66% (n=86); P>0.05] followed by 0.25µg.mL-1 of FSH with 5 or 0IU.mL-1 of eCG [47.3±1.94% (n=82); 45.3±1.94% (n=86); P<0.05]. The lowest maturation percentages were found using any concentration of eCG without FSH [8.2±0.73% (n=84); 8.0±0.66% (n=74); 11.4±1.23% (n=71); P<0.05]. In conclusion, the addition of eCG to the maturation medium would reduce the amount of FSH required in the in vitro maturation of alpaca oocytes. Keywords: Camelid, Equine chorionic gonadotropin, Follicle stimulating hormone, Metaphase II.

Abstract
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a contagious viral disease with high economic losses and primary animal health concerns. FMDV type SAT2 is endemic in Egypt since 2012. This work aimed to characterize the circulating FMDV SAT2 strains genetically in Egypt from 2018 to 2020. A total of 209 vesicular fluids and tongue epithelium were collected from infected cattle and buffaloes in Sharkia, Ismailia, and Dakhlia provinces. All samples were examined by real-time PCR and conventional PCR for FMDV using pan- serotype and serotype-specific primers targeting the VP1 region. Out of 209 samples, 45 infected animals were positive for FMDV SAT2 virus, 29 cattle (21.5%), and 16 buffaloes (13.6%). No FMDV serotype A or O were detected. The highest prevalence of FMDV SAT2 was observed in Sharkia province with a percentage of 10% followed by Ismailia and Dakhlia with a rate of 2.9 and 0.9%, respectively. Three FMDV SAT2 positive samples represented as Sharkia 2018 and Sharkia 2019 and Ismailia 2020 were selected for sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of VP1. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of VP1of the three Egyptian strains demonstrated that these strains are closely related to other Egyptian strains in gene bank as Alex 2018 (MK4933346), Ismailia 2018 (MK4933341), and Menofia 2018 (MT199283) with homology ranged from 95.8 to 98.2%. Phylogenetic tree of FMDV SAT2 showed clustering of Sharkia 2018, Sharkia 2019, and Ismailia 2020 with Libya 2012 topotype VII with three amino acid substitutions at the site 24, 28, and 52.
Keywords: Foot and mouth disease, Egypt, Cytopathogenic effects, qRT-PCR, FMD Strains.

Abstract
Rabies causes more than 59,000 deaths each year worldwide with 95% of cases in Africa and Asia. It is endemic in most of African countries and 99% of human rabies cases are dog mediated. This study aimed to review data on animal rabies surveillance and factors associated with dogs’ rabies in Burkina Faso from 2008 to 2012. Data on submitted samples for analysis using Fluorescent Anti-body Test and confirmed cases in animals were obtained from the National Livestock Laboratory. These data were associated with the geographical regions where the samples originated, species and years. For dogs, data on age, sex, dogs’ ownership and vaccination status have also been collected. From 2008 to 2012, 1352 animal samples were analyzed for rabies confirmation with an average of 315 samples by year. Canine rabies was most suspected with 90% of positive samples. On overall, 77.3% of samples were positive and the highest positive percentage was found during 2012 (89.8%). Rabies was confirmed in donkeys (100%), dogs (78.2%), cats (77.3%), monkeys (53.8%), shrews (50%), and rodents (35.3%). Regarding dog’s rabies, positive samples were also found among vaccinated dogs and the highest positive percentage (91%) was in 2012.These findings demonstrate that rabies is widely distributed in animal species in Burkina Faso and dogs’ vaccination against rabies must be followed seriously as possible vaccine fail occurs after vaccination.
Keywords: Animal, Burkina Faso, Rabies, Vaccinated dogs.

