Abstract
Over the last few decades, the quantum of research on probiotic strains has increased rapidly in most regions of the world. The use of probiotics in animal production and human nutrition can solve many problems caused by inadequate antibiotic treatment, growth promoters, disease prevention, and improved management. Market demand for probiotics is increasing worldwide, including Indonesia, where these are mainly imported. This situation renders peptone as a media component for isolation and identification of probiotics or as a media for testing bacteria in microbiological work. Pangasius fillet waste (P) and pineapple core (C) are agro-industrial wastes used as raw materials for peptone production. The purpose of this study was to see how the ratio of P to C affects the output of peptone from agro-industrial wastes for use as a component of laboratory media for the growth of microorganisms. Protein P hydrolysis was carried out directly by mixing C in various ratios (1:1, 2:1, and 3:1) with different incubation times (T), 1 day (T1), 2 days (T2), and 3 days (T3). The P: C ratio of 3:1 with an incubation time of one day (T1) was the best for peptone production, with a yield of 42.88±2.66%, the protein content of 5.68±0.13%, degree of hydrolysis of 90.16±2.28%, and 15 amino acids. The effects of commercial and modified MRS broth media containing peptone on LAB growth were non-significantly different, with an average total LAB of 9.084-9.128 log CFU/mL. In conclusion, peptone extracted from P using crude bromelain from C can be used as a nitrogen source to formulate MRS broth for LAB growth.
Keywords: Probiotics, Peptone, Pangasius, Pineapple core, Microorganism.

Abstract
Conventional drug treatment expels adult worms from the intestinal tract but does not prevent reinfection and further contamination of the environment with eggs. This study was performed as the start of a program aiming to develop curcumin (CUR) as a lead drug for human and animal ascariasis. Ex vivo adult Toxocara vitulorum and eggs were exposed at 37°C for 4hr to different concentrations of CUR (0-500?M) in Roswell Memorial Park Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium supplemented with 2% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The results showed that CUR slightly impaired the viability and mobility of approximately 30% of worms in a dose-dependent manner. Scanning electron microscopy revealed changes in cuticles throughout the length of the roundworms exposed to high CUR concentrations. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay failed to reveal CUR effects on specific antibody binding to the roundworm surface membrane molecules. To mimic the in vivo situation, after incubation, eggs were washed, suspended in 0.1N sulphuric acids, and examined for development and maturation 4, 7, 11, and 18 days later. Eggs produced from CUR-exposed females showed an even more remarkable delay and impairment in development in comparison to eggs, which were directly exposed to CUR. A significant increase in the number of dead eggs and prevention of maturation to the infective stage were observed in a CUR dose and time-dependent manner. These results encourage investigations of CUR impact on human and animal ascarids of public health and economic importance.
Keywords: Ascarids, Curcumin, Eggs development, Ex vivo worms, Scanning electron microscopy, Toxocara vitulorum.

Abstract
This study investigated the antioxidant properties of the fractions of the methanolic extract of Ocimum basilicum (OB) and their effects on the hematological parameters of acetaminophen-induced albino rats. Using vacuum liquid chromatography, the methanolic extract of OB was separated into four fractions (i, ii, iii, and iv) and studied using the DPPH and FRAP assays. Selected fractions ii and iv with the highest antioxidant activities for the animal study. Forty-two albino rats were divided into seven treatment groups (GP) of six animals each, subdivided into three replicates with two rats each. For seven days, rats in GP1 and GP2 were administered water and silymarin (1000mg/kg), gave those in GP4 and GP5 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg of fraction ii, respectively, while gave those in GP6 and GP7 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg of fraction iv respectively. Rats in GP3 were administered 750mg/kg of acetaminophen (per os) on day eight only. The results showed that, in comparison with the control groups (1, 2, and 3), rats in GRP4 showed increased (P<0.05) hemoglobin concentration and total WBC count while GRP5 had increased (P<0.05) PCV and MCV. Rats in GRP 6 showed increased (P<0.05) MCV and MCHC compared to the control group, while those in GRP7 showed decreased (P<0.05) PCV and MCV compared with the positive control. It was concluded that the free radical scavenging activity of methanolic extract fractions of OB increased in a dose-dependent manner and high doses (1000mg/kg) of fraction ii showed increased hematopoietic activity.
Keywords: Antioxidant, Blood constituents, Radical scavenging, Ocimum basilicum.

Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is classified as Avian OrthoAvulavirus-1 (AOAV-1) and is still one of the most important poultry diseases in the world. Collected tissue specimens (trachea, cecal tonsils, and spleen) from 85 chicken flocks (broilers, layers, and native breeds) raised in 5 Egyptian governorates (El-Qalubia, El-Behaira, El-Menofia, El-Gharbia, and Alexandria) in the period between March 2019 to February 2020. The flocks had a history of vaccination against ND and showed clinical signs and lesions of infection. We characterized the isolates molecularly using conventional RT-PCR via amplifying the NDV full Fusion protein gene. The analysis of the full F-gene sequence revealed that our isolates were classified as genotype VII with the characteristic amino acids motif in the fusion protein cleavage site for the velogenic NDV (vNDV) strains. Among the molecularly identified NDV Genotype VII isolates, 5 representative isolates in different 5 Egyptian Governorates were sequenced for full fusion protein gene (sequence). The obtained sequences were submitted on GenBank: MW580389, MW580388, MW580387, MW566177, and MW590306. The five isolates’ full-length F protein gene amino acid sequences revealed 99.5% identity with the Reference GenBank NDV/Egypt/ch/MN51/2019 strain isolate. The deduced amino acids sequences’ comparative alignment of the five Avian OrthoAvulavirus-1 isolates confirmed the presence of motif of virulent strains (RRQKRF) between 112 and 117 residues of fusion protein cleavage site. All five AOAV-1 isolates from 2019 and 2020 belonged to the NDV genotype classified as genotype VII.1.1 depending on full Fusion gene sequences; those five isolates were grouped with subgenotype VIId. Through signi?cant genetic changes in vNDV observed in our study, continuous monitoring of the multiple vNDV outbreaks in vaccinated chicken and targeted evaluation of the used vaccines.
Keywords: NDV, Isolation, RT- PCR, Genotype VII, F gene Sequence; Chick.

Abstract
The current study aimed to determine the occurrence of the ovine respiratory syncytial virus (ORSV) infection in sheep employing sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (sandwich-ELISA) and look into some disease risk factors. We collected blood samples (n=460) from sheep of various ages and sexes in Babylon Governorate/Iraq. The epidemiological data obtained during the interview with the owners of the animals. The prevalence of ORSV infection at Babylon Governorate was 58.91% based on sandwich-ELISA. The risk factors related to ORSV infection included: sheep with 7months-2years old, imported animals, outdoor feeding, large herd size, in northern parts of the Governorate and winter and spring seasons. There was a significant elevation in RBC, Hb, PCV and a significant reduction in WBC and lymphocytes. There was a significant elevation in AST, CK, LDH, TP, globulin, and total bilirubin. At the same time, there was a significant reduction in albumin, creatinine, and glucose in the infected animals with ORSV. In conclusion, ORSV is prevalent in sheep at Babylon Governorate, with a higher prevalence of the disease in the northern parts of the Governorate. The present report is the first for detecting ORSV antigens in sheep at Babylon Governorate/Iraq.
Keywords: Respiratory syncytial virus, Prevalence, Sheep.

