Abstract
Little research has been conducted on domestic donkeys compared with other livestock and companion animals in South Korea. There is no database that records the origins of domestic donkeys in South Korea, although most of the origins of Korean domestic donkeys are known to be in the northern areas (China, Mongolia). The present study conducted research to shed light on the phylogenetic characteristics and migratory route of domestic donkeys. This is the first mitochondrial DNA (mt-DNA) analysis of donkeys in South Korea. Mt-DNA base pairs of five Korean domestic donkeys were analyzed. A total of 16,670 base pairs and 38 related genes were observed in these donkeys. The result of an analysis of haplotype in CytB domain, revealed that there were 5 polymorphisms, 3 haplotypes, a haplotype diversity value of 0.800 and nucleotide diversity value of 0.00211 in domestic donkeys. As a result of analyzing the phylogenetic analysis based on these results, it is assumed that domestic donkeys were introduced to South Korea via China originated from the Somali wild ass breeds of northern region.
Keywords: Donkey, mt-DNA, Haplotype, Phylogenetic Analysis, Somali wild ass, Korea

Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate and compare the gross anatomy and histology of the parotid glands, with details of their ducts and radicals, in dogs and foxes, using contrast radiographs. It was applied on six heads for each apparently healthy, adult Baladi dog and red fox that was euthanatized by pentobarbital. All parotid salivary glands were dissected for morphological investigations. Two specimens were injected through the parotid papilla by colored latex neoprene to show the intra glandular distribution of the parotid duct and the other one was inoculated by Urographin for lateral radiograph. The parotid salivary gland appeared as a thin, unevenly triangular shaped gland, located ventrally to the base of the ear. Dorsal border of the gland was notched in the dog but not in the red fox. The parotid radicals had four main branches in the dog, while three major radicals were seen in red fox. Portions of the right and left lobes of parotid salivary glands from other three heads for each dog and fox were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for histological and histochemical investigation. The parotid gland of the dog consisted of pure serous acini, while it consisted of both serous and mucous secretory units in the fox. The acinar cells in the dog revealed a weak positive reaction to the Alcian blue stain. On the contrary, acinar cells in the fox were particularly mucous adenomeres, displaying a significantly high positive reaction. Both secretory acinar cells and duct system lining cells in the dog and fox parotid gland showed weak positive reaction to Periodic Acid-Schiff stain. This work gave a detailed description of parotid salivary gland to help veterinarians in clinical diagnosis and surgical approach.
Keywords: Parotid gland, Parotid radicals, Histology, Histochemistry, Dog, Red fox.

Abstract
The hierarchical structure in the community of young horses of the Hanoverian breed was studied, the social ranks of individuals were determined, the analysis of the behavioral repertoire of animals and the blood composition of horses occupying different hierarchical positions in the group was carried out. The influence of the hierarchical rank of animals on the ratio of different forms of behavior, as well as the effect of rank stress on the biochemical and hematological parameters of the blood of horses, was established. In the dominant individual, the proportion of such forms of behavior as exploratory activity, play activity and inactive forms of behavior is higher than in horses with a lower social status. The concentration of total protein, albumin and globulin fractions, as well as glucose, urea and creatinine, the activity of a number of enzymes (AST, ALT, and alkaline phosphatase) in the blood, as well as the red and white blood counts of low-ranking horses indicate an increased activity of the sympatho-adrenal system due to stress, experienced in competitive relationships in a group.
Keywords: Horse behavior, Hierarchy, Sociogram of aggressive actions, Stress, Biochemical composition of shelter, Hematological parameters.