Abstract
Liver and kidneys disorders are fundamental public health problems as they are critical to exogenous substances such as natural poisons and/or medications that eventually lead to various hepatic and renal disorders mostly due to interference with oxygen metabolism. This study was carried out to evaluate the impact of the sugarcane peel extract on hepatic and renal complications linked to toxicity. Forty Sprague Dawley male rats (150-180g), equally divided into four equal groups. On 13th day of the experiment, the group I and II received distilled water and a single dose of paracetamol (3g/kg bwt), respectively. Group III pretreated with Saccharum officinarum peel extract (SOPE) at 200mg/rat for 13 days plus paracetamol (3g/kg bwt) on the 13th day before 1hr of treatment and group IV rats received pretreatment with Silymarin at 0.3g/kg bwt for successive 13 days plus paracetamol (3g/kg bwt) on the 13th day before 1hr of treatment. At the end of the trial, biochemical parameters besides liver and kidney histopathology were examined. Results revealed that the toxin group with a single overdose of paracetamol caused a critical increase in liver enzymes and kidney markers, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, lipid levels, an increase in C-reactive protein values, and caused decreases in serum levels of albumin, total protein, oxidative stress parameters (CAT, SOD, and GSH). On the other hand, co-administration of (SOPE) pretreatment showed an impact in minimizing and preventing all of these risks represented in avoiding liver and kidney damage resulting from some medication overdoses. In conclusion, the possible mechanism of protective activity of Saccharum officinarum peels extract is owing to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect.
Keywords: Sugar cane peels, Oxidative stress, Acetaminophen, Hepatotoxicity, Renal disorders, C-reactive protein.

Abstract
Bird species that use similar resources are expected to use variant foraging approaches and segregate in order to minimize a possible competition among them. However, if they fail to attain this exclusion, competition results. We studied the diet composition and dietary overlap between two sympatric vulture species: Himalayan vulture (Gyps himalayensis) and Bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus), the two important avian scavengers of Hirpora Wildlife Sanctuary of Kashmir Himalaya. Analysis of pellets collected from feeding and roosting sites of these vulture species revealed a significant variation in their food consumption with Himalayan species consuming mostly larger dead mammalian species with higher frequency occurrence of 66.66% of Bubalus bubalus and bearded species the smaller dead mammalian ones with highest frequency occurrence of Ovis aries (83.82%). Diet spectrum of Himalayan vulture was more diverse (H’=1.97) than that of Bearded vulture (H’=1.64). The values of Berger-Parker index (Pimax) follows the reverse order of diversity with Pimax=36.2% for Himalayan vulture and Pimax =48.7% for Bearded vulture. There was very low dietary overlap between the two species (Ojk=0.466; C=0.457) which may favor their co-existence. The management of carrions of livestock and setting up of vulture restaurants is the need of the hour for the conservation of these scavenging birds which are facing high risk of extinction in Hirpora Wildlife Sanctuary.
Keywords: Diet, Vultures, Hirpora, Shopian, Kashmir.

Abstract
In this study, the antitrypanosomal action of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (Lavender), Matricaria chamomilla L. (chamomile) and Ocimum basilicum L. (Basil) essential oils was investigated against Trypanosoma evansi. The Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to analyze these essential oils and identifying their chemical components. The main components present in lavender oil were 1,8-cineole (88.02%) and camphor (8.09%). In chamomile oil, bisabolol oxide (43.81%), cis-?-farnesene (17.79%) and bisabolone oxide (7.71%) were found to be the most predominant components. Basil oil is principally composed of benzene, 1-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl) (52.68%), L-linalool (29.46%) and 1, 8-cineole (9.46%). In vitro results revealed that all the tested oils exhibited notable trypanocidal action and inhibited the growth of T. evansi. The minimum antitrypanosomal activity was determined by chamomile oil and the strongest was determined by lavender oil. These findings suggest that the tested essential oils could be investigated in future studies for the treatment of T. evansi.
Keywords: Trypanosoma evansi; Trypanocidal activity; Lavender; Chamomile; Basil; Plant essential oils.