Abstract
Fascioliasis is caused by two species of trematodes that mainly affect the liver. It belongs to the group of foodborne disease infections. It is a zoonotic disease, while anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease. Both diseases occur worldwide, particularly in regions with intensive animal production. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the incidence rate of Fasciola and Anaplasma infections among cattle and buffalo in a part of southern Egypt, “Qena province,” in different seasons among male and female animals with special reference to the harmful effects of Fasciola in the liver of infected animals. The study was carried out from January 2020 to January 2021. A total of 437 cattle and 188 buffaloes of mixed breeds with an age range from 1 to 3 years were selected randomly for the study. Fecal samples were obtained and analyzed for the presence of fluke eggs using direct smear, flotation, and sedimentation techniques. Samples of liver fluke were collected from the liver of slaughtered animals for histopathology. The results revealed that fascioliasis incidence among cattle and buffalo in Qena was 3.43 and 4.26%, respectively. The microscopic examination of blood smears from cattle and buffaloes revealed that 7.5% had an Anaplasma infection; in addition, the infection rate concerning gender indicated that it was higher in females 7.57% than males 6.67%. The findings of fascioliasis and anaplasmosis in farm animals indicate that the danger of both diseases in farm animals, which affects the economic production of animals, increases the risk of infection with zoonotic agents for farmworkers.
Keywords: Anaplasma, buffalo, cattle, Fasciola and Qena.

Abstract
The study determined the hematobiochemical, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme parameters of local day-old male turkey poults (n=24), during two feeding periods, grower phase (6-15 weeks) and finisher phase (16-24 weeks). A commercial (Top® brand) chick mash served as the basal diet, while biochar supplementation levels were 5, 15 and 25g/kg at the start of the grower phase, until slaughter. Poults fed 5 and 15g/kg biochar had higher (P<0.05) final body weight and average daily weight gain when compared with poults fed other treatment diets. White blood cell count was higher (P<0.05) in poults fed 25g/kg biochar diet compared with those of the control group. Poults fed 5 and 15g/kg biochar diets had reduced serum (P<0.05) aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, urea, creatinine, and bilirubin concentrations when compared with those of the control birds, while the lowest concentrations of uric acid were recorded in poults fed 5g/kg biochar diet. Increased (P<0.05) activities of serum catalase and glutathione peroxidase were observed in 15 and 25g/kg biochar groups, coupled with decreased (P<0.05) malondialdehyde values which were comparable (P>0.05) with those of the control group. The results of the present study revealed that 15g/kg biochar can be incorporated in the diet of local turkey poults for improved growth performance and serum-biochemistry and reduced lipid peroxidation. However, improvement in hematology and antioxidant enzyme activity in local turkey poults require 25g/kg biochar supplementation.
Keywords: Biochar, Turkey poults, lipid peroxidation, Serology, Antioxidant capacity, Hematology.

Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a contagious, economic viral disease of small ruminants. In Egypt, PPR disease is highly widespread in the last years with high morbidity and mortality. An outbreak was recorded in Al-Sharkia governorate, Egypt on a flock of small ruminants consisted of (34 goats and 11 sheep) with clinical signs suggested to be PPR virus (PPRV) infection following introduction of new animals. The clinical investigation of infected animals revealed high fever, erosions on lips and oral mucosa, ocular and nasal discharges, severe conjunctivitis, and severe offensive diarrhea that was bloody in some cases. Morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates of infected flock were 88.2, 23.5 and 26.7%, respectively. On necropsy, erosions and ulceration were noted in buccal cavity, lungs were congested and consolidated, and lymph nodes of lungs and intestine were edematous. In addition, there was congestion and enlargement of spleen and liver with distended gall bladder. Intestines were hemorrhagic with zebra stripping, the pathognomonic histopathological lesions of PPR, were found in ceco-colic junction. Detection of PPRV N gene by One-Step conventional reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) assay using NP3 and NP4 primers was applied. Out of 24 samples collected from diseased animals and dead carcass, RT-PCR confirmed PPRV infection in 13 samples (five oculonasal swabs, three buffy coats, two mesenteric LNs, two lungs, one spleen). Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis was carried out on the PCR product of NP gene revealed that, the circulating virus is closely related to circulating PPRV strains throughout Egypt and African countries. The authors planned further understanding the PPRV molecular epidemiology to develop strategies to eradicate the disease with a proper vaccine.
Keywords: PPR, Egypt, Sheep, PCR, Sequencing.