Abstract
Although canine cardiac diseases are an important health problem worldwide, limited records document their prevalence in Egypt. Cardiac diseases may be of acquired or congenital origin. A prospective study was designed to report the prevalence of cardiac diseases in a population of client-owned dogs. Clinical, radiographic, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, and laboratory examinations were used to diagnose cardiac diseases. Cases were categorized according to the type of cardiac affection and the distribution. Demographic and biochemical data were statistically analyzed and expressed as mean and standard deviation (SD). The study population consisted of twenty different breeds, with the Griffon (n=20) and German shepherd dogs (GSDs) (n=14) the most affected groups. The male population (61.1%) was predominant in the affected breeds. The myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) (48.6%) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (16.7%) formed a considerable population of the acquired affections. In conclusion, acquired cardiac affections showed only minor differences from previous geographical surveys. MMVD and DCM represent the most acquired cardiac diseases in the canine population.
Keywords: Cardiac diseases, Canine, Distribution, Diagnosis.

Abstract
An experiment was undertaken to evaluate the effects of garlic extract on hematological, biochemical, and histopathological profiles in F1 crossbred chicks (White Leghorn cops × Nigerian Heavy Ecotype chickens) non-infected and infected with Salmonella typhimurium. This experiment was carried out to contribute to the genetic improvement of local Nigerian chickens while controlling salmonellosis and combating antibiotic resistance. Two hundred and forty (240) chicks at two weeks old were randomly divided into six treatments: T1 (No Salmonella and no garlic), T2 (garlic only), T3 (Ciprofloxacin only), T4 (Salmonella + Ciprofloxacin), T5 (Salmonella + garlic) and T6 (Salmonella without garlic or ciprofloxacin) and reared for six days. On day seven, birds were sacrificed, and blood samples were collected for hematology and biochemistry analysis, while liver and small intestines were also collected for histopathology. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and were means were found to be significant, Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test was used to separate the means at a 5% probability level. The results revealed that white blood cell counts, neutrophils percentage, liver enzymes, total protein, and the weight of organs increased significantly on T6. In contrast, packed cell volume, red blood cell counts, and hemoglobin decreased significantly. Liver and small intestines damage were also observed. However, feeding birds with garlic counteracted the effect of ST on those parameters. It can be concluded that hexane extract of garlic can alleviate the harmful effect of ST in birds’ systems and, thus, used in Poultry Farms against antibiotic resistance.
Keywords: Allium sativum, Birds, Blood parameters, Histopathology and S. typhimurium.

Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the influence of age at breeding one female African giant rat (FAGR) fertility. Twenty-four nulliparous FAGR of 6, 8, or 10 months old were allocated to one of the three groups according to their age. They were housed individually and fed ad libitum. After five days of accommodation, a male was transferred into a female cage, and daily vaginal smears were performed to evidence mating for a period not exceeding 30 days. Reproductive parameters were then evaluated. Results showed a significant reduction (P<0.05) in pre-coitus cohabitation time in 8 (6.75±4.23days) and 10 (5.13±1.25days) months old females as compared to those aged six months (22.25±1.75days). There was an increase in mating rates, fertile mating, fertility, and stillbirth in 8 and 10 months old FAGR. The litter size significantly increased (P<0.05) in 8 and 10 months old compared to 6 months old FAGR. Preimplantation embryo losses rates were 60.00±39.44, 66.66±34.96, and 35.00±21.19% in 6, 8, and 10 months old FAGR, respectively. In this study, fertility increased with age, so it was better in the FAGR older than six months.
Keywords: African giant rat, Age at breeding, Mating rate, Fertility.

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate replacement of clover hay in rabbit diets with Panicum maximum hay (Pmh) and how affected digestibility, growth performance, carcass characteristics, semen quality, economic efficiency, and health status. A total of 60 New Zealand White weaned male rabbits, aged 6 weeks and weighing an average of 720±42g, were randomly classified into four dietary groups (15 rabbits each). The control group was fed a baseline diet with 36% clover hay (D1). The other three groups were provided diets with 12, 24, and 36% Pmh to replace the clover hay in the basal diet (D2, D3, and D4 respectively). Feed intake, digestibility, CF and NFE, nutritive value (TDN and DE), daily body weight gain, FCR, and carcass percentage all decreased slightly (P<0.05) with increasing Pmh replacement up to 24 percent (D2 and D3) and significantly (P<0.05) with the highest replacement level (D4) when compared to the control. A replacement had no significant effect on semen quality. Replacement, on the other hand, increased net income by increasing Pmh levels as a result of lower overall feed costs, and the highest replacement level provided the best relative economic efficiency compared to control (114%). The hematological parameters were within normal limits and the histological alterations had no negative effect on the animals’ physiological activities. Finally, using Pmh instead of clover hay in rabbit diets can be used as an alternative, save and more economical feed in rabbit diets.
Keywords: Rabbit, Panicum, Performance, Semen quality, Economic efficiency, Health status.