Abstract
This was a retrospective study that covered a 10-year period from January 2009 to December 2018. The study had three aims which were to determine prevalence, clinical manifestations and factors associated with urolithiasis in domestic cats in Nairobi County, Kenya. It also considered prevalence of other urinary tract conditions that occurred in domestic cats in the same county. Clinical data of all cases of cats were collected from 5 purposively selected veterinary clinics. Specific data was retrieved, which included breed, sex, age, weight, neuter history, and clinical findings. Univariate and multivariate analysis was done to determine factors associated with urolithiasis. The total number of domestic cat cases in the 10-year period was 4,404. A total of 104 cases had urinary tract conditions, of which 28 had urolithiasis, thus making general overall prevalence of urinary tract conditions to be 2.4% and prevalence of urolithiasis 0.6%. Among cases with urinary tract conditions, prevalence of urolithiasis was 26.9%. Definitive diagnosis of causes of urinary tract disease in cats was recorded in 75 cases. Urolithiasis was the major cause 37.3% followed by idiopathic feline lower urinary tract diseases and idiopathic cystitis both at 22.7%. The results showed that history of dysuria, distended urinary bladder and body weight were significantly associated with urolithiasis in domestic cats. This current study concluded that prevalence of urolithiasis in Nairobi County, Kenya was low, but among cases with urinary tract conditions, it had the highest prevalence. These findings were different from similar literature where idiopathic cystitis is reported to be the major cause of urinary tract disease in cats. The main clinical symptoms of cats suffering from urolithiasis were dysuria, hematuria, stranguria, distended urinary bladder and painful abdomen.
Keywords: Cats, Urolithiasis, Urinary tract diseases.

Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to develop restricted selection index aiming to improve 305-day yields of milk (MY), fat (FY) and protein (PY), while keeping the deterioration in days open (DO), calving interval (CI) and number of services per conception (NSPC) at minimum levels in Holstein cows. The data represent 3682 records of 1122 cows, daughters of 95 sires and 712 dams. The data were analyzed by multi-trait animal model with repeated measures. Eight selection indexes (five unrestricted and three restricted) were derived using MY, FY, PY, CI, DO and NSPC in various combinations as sources of information in the indexes. However, the true breeding value included MY, FY and PY. The highest accuracy of selection (0.60) resulted from selection based on the full index. Milk yield and SPC appeared to be the most valuable traits in the full index. Combining the two traits into one index (the best reduced index) gave 0.57 accuracy of selection. The index based on MY alone (the most accurate single trait index) gave 0.53 accuracy. It seems possible to reduce the expected genetic deterioration in the reproductive traits by restricting the full index to result in zero genetic change in NSPC (rTI=0.48). This restriction will allow the breeder to mitigate the deterioration in DO and CI by 12 and 16 days respectively, by sacrificing with part of the expected genetic improvement in productive traits (29, 40 and 48% in MY, FY and PY, respectively).
Keywords: Selection indexes, Productive and reproductive performance – multi-trait animal model – Holstein Friesian.

Abstract
This study aims to prove the advantage to use blood serum electrophoresis (BSE) in medicine for cattle. For that, 200 animal’s cases (healthy or diseased) were studied. We found, in order of importance: 47 cases of respiratory diseases, 7 cases of lameness, 9 cases of mastitis and 8 cases of metritis, the rest have developed inflammatory signs (hyperthermia, low appetite) without any other specific clinical signs (15 subjects). The majority of animals reveal the highest ratio A/G (Albumin/globulin). Alpha2 globulins were markedly high during bronchopneumonia. Most of the cattle had a low value of the ?1 globulins (3.67±1.16g/l). The majority of cattle had a low value of the ?1 zone in comparing with normal range. Seven subjects have developed a monoclonal peak in hyper-gamma globulins. The fibrinogen concentrations did not exceed the threshold of 5g/l. The concentration of Haptoglobin was higher for only ten animals. The electrophoresis of blood serum can replace the biochemical parameters used to determinate the alterations of the liver function: total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT). We found if the level of the ?2 and ? globulins is highest; it gives the same interpretation for the animal’s inflammation status like we have with the increased level of haptoglobin observed for bronchopneumonia. For the other cases, like the insidious pathologies, they are detected by the ?2 and ? globulins, but not by haptoglobin. Our study has proved that the use of blood serum electrophoresis confirms the diagnosis of symptomatic pathologies and allows detecting asymptomatic pathologies.
Keywords: ALP, Fibrinogen, Serum electrophoresis, GGT, Haptoglobin, Total Bilirubin.

Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the effect of different thawing methods on the bacteriological quality of frozen broiler chicken meat. Forty-five samples of whole frozen broiler chicken carcasses were collected from different supermarkets in Cairo and Giza governorates. These samples were divided into three groups (fifteen samples for each) as follows: the first group was thawed in a household refrigerator at 7ºC for 20hrs., the 2nd group was thawed over the counter-top at ambient temperature (27-29ºC) for 5-6hrs. while, the 3rd group was thawed in microwave oven for 22 to 24mins. All thawed samples (core temperature arrived at 0ºC) were subjected to bacteriological examination immediately after thawing for enumeration of total aerobic mesophilic bacterial count, Staph. aureus count, total Coliforms count and isolation of food borne pathogens such as E. coli, Salmonella and Staph. aureus. In addition, all isolated bacterial strains were exposed to antimicrobial sensitivity test. The results revealed that the lowest bacterial counts were observed in samples thawed in microwave oven, while the highest bacterial counts were recorded in samples thawed over counter-top. Moreover, Staph. aureus, E. coli and S. kentucky were isolated only from samples thawed over the counter-top and these strains were resistant to amoxicillin and sensitive to fosfomycin. Such results indicated that defrosting in microwave oven is quick and easy method for thawing frozen broiler chicken carcasses and provides an appropriate level of security for the consumers and could achieve the microbiological safety objectives while, thawing over counter-top not recommended due to food safety and quality aspect.
Keywords: Thawing, Refrigerator, Counter-top, Microwave, Chicken meat, Bacteriological quality.

Abstract
The indiscriminate use of ceftriaxone in animals could be the source of increase in ceftriaxone-resistant bacterial infections in human. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practices of veterinarians towards the use of ceftriaxone in dogs in Enugu State Nigeria. A cross sectional survey was conducted using validated structured questionnaire. Eighty (98%) out of 82 veterinarians who participated in this study returned their completed questionnaire. Recurrence of bacterial infection after treatment significantly [?2 (2)=24.36 (P<0.01)] increased with lower brand price of ceftriaxone used by veterinarians. The occurrence of side effect also showed a strong correlation (r=0.9597; P<0.01) with increased dose of ceftriaxone administered. Out of the 26 and 57 respondents who admitted to have had the knowledge that ceftriaxone is an extra- label drug used in dogs and one of the drugs of last resort, 11.5 and 19.3% applied culture and sensitivity tests before its use, respectively. This study has shown that there is a public health threat as lavish use of ceftriaxone in dogs may be responsible for the increase in ceftriaxone- resistant bacterial infections seen as recurrence of infection after treatment. Keywords: Ceftriaxone, Veterinarians, Dogs, Cross-sectional Survey.

Abstract
Many diagnostic tools are essential for Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) eradication program. This study aimed to apply ?-IFN assay to detect bovine tuberculosis and multiplex PCR (m-PCR) for rapid identification of Mycobacterial isolates. A total no. of 150 cattle in 10 small farms at different Governorates in Egypt, were previously gave suspected results with comparative cervical tuberculin test (SICCT), they retested after 60 days later again with SICCT and bovine gamma-interferon (?-IFN) immunoassay. Eighty-seven (58%) out of total 150 animals were +ve reactors by SICCT test while 80 (53.3%) animals gave +ve ?-IFN assay. The isolated M. bovis by conventional culturing and identification tests were +ve 55 (63.2%) out 87. The ?-IFN assay sensitivity and specificity gave 82.9% and 93.8% respectively. For rapid identification of different mycobacterial isolates using m-PCR two set of primers were used. The first set gave 123bp DNA PCR product expressing IS6110 insertion element for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTBC). The other one gave 500bp from RvD1Rv2031c genomic sequence definite to M. bovis. M-PCR findings were in a concordance with results of conventional culturing and identification tests with high sensitivity and specificity (100%). From this study, it is concluded that diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) used tuberculin test and ?-IFN assay with m-PCR for rapid identification M. bovis isolates in living herds.
Keywords: BTB, Diagnosis, M. bovis, SICCT, ?-INF assay, m-PCR.

