Abstract
This study was conducted to assess the efficacy of Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) as a disinfectant in veterinary operating rooms. Four surfaces (surgical table, drain of surgical table, instrument table and wall) inside the operating room of four randomly selected veterinary facilities located within the Greater Manila Area were screened for the bacterial count before and after one hour of disinfection with a ClO2-based disinfectant and a Sodium hypochlorite-based (NaClO) disinfectant. The average bacterial load before the application of treatments to the different surfaces of the operating room of the four facilities included in this study was 70.65cfu/mL. The T-test revealed that the mean log10 reduction of ClO2 was significantly higher compared to the mean log10 reduction of NaClO. This clearly demonstrates that ClO2 was more potent than NaClO in decreasing bacterial colonies on the surfaces of veterinary operating rooms. Results of this study also suggest that the type of surface material affects the disinfection rate and should always be considered in a disinfection protocol. Based on the bacterial characterization of isolated bacteria, a low concentration of ClO2 would be sufficient to produce an immediate effect against gram-negative bacteria and gram-positive in the absence of organic materials.
Keywords: Antimicrobial Efficacy, Chlorine Dioxide, Disinfectant, Operating Rooms.

Abstract
Clinical mastitis is a common disease found in dairy ewes worldwide that results in great economic losses. This study was designed to investigate the prevalence rate of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from clinically mastitic ewes, determine the virulence determinant genes, and identify antimicrobial sensitivity assay of the isolated bacteria. A total of 37 milk samples were collected from 27 ewes diagnosed with clinical mastitis. These revealed 12 isolates of S. aureus (32.4%), followed by 7 isolates of S. agalactiae (18.9%). Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to identify eight strains of S. aureus as possessing the thermonuclease (nuc) gene, and five isolates of S. agalactiae were positive for the presence of the cell surface protein (cfb) gene. Eight isolates of S. aureus and five isolates of S. agalactiae isolated from dairy ewes with clinical mastitis in El-Sharkia, Egypt, possessed several virulence determinants. The antibiotic sensitivity pattern was performed and a large proportion of isolates of S. aureus were found to be sensitive to Vancomycin, Kanamycin, Ciprofloxacin, and Gentamycin, whereas large proportions were highly resistant to Penicillin G and Tetracycline. S. agalactiae isolates revealed full sensitivity to Vancomycin, Ciprofloxacin, and Oxacillin, but they were highly resistant to Kanamycin and Penicillin G. The virulence gene should be considered when developing prevention and treatment program for clinical mastitis in ewes in regional areas of isolation. It is necessary that the antibiogram findings of drugs with the highest sensitivity be used to replace the currently used antibiotics with those that are more effective.
Keywords: Mastitis, Sheep, S. agalactiae, S. aureus, Virulence genes.

Abstract
Diarrhea caused by different bacterial infections in calves is a serious issue. In the present study, 215 diarrheic animals, including 175 buffalo and 40 cattle calves were examined. The incidence varied amongst farms, ranging from 0 to 27.9%. Among the affected calves, 37.2% were 1 to 7 days old, 55.8% were 7 days to 3 months of age, while 6.9% were more than 3 months old. Bacteriological, antibiogram, and PCR-based detection of specific virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes were performed. E. coli (85.5%), C. perfringens (8.8%), and Salmonella (3.7%) were bacterial infections recovered from affected calves. Various E. coli pathotypes, such as Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), extraintestinal E. coli (ExPEC), and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), caused diarrhea in these calves. The most prevalent virulence genes in E. coli were the sta and eaeA genes (60%). All Salmonella strains were found positive for the invA gene, while all C. perfringens strains were tested positive for the cpa gene. Most of the identified strains were resistant to clindamycin, erythromycin, and oxytetracycline. The isolated strains harbored blaTEM, qnrA and tetA. Approximately 96.2% of E. coli and 62.5% of Salmonella isolates were MDR to different antimicrobial classes. Moreover, 10.5% of C. perfringens isolates were extensive drug-resistant (XDR) to seven antimicrobial classes, while 84.2% of them were MDR to various antimicrobial classes. The findings of this study provide a better understanding regarding the epidemiological aspects of bacterial illnesses and for the development of prevention techniques for this problem. The antibiograms recorded in this study highlight the dangers of indiscriminate antibiotic usage in diarrheic calves.
Keywords: Diarrhea, Calves, MDR, E.coli, Salmonella, C. perfringens.

Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effect of adding catechin gambir extract (Uncaria gambir Roxb) (CGE) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, blood plasma constituents, antioxidant activity, and nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens. 160 chicks were allocated to receive four treatment diets adding CGE was 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3g/kg in basal diets with four replications. Bodyweight and feed intake were recorded to calculate growth performance. Digestibility measurements were carried out at the age of 31-40 days, and at 40 days, blood samples were taken to determine the total protein levels of cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and Malondialdehyde (MDA). Then these chickens are slaughtered to determine the percentage of viscera and muscles. Adding CGE to basal diets linearly (P<0.05) increased body weight gain and improved the feed conversion ratio of broiler grower, finisher, and the overall age of 1-40 days. The effect of GCE on carcass characteristics significantly (P<0.05) increased the percentage of thigh and drumstick and decreased abdominal fat. CGE linearly reduced total cholesterol and LDL while increased HDL and total protein in blood plasma. The MDA concentration linearly decreased in serum and broiler meat aged 40 days. In addition, CGE increased (P<0.05) the digestibility of crude protein and decreased fat digestibility in the diet. Adding 0.3g/kg CGE to the basal diet can be a feed additive to produce better performance and broiler meat. Keywords: Antioxidants, Broiler, Catechin, Digestibility, Malondialdehyde, Uncaria gambir.

Abstract
The global population is estimated to reach approximately 9.7 billion persons by 2050. To meet the demands of the growing population, highly valuable feedstuffs that have traditionally been included as staples in poultry diets (e.g., corn and soybeans) are being reallocated for human nutrition purposes. As the availability of conventional poultry feedstuffs has decreased, poultry nutritionists are investigating the potential use of nonconventional feedstuffs in poultry diets. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of utilizing dried sweet orange (Citrus Sinensis) peel powder (with and without xylanase supplementation) as a nonconventional feedstuff on production and health parameters in broiler chickens. A total of 375-day-old male Cobb 500 chicks were weighed and blocked for their initial body weight and randomly assigned to 25 pens (15 birds/pen). Dietary treatments were randomly and independently applied to each pen (5 replicates/per treatment). The following five dietary treatments were investigated in this study: 1) CON: basal corn-soya diet, 2) OPP3: basal diet containing 3% orange peel powder, 3) OPP5: basal diet containing 5% orange peel powder, 4) OPP3ENZ: OPP3 diet with xylanase enzyme added (50g/metric ton) and 5) OPP5ENZ: OPP5 diet with xylanase enzyme added (50g/metric ton). Feed intake and body weight were recorded on a weekly basis. Blood samples were collected at the end of the trial and analyzed for antioxidant and immune-related metabolites. The weights of internal organs (including immunological organs) were collected and reported. The data were statistically analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS (SAS 9.4). Regardless of xylanase supplementation, the OPP-fed birds had decreased feed intakes and improved feed efficiency than the birds that received the control treatment (P=0.01). Significantly reduced Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the blood in all OPP-fed groups (P=0.01) compared to the CON group, but relative thymus weight was increased in the OPP5ENZ group. In conclusion, the inclusion of OPP in the broiler chicken diet (up to 5% of DMI) with xylanase enzyme supplementation could improve antioxidant capacity and cellular immune responses, positively impacting production.
Keywords: Nonconventional feedstuff, Production efficiency, Non-starch polysaccharides, Broiler chicken.

Abstract
The present study was planned to probe the effects of a commercial yeast product as a probiotic on growth performance and quality of meat production in broiler birds. For this purpose, 140 broiler chicks (a-day old) were purchased from a local hatchery and reared as per standard housing conditions. After three days of acclimatization, chicks were divided into seven equal groups (A to E). Group A was kept control negative. Groups B1, C1, and D1 were treated with Yeast Guard Pro® @ 1, 1.5, and 2% in feed, respectively. Groups B2, C2, and D2 were first challenged with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) along with 1, 1.5 and 2% of the yeast. Group E was kept as a control and challenged with NDV. Physiological and hemato-biochemical parameters were evaluated. The data obtained were analyzed statistically. A significant increase in the feed intake was observed from 2nd to 5th week of experiment in probiotic supplemented groups as compared. A significant change in hemato-biochemical values were also observed in yeast supplemented group. It was concluded that using Saccharomyces cerevisiae has beneficial effects on broiler chickens’ performance and body weight gain. It also has hepatoprotective and immune stimulatory effects even the birds are exposed to Newcastle disease.
Keywords: Probiotics, Meat, Poultry, Broiler, Hematology, Biochemistry.