Abstract
The research aimed to discover the effect of Tithonia diversifolia (TD) and Pennisetum purpureum (PP)-based ration on nutrient intake, nutrient digestibility and milk yield of Etawa crossbreed dairy goat. Sixteen Etawa crossbreed dairy goats in the second month of lactation with live weight 60-70kg were the object in this study. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used with 4 treatments and 4 replications for each treatment. The treatments were as follows: A=20% fermented palm frond (FPF) + 16% Tithonia diversifolia (TD) + 64% Pennisetum purpureum (PP), B=20% FPF + 32% TD + 48% PP, C=20% FPF + 48% TD + 32% PP and D=20% FPF + 64% TD + 16% PP. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance, and the Duncan’s s Multiple Range Test. The parameters examined were nutrient intake including dry matter and organic matter; protein intake; nutrient digestibility which cover dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), cellulose; hemicellulose digestibility; and milk yield. The results of the experiment showed that the combination of 64% T. diversifolia and 16% P. purpureum increased nutrient intake (P<0.05) while dry matter intake increased 2.57-3.01kg/head/day, organic matter 2.32-2.67kg/head/day and protein intake 0.32-0.48kg/head/day. Nutrient digestibility and milk yield were non-significantly different (P>0.05), although the rise of T. diversifolia did not decline nutrient digestibility and milk production. This study concluded that the combination of 64% T. diversifolia and 16% P. purpureum resulted in the best nutrient intake, nutrient digestibility, and milk yield of Etawa Crossbreed Dairy Goat.
Keywords: Etawa crossbreed dairy goat, milk yield, intake, digestibility, Tithonia diversifolia, Pennisetum purpureum.

Abstract
Studying the complete histological picture of the camel mammary gland plays a major role in understanding the variations in camel milk yield and composition. Therefore, the present study aimed to give more detailed description of the structure of the lactating dromedary she-camel mammary gland. The whole udder of 9 healthy lactating she-camels (Camelus dromedaries) was dissected of the fresh carcasses just after slaughtering. Sections were dissected out and fixed in 10% neutral buffer formalin for histological and immunohistochemical examination. Other parts were fixed in glutaraldehyde for ultrastructure examination. The gross examination of the camel mammary gland revealed that it is composed of four teats. Each teat ended by two separate orifices: cranial and caudal. Each orifice leads to a separate streak canal, separate gland cistern and separate lactating glands, cranial gland, and caudal gland. The examination of the two gland cisterns pointed out that the cranial gland cistern was significantly wider than the caudal one. The histological examination of the cranial and caudal gland revealed that the caudal gland comprised an abundant amount of interstitial connective tissue than the cranial gland. In contrast, the alveoli of the cranial gland were larger in size, more active, and stretched with secretion. The ultrastructure examination showed differences in structure and activity between the secretory cells of the two glands. The immunohistochemical examination of the lactating mammary gland showed strong expression of CK5/6 in both glands. On the other hand, the two glands showed different reactions to CK8/18, Estrogen Receptors and Progesterone Receptors (PR).
Keywords: She-camel mammary gland, Histology, CK5/6, CK8/18, Estrogen Receptor (ER), Progesterone Receptor (PR).

Abstract
Investigation on the effect of dietary oregano on growth traits, egg physical characteristics, blood biomarkers, and egg lipid profile of heavy ecotype laying hens was conducted. Two hundred and forty eighteen weeks old, heavy ecotype hens were randomly assigned to two (T1; control – zero oregano meals, and T2; 3g oregano meals kg-1) dietary treatment of twelve replicates with ten hens per replicate. Birds fed oregano meals improved body weight and weight gain (P<0.05) compared with those fed the control diet. The heavy ecotype-laying hens fed zero oregano consume more (P<0.05) diets with a poor FCR. Egg production and egg weight were higher for birds fed oregano meals. Birds fed dietary oregano supplementation had a better (P<0.05) shell thickness than those fed the control diet. Red blood cell (RBC) and hemoglobin (Hb) values were higher for birds fed dietary oregano, as shown in Table 6. White blood cell (WBC), lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophil counts were increased (P<0.05) for birds fed the control diet in contrast to those that received oregano inclusion. Cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), as well as low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were affected by the dietary oregano. Cholesterol and LDL levels were higher (P<0.05) for birds fed the control diet. At the same time, those that received oregano inclusion had a higher HDL value as well as a reduced (P<0.05) cholesterol and LDL values. It was concluded that oregano improved egg mass, egg quality, and quantity. It also enhanced the immunity of the hens.
Keywords: Blood, Egg, Heavy ecotype, Immunity, Lipid profile, Oregano.