Abstract
This study aims to determine the growth performance, and lipids profile of meat native chicken fed substitution fermented banana peel in feed. Using a completely randomized design, male native chickens (n=200) were randomly distributed into four treatment groups (5 replicates with 10 chickens per replicate). The treatments consisted of T1 (basal diet without substitution). T2, T3, and T4 substitution of fermented banana peel 5, 10, and 15%, respectively. The results showed that the nutrient digestibility of the feed was not affected by the substitution treatment of fermented banana peel in the feed. The performance of native chickens increased significantly (P<0.05) in the feed treatment with fermented banana peel substitution by up to 10%. Dietary substitution with supplementation of banana peel in native chickens decreased the total cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL levels. It may be concluded that the fermented banana peel can be used as an alternative nutrient in native chicken feed, increasing productivity.
Keywords: Banana peel, Digestibility, Lipid, Performance, Native chicken.

Abstract
Genetic and phenotypic parameters, using multi-trait animal model, for weaning weight (WW), slaughter weight (SW) and daily gain (DG) from weaning to slaughter were applied on 218 New Zealand White rabbits to improve post-weaning growth traits using selection indices. The specific objective was to improve profitability of rabbit producers through increasing body weight at slaughter and daily gain from weaning to slaughter. Expected impacts of selection for post-weaning growth traits on fat partition traits were also investigated. The fat partition traits included weights of subcutaneous fat (SF) and intermuscular fat (IF) as carcass components and heart fat (HF), kidneys fat (KF), mesenteric fat (MF) and caul fat (CF) as offal components. Growth traits showed low to moderate heritability estimates (h2,0.03 to 0.37), while fat partition traits had higher h2 estimates (0.72 to 0.93), except for SF (h2=0.27). Application of the reduced index considering WW and DG was as efficient as full index in terms of accuracy of selection (rTI=0.66); it provided higher improvement in aggregate genotype represented in SW (+170.72gm) and DG (+2.41gm/day) for each round of selection. This improvement in post-weaning traits was accompanied by unfavorable expected impact in fat traits SF, HF, MF and CF (+45.32, +12.77, +56.50 and +12.25%, respectively) and favorable expected impact on IF and KF (-32.16 and -59.47gm, respectively). The single trait selection index (I6) with SW was found to be useful for rabbit meat consumers, as it decreased the undesirable fat gain in fat depots compared to the other indices, with some reduction in accuracy. In conclusion, it is possible to improve the post-weaning growth traits through selection programs, taking into consideration the undesirable changes in fat partition traits of New Zealand White rabbits.
Keywords: Rabbits, Post-weaning growth traits, Selection indices, Fat partition traits.

Abstract
Canine dermatologic problems are among the most common disorders seen in canine practice, caused by the fungus. The current study was planned to observe the relationship between antioxidant trace elements (Zn-Cu and Se) and oxidative stress in dogs affected with dermatophytosis. Briefly, this study comprised of 34 dogs. Compared different parameters including hematological, biochemical, histopathological, and the level of antioxidant trace elements in 14 infected dogs with 20 non-infected dogs (control group). Results showed a significantly higher level (P<0.05) of TLC (16.33×103 U/L), MCHC (34.65g/dL), RDW (18.25%), and lymphocyte (47.9%) in the dermatophytosis-infected dogs as compared to the control group. Similarly, serum biochemical findings revealed a significant elevation in cortisol level (709.88nmol/L) in infected dogs while a significant decrease in free T4 (8.57pmol/L) in infected dogs compared to the control group. Furthermore, the level of selenium (0.02±0.00mg/dL), copper (59.725±3.01mg/dL) and zinc (60.99±2.76mg/dL) were significantly lower (P=0.00) in dogs infected with dermatophytosis. The study revealed that dermatophytes infection represents a stress factor affecting the level of antioxidant trace elements and the antioxidant defense system of the infected animal.
Keywords: Canine dermatophytosis, Hematox-biochemistry, Histopathology, Oxidative stress and Antioxidant trace elements.