Abstract
In Egypt, the buffalo’s milk is greatly consumed on a large population scale, due to its nutrition quality and palatability, so there is a needing to ensure its microbiological quality especially for food borne pathogens to be safe for human consumption. The current study was conducted on a total of 85 solitary collected raw buffalo’s milk samples at El- Giza Governorate. The cultural examination revealed that Bacillus cereus was isolated in 11 samples by (12.94%). The biochemical examination of the 11 isolates exhibited predominant two different biotypes 2 and 5. The antibiogram manner exposed that all isolates were sensitive to gentamicin, neomycin and ciprofloxacin, less sensitive to tetracycline (87.5%) vancomycin (81.25%) and erythromycin (81.25%), intermediate to ampicillin (56.25%) and polymyxin (43.75%) while the eleven isolates were resistant to both amoxicillin and penicillin G (100%). The multiplex PCR was carried out to assess conservative gene 16S rDNA gene, ces (cereulide encoding gen) and entFM (enterotoxin-encoding gene) among the eleven isolates. The procured data demonstrated that only ten isolates amplified the targeted 16S rDNA product 964 bp (90.9%). On the other side, there were six isolates showed amplicons of average molecular size 486 bp (54.54%) while two isolates amplified 1271 bp (18.18%), which targeted entFM and ces respectively. The obtained data proposed that raw buffalo’s milk may considered a source of public health concern toxigenic B. cereus which may be implemented in food-borne illness.
Keywords: Bacillus cereus, Toxigenic & Resistance genes, Buffalo’s Milk, PCR, Antibiotic Susceptibility.

Abstract
Bovine papillomatosis is an infectious disease, characterized by the presence of multiple benign mass that can regress spontaneously or progress into malignant neoplasia caused by bovine papillomavirus. Epidermal proliferation causes the lesion to have the keratotic surface that resembles a cauliflower. In this case report, bovine papillomatosis that was encountered in a farm at UMK Bachok, Kelantan will be discussed. A year-old male Kedah Kelantan (KK) cross cattle calf was presented with a presence of multiple, circular, around 1-2cm in diameter, wart-like lesion localized on the ventral part of the mandible and on the chin. A series of diagnostic approaches had been conducted to reach the definitive diagnosis, which includes biopsy for histopathology, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and fecal examination.
Keywords: Bovine papillomatosis, Wart, Cauliflower-like lesion, Autogenous vaccine.

Abstract
The os penis is a unique structure existing in some placental mammals, however it predisposes the organ to fracture. Partial penectomy is an incomplete penile amputation which is carried out when the transection site needed. In this report, a clinical case of partial penectomy in a raccoon was described. A 20-month-old, male albino raccoon (Procyon lotor) was referred to University Veterinary Hospital in Universiti Putra Malaysia with the penile prolapse. Preliminary therapeutic plan included prescription of broad-spectrum antibiotic and anti-inflammatory. Partial penectomy was arranged in this case. Postoperative treatment prescribed were fluoroquinolone antibiotic and analgesics. The prognosis was good due to minimal complication. The clinical symptoms on fracture of os penis, complications of partial penectomy, and options for treatment on fracture of os penis were discussed in this report. Castration can be an alternative preventive method to prevent trauma related to the fracture of masturbation os penis.
Keywords: Os penis, Fracture, Procyon lotor, Trauma, Partial penectomy.