Abstract
The aim of this research was to discover the effect of increasing rumen degradable protein in ruminant diet using Tithonia diversifolia and Leucaena leucocephala on rumen fermentation characteristics, microbial protein synthesis, protozoa population, methane production, and nutrient digestibility. The in vitro method was used in this research in randomized block design with three treatments and five replications. Three diets were formulated containing 50, 55 and 60% rumen degradable proteins (RDP) and were represented as 50, 55 and RDP60. The RDP50 diet contained RDP 50% of crude protein. The 55 and RDP60 diet contained RDP 55 and 60% of crude protein, respectively. The results showed Total Volatile Fatty Acid (100mM vs 98.93mM and 95.60mM) and microbial protein synthesis (88.86mg/100mL vs 84.03mg/100mL and 81.20mg/100mL) were higher in RDP55 diet (P<0.05). Decreasing protozoa population and methane production were observed with increasing RDP in diet (P<0.05). NH3 production (15.30-16.15mM) and protein digestibility (62.52-66.12%) increased with the rising of RDP level (P<0.05). Beside that, higher dry matter (64.56% vs 61.58% and 58.20%), organic matter (66.67% vs 63.89% and 60.69%), crude fiber (65.37% vs 62.07% and 60.78%), and nitrogen-free extract (66.45% vs 62.87% and 60.57%) digestibility were observed in RDP55 diet (P<0.05). Our study revealed that diet containing RDP 55% of crude protein in ruminant feed using T. diversifolia and L. leucocephala improved rumen fermentation characteristics and nutrient digestibility. Further research is needed to discover the effect of the in vivo feeding trial on animals.
Keywords: Legume, Nutrient digestibility, Rumen fermentation characteristics, Rumen degradable protein, Ruminant feed.

Abstract
This study provides preliminary data about anatomical and ultrasonographical features of the spleen in clinically normal red fox, using the distinct orientation of the splenic artery. Six red foxes of both sexes with an average weight of 4-6kg and age range 2-3years were achieved from the Western Egyptian Desert. Trans-abdominal splenic ultrasonography was performed on all foxes with the dorsal recumbent position. The foxes were euthanized by an intravenous overdose of Thiopental sodium. Anatomical dissection was performed on two sacrificed animals while the other four animals were used to describe the arterial architectures (n=two foxes) and angiography (n=two foxes). The splenic parenchyma appeared slightly hyperechoic to isoechoic relative to the adjacent liver. It was hypoechoic to the surrounding fat. The spleen of the red fox had a falciform outline and was located in the left cranial abdominal cavity, beneath the last two ribs just cranial to the left kidney. The red fox’s spleen was unique in its relation to the left crus of the diaphragm and the absence of renosplenic ligament. The splenic artery was the last branch of the celiac trunk and was subdivided into two main vessels, dorsal and ventral. These branches entered the spleen through two splenic hila at both extremities. Splenic arteriography revealed an internal link between these vessels but lacked an external connection.
Keywords: Angiography, Red Fox, Spleen, Splenic arteries, Ultrasonography.

Abstract
Three common isoforms of apolipoprotein E (APOE) are found in most populations: E2, E3, and E4, the ?4 isoform has been proven to be associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and coronary heart disease (CHD). In human, attributable risk due to APOE4 varies by region and by race/ethnicity. To gain a better understanding of APOE genetic polymorphism in canines, we aimed to explore the prevalence of apolipoprotein E isoform distribution in five different pure breeds (Thai Ridgeback, Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever, Bulldog, Shih Tzu) using APOE gene sequencing analysis. Our results showed a very high homology of apolipoprotein E sequences in the examined canines, including human APOE3 and human APOE4, ranging from 71.76-100 and 78.23-100% identity and similarity, respectively. All investigated canine breeds could be identified as APOE4 carriers due to the presence of arginine at the positions 112 and 158, which correspond to APOE4 of human. This indicates that APOE polymorphism was not present in the genome of all examined canine breeds. It is possible that the finding of canine apolipoprotein E4 may be important in predicting an increased risk of pathophysiological development of neurodegenerative diseases and coronary heart disease. Our reconstructed phylogenetic tree showed two well-defined clusters based on the amino acid sequence of apolipoprotein E, including canine and human group. Further studies should explore if these different clusters are associated with diseases.
Keywords: Apolipoprotein E, Canine, Polymorphism.