Abstract
Parasites are the significant factors influencing the health and production status of animals all over the globe. The high cost of currently available drugs and the emergence of parasitic-resistant strains has highlighted the importance of alternate control strategies. One of the effective ways to combat parasitism is to develop plant-based medicines. The current study aimed to develop a formulation based on the leaves of three traditional plants, Calotropis procera, Syzygium cumini, and Ziziphus jujube. Crude methanolic extract of leaves was evaluated for its antiparasitic activity utilizing egg hatch test (against nematode eggs), adult motility assay (against adult nematodes), and modified larval immersion test (against ticks). Meanwhile, sheep acquiring natural infections of Haemonchus contortus were used to determine in vivo anthelmintic activity. Results from the egg hatch test indicated that 41.05% of the extract inhibited 50% hatching of eggs (LC50): much higher than oxfendazole (4.11%; control group). More interestingly, it was observed that the effects of plant extract on adult worms increased with time. LC50 of plant extract reduced from 176.03 to 4.74% after 12 hours of treatment of adult nematodes. A similar response was observed against ticks and reduced the exact dose required to induce LC50 after 24 hours of treatment (3641.11%) to 1576.55% after six days of treatment. On the other hand, the moderate activity of the extract was indicated in sheep acquiring natural infections of H. contortus. The results show that plants can induce antiparasitic activity; however, further research into plants’ bioactive molecules is required to get a maximum reduction of parasites.
Keywords: Calotropis procera, Syzygium cumini, Ziziphus jujube, Rhipicephalus microplus, Haemonchus contortus.

Abstract
The current experiment was designed to investigate the possible effects of acute blood loss on the inflammatory and bone biomarkers status, acid-base balance, blood gases, and hemato-biochemical profiles in sedated donkeys (Equus asinus). For the induction of acute blood loss, collected 900mL of blood from the carotid artery of 10 male donkeys sedated with xylazine HCl (1mg/kg). For analysis, five blood samples were collected; collected the 1st (T0) before induction of blood loss and the other 4 (T1, T2, T3 and T4) collected at 30, 60, 120 and 240min post-blood loss. The serum concentrations of amyloid A (SAA) and haptoglobin (Hp) decreased at all-time points after blood loss compared to T0, but the differences were non-significant. The differences in levels of serum biomarkers osteocalcin (OC), ?-alkaline phosphatase (?-ALP) and pyridinoline cross-links (PYD) at all-time points post blood loss compared to T0 values were also non-significant. Except for PCO2, the acid-base status and blood gases, including pH, PO2, HCO3, TCO2, sO2, base excess, anion gap and lactate, increased significantly after blood withdrawal. On the contrary, most of the measured hemato-biochemical parameters decreased significantly after blood loss, except for glucose. In conclusion, acute blood loss in sedated donkeys did not influence serum concentrations of the inflammatory biomarkers SAA and Hp and the markers of bone metabolism OC, ?-ALP, and PYD. On the contrary, most acid-base, blood gas parameters, and hemato-biochemical parameters differed significantly after blood withdrawal compared to their values before blood loss.
Keywords: Acid-base balance, Acute blood loss, Biomarkers, Blood gases, Donkeys.

Abstract
Zinc is one of the most importance trace minerals in poultry nutrition. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the influence of nano zinc oxide (green and chemical) and traditional zinc (Oxide and Sulphate) on broiler performance, bone characteristics and some biochemical parameters from 1-35 day of age. A total of 240 a-day-old male chicks (Arbor Acres) were assigned at random into 4 treatments. Treatments 1 and 2 contained zinc in traditional form as zinc oxide (ZnO) and zinc sulphate (Zn SO4) and treatments 3 and 4 contain zinc in nano form; green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (GZnO NPs) and chemically synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (CZnO NPs); respectively. The results showed that the birds fed diet treated with nano-Zn sources (GZnO NPs and CZnO NPs) showed the best results (P<0.01) in weight gain and feed conversion ratio. There were no statistical differences between the two sources of zinc in the traditional form as well as between the two sources of zinc in the nano form. In addition, chicks fed nano zinc sources gave the best values in bone mineral density and bone mineral concentration compared to those fed traditional sources of zinc. These results reflect the values obtained for tibia length, width, breaking strength and ash since the dietary GZnO NPs and CZnO NPs were recorded for the highest values compared with the other traditional form. Non-significant differences were detected in the metabolic hormones (T3, T4) levels and their ratio T3/T4 among different dietary treatments. The results of the liver function (ALT, AST and albumin), the kidney function (creatinine) and alkaline phosphatase were within the normal range in all treatments. From the current results it can be suggested that using zinc in nano form instead of traditional form enhances performance and bone parameters of broiler chicks.
Keywords: Nanomaterials, Broilers, Performance, Bone characteristics, Blood parameters, Zinc sources.

Abstract
The study compares the effects of short-term application of melatonin alone with a commonly used progestogen + gonadotropin on the reproductive performance, serum hormone concentrations, and ovarian activity of Improved Wallachian sheep. To induce ovarian cyclicity, 382 ewes were allocated into two treatment groups. Ewes of treatment group 1 (n=26) received dietary melatonin (5mg/head/day) for 18 days. Ewes of treatment group 2 (n=356) received intravaginal sponges (FGA, flugestone acetate 20mg) for 12 days followed by injection of eCG (equine chorionic gonadotropin, 500IU i.m.) at the time of sponge withdrawal. Forty-eight hours after sponge or melatonin withdrawal, sheep were exposed to rams, and recorded reproductive performance. Six ewes from each group were selected for hormone assessment and their ovaries removed for histological analysis. Ewes receiving melatonin had lower fertility, fecundity, smaller follicles (0 – <1mm), and lower follicular atresia compared to group 2. In addition, the concentration of progesterone and IGF-I, ovulation rate, and the number of healthy follicles were increased compared to FGA+eCG-treated ewes. Our results indicate that short-term application of melatonin is effective in inducing ovarian cyclicity in ewes with an increased ovulation rate despite low fertility and fecundity.
Keywords: Fertility, Follicular atresia, Melatonin, Ovarian hormones, Ovulation rate.

Abstract
Commensal enteric E. coli in healthy birds have virulence genes which enable them to be pathogenic under suitable conditions. A total of 80 E. coli isolates recovered from the intestine of healthy broiler chickens were tested for some virulence characters based on Congo red (CR) binding assay, hemolysis, serum resistance and biofilm formation. The virulent isolates were identified serologically by slide agglutination test and O1 (25%) was the most prevalent enteric E. coli serogroups. The antibiogram profile revealed that all isolates were resistant to at least three different antibiotics. Amoxicillin and ceftriaxone showed the highest resistance (100%), followed by lincomycin, kanamycin, streptomycin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (96%). In contrast, 80 and 52% of the isolates were sensitive to amikacin and fosfomycin, respectively. The PCR revealed that all isolates harbored virulence genes (int1, ampC, fimH, iss and eaeA), in addition to 91, 16 and 16% of isolates had mcr1, pic and tsh genes, respectively, proving that avian intestinal reservoir of potentially pathogenic curli producing ES?L Escherichia coli.
Keywords: Intestinal E. coli, Biofilm formation, Antimicrobial resistance, Virulence factors, Broiler chickens.