Abstract
Dromedary milk (camel’s milk) is high in nutritious than cow milk due to its high content of antibacterial agents and vitamin C. The current research goal is to characterize and estimate the antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus species (spp.) recovered from Dromedary milk samples. Fifty raw dromedary milk samples were obtained from camels raised in five Egyptian Governorates. The isolates were further identified using morphological, biochemical, and PCR. Twenty-two isolates (44%) were identified as Lactobacillus spp., Lactobacillus plantarum (18%), L. acidophilus (14%), L. fermentum (4%), L. casei sub spp. Pseudoplantarum (4%), L. paracasei (2%) and L. brevis (2%). The antibacterial properties of Lactobacillus spp, were conducted against several foodborne pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and listeria monocytogenes, as well as Aspergillus flavus. L. plantarum isolates were found to possesses the highest inhibitory activity versus S. aureus and Salmonella Typhimurium. High antibacterial activity was observed by L. acidophilus on S. aureus and S. Typhimurium although, Lactobacillus plantarum showed the highest inhibition of fungal growth followed by L. acidophilus, while L. fermentum and L. casei sub spp.. Lactobacillus plantarum showed antibacterial and antifungal activities, and further investigations are needed to be used as a potential probiotic-like organism.
Keywords: Dromedary milk, Lactobacillus spp., Lactobacillus plantarum, Foodborne pathogen, Probiotics.

Abstract
Indonesia, located in the tropics with high humidity, is a suitable area for the growth of various types of fungi. Kintamani Bali dogs have thick and beautiful fur, so it is unfortunate to get a fungal infection. There is a high risk for fungal infection, and no research data for Kintamani Bali Dog make this research very important. Samples were taken randomly from Kintamani Bali dogs with fungal disease characteristics using the toothbrush technique. The samples were identified by colony identification and microscopic examination through slide culture using Methylene blue staining. The results showed that from 15 samples, identified 31 fungi. Among these, commonly found were Aspergillus sp. 54.84% and each of Curvularia sp. Trichophyton sp. Candida sp. 12.9% while Penicillium sp. 6.45%. Based on sex, generally, the female Kintamani had a higher (61.29%) fungal infection than male Kintamani Bali dogs (38.71%). In young age dogs, more infection was found (70.97%) than adult dogs (29.03%).
Keywords: Age, Fungi, Kintamani Bali dogs, Sex.

Abstract
One of the greatest difficulties of the twenty-first century is finding safe and effective anticancer medicines. The global incidence of cancer is constantly increasing, endangering the lives of millions of people. Cancer is caused by a variety of reasons, including inappropriate hormone regulation, genetic abnormalities lifestyle and occupational parameters. Plants are the most reliable source of medicine for disease therapy. Anticancer properties can be found in a variety of natural phytochemicals substances. Pentacyclic triterpenoids have been discovered to have anti-inflammatory, blood sugar-regulating, antiviral, antioxidant, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, antiparasitic, growth-stimulating, and antitumor capabilities in recent investigations. Moreover notably, triterpenoids have recently become one of the most relevant issues due to their selective damaging effects on cancer cells while remaining nontoxic to normal cells. Oleanolic acid, lupeol, betulinic acid, ursolic acid are pentacyclic triterpenoids that are generally found in plants, mainly fruits and vegetables, and are extracted and isolated using a variety of methods and chromatography platforms. This review summarized the chemoprevention and remedy of some pentacyclic triterpenoids nanoparticles in many tumors.
Keywords: Pentacyclic triterpene; Lupeol; Betulinic acid; Ursolic acid; Oleanolic acid; Nanoformulations; Biological effects; Antitumor.

Abstract
In responding to the research question, what is the effect of acetaminophen on reproductive hormones and estrous cycles of mice? A study was undertaken to establish the potential impact of acetaminophen on the pituitary-gonadal axis. Reproductive hormones are critical drivers of regular estrous cycles in mammals. The hormones are required to achieve and maintain conception and the reproductive potential among domestic animal species. Up or down-regulation of any reproductive hormones interferes with the estrous cycle and may result in temporary or permanent infertility. Acetaminophen elicits analgesia through inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and activation of the endocannabinoid system. This study aimed to investigate the effect of acetaminophen on the estrous cycle and reproductive hormone levels. The study utilized 6-8 weeks old female mice divided into control and treatment groups with five mice each. The control and treatment group received normal saline and 200mg/kg acetaminophen via oral gavage for 20 days, respectively. There was no difference in the length and number of cycles observed, but there was a significant reduction in the frequency of proestrus in the treatment group. There was a delay in producing estradiol, Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in the treatment group. From this study, acetaminophen negatively affected the estrous cycle and hormone production in the treated mice. The observed disruption in hormone patterns could be a potential cause of infertility for both humans and animals that use acetaminophen.
Keywords: Acetaminophen, Estrous cycle, Female hormones, Mice.

Abstract
A retrospective study of imported cattle slaughtered at Abu Simble Abattoir, Aswan, Egypt was conducted to determine the main causes of lung condemnation. The economic importance was estimated. During the study, a total number of 81452 slaughtered and investigated male cattle for a period of one full year (December 2018 to December 2019). All the condemned organs were lungs (n=9172; 11.26%) and had pathological lesions. The principal cause of lungs condemnation was pneumonia (47.4%), followed by congestion (28.2%), adhesions (22.1%) and abscesses (2.4%). Lungs histopathological examination recorded different inflammatory reactions with different types of pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, interstitial pneumonia, broncho-interstitial pneumonia, fibrinous pneumonia, hemorrhagic pneumonia, and suppurative pneumonia. The present work concluded that a serious problem may develop due to lung diseases/lesions which have negative effect to the livestock industry, in addition to the public health importance of zoonotic diseases.
Keywords: Cattle, Lung lesions, Meat inspection, Economic losses.

Abstract
The purpose of the study was to evaluate how palm kernel cake fermented by Sclerotium rolfsii and supplemented with humic acid affected production performance and egg quality of quails. The animals used in this study were 200-layer quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) at 14 weeks of age. Fermented palm kernel cake (FPKC) with rationed compositions of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% were utilized in the research treatment, which lasted for eight weeks. Also, this study used a randomized design with four replicates in each group. The results showed that feed intake, egg production, feed conversion, egg weight, and eggshell thickness of layer quail were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusively, palm kernel cake fermented with S. rolfsii may be utilized in laying quail feed at a concentration of up to 20%.
Keywords: Egg quality, Humic acid, Japanese quail, Palm kernel cake, Sclerotium rolfsii.

Abstract
Vitamin D exists in a variety of forms (vitamers). Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 are the two most common forms (calcitriol). VDRs (nutritional D receptors) are found in almost every tissue and cell. Gastrointestinal receptors are of therapeutic importance for the treatment of motility disorders. The present study was designed to demonstrate the modulatory effects of Vit.D on intestinal motility in adult male albino rats. Vitamin D was tested on intestinal strips with different intestinal receptor blockers (atropine sulfate, propranolol, verapamil, prazosin), followed by the addition of Vit.D on isolated intestinal strips. The obtained data demonstrated the optimal stimulatory effect of Ach on the isolated intestinal muscles for intestinal muscle contraction. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of high-dose nicotine had no effect on the excitatory response. Therefore, it can be concluded that Vit.D has an effective stimulatory response on the isolated rat intestinal muscle.
Keywords: Vitamin D, Verapamil, Atropine, Propranolol, Prazosin.