Abstract
The distribution and risk factors of canine heart disease in Malaysia are still not widely studied. This retrospective study examined the distribution of common canine heart diseases and the role of gender, age group, and breed size as risk factors of the dogs in a teaching hospital in Malaysia. Medical records of all dogs presented between 2013 and 2020 with a heart disease diagnosed were reviewed and analyzed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was carried out to identify the risk factors for canine heart diseases in general and based on specific disease. In a duration of 7 years, a total of 9255 dog cases were presented and 7.9% (n=734, 95% CI: 0.07-0.09) of the dogs were diagnosed with heart disease. Majority of heart disease cases were valvular disease (n=528, 95% CI: 0.05-0.06), followed by heartworm disease (n=113. 95% CI: 0.01-0.01), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (n=90, 95% CI: 0.01-0.01). Senior (OR 3.54, 95% CI: 2.32-5.37) and small breed (OR 6.74, 95% CI: 4.51-10.1) dogs had higher risk for valvular disease, while large breed (OR 7.18, 95% CI: 4.00-13.01) dogs were at risk for heartworm disease. Male (OR 1.83, 95% CI:1.11-3.04) and large breed dogs (OR 3.12, 95% CI: 1.80-5.39) had greater risk for DCM, respectively. Gender, age group and breed size play important role in predicting the likelihood of heart diseases in dogs and are best to be applied in the context of specific heart diseases. Information obtained would assist clinicians with their clinical diagnosis of the heart disease.
Keywords: Canine, Cardiovascular, Risk factors, Malaysia, Teaching hospital.

Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is considered one of the major potential foodborne pathogens which often threaten human health and life. Our study assessed both existence and virulence of L. monocytogenes in raw milk and different milk byproducts in Damietta Governorate, Egypt. One hundred and fifty random samples of raw milk, Kariesh cheese, Domiati cheese, Roomi cheese, yogurt and cream (twenty-five samples for each) were gathered from small retails and various supermarkets at for isolation of L. monocytogenes as well as direct detection of the pathogen in the samples’ using PCR technique that targeting 16S rRNA. Also, the study aimed to investigate the presence of virulence genes; (hly A, inl A, inl B, prf A, plc A) in L. monocytogenes isolates. The PCR findings for direct detection of L. monocytogenes declared that 41 out 150 examined samples were positive to 16S rRNA meanwhile by culture methods L. monocytogenes was recovered from 36 out of 150 examined samples. With regard to detection of virulence genes in isolates, 100% of the isolates (36) harbor inl A gene while 35 isolate (97.2%) harbor hly A gene. It was found that 100% of the samples (41) that were positive to 16S rRNA were also found positive to hly A and inl A genes. plcA gene was not detected in all samples whether directly or in isolates. inlB was detected in 8 out of 41 (19.5%) positive samples directly detected while it was detected in 15 out of 36 (41.6%) of isolates. prfA gene was detected in 25 out of 41 (60.9%) positive samples while it was detected in 20 out of 36 (55.5%) of isolates. Our study revealed that the considerable high isolation of L. monocytogenes among examined raw milk and its byproducts constitutes a potential public health hazard. Usually, PCR is seen as important technique for precise diagnosis of microorganisms rather than the classical cultural methods.
Keywords: Listeria monocytogenes, Milk products, PCR, Raw milk, Virulence genes.

Abstract
This study evaluated the therapeutic effect using autogenous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) for the musculoskeletal disease of Thoroughbred horses raised in South Korea. Twenty-five Thoroughbred horses (15 adult horses more than 2 years old, 10 fostering horses less than 2 years old) were diagnosed with musculoskeletal disorders (2 horses with desmitis of the suspensory ligament, 9 horses with osteoarthritis, 14 horses with fracture) by ultrasound and X-ray were used in this study. We collected venous blood of patients by using ACP Double Syringe after sterilization of jugular site, and then autogenous PRP was taken through centrifugation. We were observed the healing process of the lesion by using ultrasonography and X-ray images after injecting 4mL of autogenous PRP into each lesion for 2-times. Results of this study, 20 (80%) of 25 damaged horses returned to normal competition. The core lesion in the ligament disappeared in 90 days and healthy tissue regenerated. The fracture line of the cortex of bone disappeared in 60 days, and no side effects such as osteophytosis during healing progress. Remodeled articular surface, and cartilage defect, a fragment in joint disappeared. It could be confirmed that applying autogenous PRP treatment is an excellent regenerative therapy for equine locomotorium lesions.
Keywords: Equine, Musculoskeletal Disease, PRP, South Korea.

Abstract
The eye is a high sense organ which is susceptible to many infectious and traumatic diseases. Using an accurate diagnostic imaging technique became essential for early detection and control of these diseases. The current investigation is proposed to fully describe the normal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearance of the eye, extraocular structures and the optic nerve in the donkey with the aid of the anatomical sections. Eight fresh cadaveric heads of adult donkeys of both sexes were used; two were scanned using an MRI scanner of 1.5 Tesla magnet, and six were frozen to be sectioned into transverse (n=3) and frontal (n=3) sections. The accessed MR images were serially selected in matching to their corresponding gross sections. These MR images provided a comprehensive assessment of the eyeball structures (choroid, ciliary body, iris, cornea, sclera, anterior and posterior chambers, and vitreous body), the ocular adnexa (upper, lower and third eyelids, lacrimal gland, tarsal gland, superficial gland of the third eyelid, extraocular muscles and orbital fat), the various parts of the optic nerve (intraocular, intraorbital, intracanalicular, intracranial) and its surrounding meningeal sheath complex. However, it was difficult to outline the retina. The current investigation administrated a precise anatomical atlas of the eye, periorbital structures and optic nerve in the donkey assisting in the interpretation and diagnosis of both ocular diseases and optic neuropathy.
Keywords: Anatomy, Donkey, Eye, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Optic nerve.

Abstract
The Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius), which is domesticated in semi-desert environments in Egypt, is one of the neglected animals in the scientific community. Although, it is the best model for studying acclimatization as it is well adapted to withstand severe drought and high temperatures and survive for long periods. Many physiological and behavioral aspects were found to play a role in such adaptations. At the molecular level, it is well known that heat shock genes play an important role in thermotolerance of camels. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate relationship among the most dominant breeds in Egypt (Fellahi, Maghrebi and Sudani) in order to determine the phylogenetic relationship based on sequences of two heat stress genes (HSP family B (small) member 9: HSPB9 and HSP 70 kDa 1B: HSPA1B). Both genes were isolated and partially sequenced from Fellahi, Maghrebi and Sudani Egyptian breeds. It has been deposited in the NCBI database with accession numbers MZ243318, MZ243319, MZ243320, MZ851990 and MZ851991. By studying the phylogenetic tree based on HSPB9 gene sequence, our results showed that Maghrebi and Sudani breeds are closely related whereas, Fellahi breed was found to be more related to the reference breed on database. Relying on HSPA1B gene sequence, it was found that Maghrebi breed is closely related to wild strain (Camelus ferus). Additionally, Fellahi breed was separated into distinct group with reference breed, which indicates strength of its relationship to reference origin.
Keywords: Arabian camel, Heat stress genes, PCR, Phylogenetic analysis.

Abstract
Resistance of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) to antibiotics involves a decrease in antibiotic efficacy against the organisms. ORT causes an acute bacterial disease that affects the respiratory system of chickens. This disease results in severe issues of intensive poultry products and public health concern. Therefore, isolation, identification, investigation on antibacterial sensitivity and multidrug resistance patterns of ORT isolates were the main aims of this study. Tracheal samples (n=200) were collected from freshly dead birds with postmortem lesions of respiratory illness. ORT was isolated and identified by classical cultural and molecular methods. Antibacterial sensitivity testing of isolated organisms was carried out by disc diffusion method against seven antibacterial agents. The incidence values of ORT by cultural method were 20.0 and 3.0% from the tracheal samples of dead birds Keywords: Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT), PCR, Antibacterial sensitivity, Multidrug resistance.

Abstract
Obesity-induced by a high-fat diet in animal studies recapitulates the human form of obesity. Obesity is a serious public health concern, a risk factor for many diseases, including cardiovascular disorders. Our study evaluated the impact of orlistat on the left ventricular myocardium in high fat diet-induced obese adult Wistar rats. Our study included fifteen adult male Wistar rats weighing between (130-150g). The rats following environmental acclimatization were assigned into three groups A-C (n=5 each), the control (standard rat diet), high-fat diet only, high-fat diet, and orlistat as A, B, and C, respectively. The rats were placed on diets for eight weeks, which performed the sacrifice and histological procedures. The heart and left ventricles were excised and fixed in 10% buffered formalin solution for histological studies. Body Mass Index (BMI) of the high-fat diet-only group markedly increased (P<0.05) relative to the control and the orlistat-treated groups. Heart weight and relative heart weights were not significantly different across the groups. Histological examination of the left ventricular myocardium with the hematoxylin and eosin stain revealed significant deviation from the regular pattern in the high-fat diet-only group. The orlistat-treated group showed a near-normal left ventricular myocardial histoarchitectural pattern. Orlistat ameliorated left ventricular myocardial alteration, restored elastic tissue component, and reversed increased collagen deposition in high fat diet-induced obese male Wistar rats.
Keywords: Histomorphology, Orlistat, High-fat diet, Myocardium, Heart.

Abstract
A pregnant German Shepherd bitch was brought to the University of Nairobi Veterinary Teaching Hospital with a history of prolonged gestation period. On radiography, I found an oversized puppy in the abdomen. Cesarean section to deliver the puppy was recommended as the bitch could not deliver the puppy per-vaginally. Surgery was done under general anesthesia using 1% propofol at 5mg/kg body weight and 2.5% isoflurane for maintenance. One oversized puppy was removed but died soon after delivery. Also removed was another small, mummified puppy. Following the delivery of the puppies, closure of the uterus and abdominal wall incisions was done routinely. In conclusion, this was a case of dystocia where the bitch could not normally deliver due to an oversized puppy, and a cesarean section was deemed the most appropriate management method. The anesthesia protocol used in this case has been proven to be ideal for use in cases of canine cesarean section. In this case, the puppy that died soon after delivery could have been caused by asphyxia (fetal hypoxia) caused by inhalation of fetal fluids occurring due to delayed delivery.
Keywords: Dog, Caesarian section, Propofol, Isoflurane, Dystocia.

Abstract
There have been few reports on the generalized tinea caused by mixed infection and its treatment. The article describes a case of combined tiger dermatophytosis caused by Microsporum canis and opportunistic skin mycosis associated with mixed aspergillosis infection. The infected hair was affected by fungal elements, confirmed by Wood’s lamp and cultural and morphological studies. Cultural and morphological diagnostics were carried out by inoculation of biomaterial on differential Sabouraud media with cycloheximide. The causative agent of classic dermatomycosis Microsporum canis and the causative agents of opportunistic mycoses fungi of the genus Aspergillus were isolated and identified from the affected foci on the skin of a tiger cub. Dermatosis of combined etiology was diagnosed. The preparations were selected and treated for the generalized mycosis of the tiger cub. Itraconazole was effective for treatment. There have been few reports on the generalized tinea caused by mixed infection and its treatment. The article describes a case of combined tiger dermatophytosis caused by Microsporum canis and opportunistic skin mycosis associated with mixed aspergillosis infection. The infected hair was affected by fungal elements, confirmed by Wood’s lamp and cultural and morphological studies. Cultural and morphological diagnostics were carried out by inoculation of biomaterial on differential Sabouraud media with cycloheximide. The causative agent of classic dermatomycosis Microsporum canis and the causative agents of opportunistic mycoses fungi of the genus Aspergillus were isolated and identified from the affected foci on the skin of a tiger cub. Dermatosis of combined etiology was diagnosed. The preparations were selected and treated for the generalized mycosis of the tiger cub. Itraconazole was effective for treatment.
Keywords: Panthera tigris altaica, Microsporum canis, Aspergillus, tinea of carnivores, ITS2.