Abstract
The common housefly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) is a cosmopolitan pest of a major medical and veterinary importance acting as a mechanical vector of pathogens. This study evaluated the toxicity of six essential oils against adult M. domestica through contact/fumigant toxicity bioassays. The most effective oil was radish, followed by camphor, mustard, thyme, garlic, and rosemary. The mortality (MO)% 60 min, post-treatment (PT) with 2% of camphor, garlic, mustard, radish, rosemary, and thyme oils were 90.00, 83.33, 86.66, 93.33, 83.33, and 86.66%, respectively. After treatment for one hour, the median lethal concentration, LC50 of camphor, garlic, mustard, radish, rosemary, and thyme were 0.305, 0.450, 0.366, 0.250, 0.475, and 0.405%, respectively. The corresponding LC99 values were 2.54, 3.19, 2.92, 2.30, 3.14, and 2.96%, respectively. Their toxicity indices were 81.97, 55.56, 68.31, 100.00, 52.63, and 61.73%, respectively. After treatment with 2%, their median lethal time (LT50) values were 16.52, 19.99, 18.29, 16.44, 18.73, and 17.92 min, respectively. The adulticidal effect of radish, mustard, camphor, and rosemary against house flies had a novelty record and the current investigation concluded that all applied oils were effective adulticides. Radish oil was the most potent oil followed by camphor, mustard, and thyme, whereas garlic and rosemary were less effective oils; therefore, the promising oils merit further investigations regarding their field application and ecotoxicological studies.
Keywords: Camphor, Garlic, Mustard, Radish, Rosemary, Thyme.

Abstract
One health call to ensure human, animal and environment safety put on a major responsibility on the animal health care sector starting with identifying the circulating pathogens and its multi drug resistant (MDR) patterns. This study was conducted on total 283 diseased broilers collected from small broilers flocks in Giza and El-Kalubia province, Egypt. The clinical signs and autopsy findings were highly suggestive for: Infectious Bronchitis (IB), Avian Influenza (AI), Newcastle Disease (ND), and Chicken Infectious Anemia (CIA). Trachea, lungs, and kidney were collected during the autopsy and examined using molecular tests (PCR & RT-PCR) for rapid diagnosis of the viral pathogen revealing a high incidence of IB and CIA (71.4 and 61.3%, respectively). The 165 liver and intestine samples of the virally infected broilers were subjected to bacteriological examination and all were positive for Escherichia coli (E. coli) or salmonella or both representing an extra challenge facing the infected flocks. E. coli isolates were serotyped into O125, O158 and O111 while Salmonella were serogrouped into: S. entraitidis, S. gaille and S. altona. The MDR pattern was identified by disk diffusion method using 12 different antimicrobial discs: (nalidixic acid, neomycin, trimethoprim, streptomycin, norfloxacine, sulfamethazine, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, gentamycin, and fosfomycine). The results showed complete resistance to sulfamethazine, nalidixic acid and oxytetracycline. High resistance to chloramphenicol, trimethoprim, tetracycline, and streptomycin, low resistance to gentamycin, and all isolates were sensitive to fosfomycine. This study revealed MDR bacterial pathogens are highly prevalent among the small poultry flocks and greatly interacts with the viral avian diseases here in Egypt.
Keywords: Broiler, Viral, Bacterial, Multi-drug resistant.

Abstract
The current study was conducted in a private field in Bibukht village, Mosul government, in order to evaluate the impact of Curcuma longa powder (CL) supplementation to the male Awassi ration on semen quality and some blood parameters. Twenty-four male Awassi lambs, with average body weight 47±1.23kg and 10-11 months old, were randomly assigned to two equal groups (12 lamb/group). The first group (control) was reared on a standard ration, whereas the second group was reared on a standard ration supplemented with CL (200mg/kg ration). The treatments lasted for 90 days. Semen and blood parameters were taken at 30, 60, and 90 days of treatment. Statistical analysis for the data revealed that CL supplementation caused a significant increase in ejaculate volume, concentration/ejaculate, concentration/mL, live sperm%, and individual motility compared with control, especially at the end of treatment (90 days), and a significant decrease in sperm abnormality% compared with control at P<0.05. On the other hand, CL treatment increased testosterone values and reduces estrogen values significantly as compared with control. In terms of blood parameters, CL treatment significantly improved most of the blood picture indices when compared to control, as well as serum total protein and globulin values when compared to control. In conclusion, CL addition to male Awassi lambs ration improves testosterone values and sexual activity as shown by the improvement of serum quality. Keywords: Awassi, Curcuma longa, Blood parameters, Semen, Sexual activity.

Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the effects of in-ovo feeding (IOF) of L-glutamine and bovine serum albumin (BSA) on hatchability of Japanese quail breeder eggs, and the performance, antioxidant status, relative weight of lymphoid organs and some blood biochemical parameters in the new hatched chicks reared for 6 weeks. A total of 480 fertile eggs of Japanese quails (10 weeks old) were separated into four groups (3 replicates with 40 eggs each). The group T1 consisted of non-injected negative control eggs. Just before incubation, eggs of T2 group were subjected to IOF through injections in the air cell with 30ppm BSA. Eggs of T3 and T4 groups were injected with 15 and 30 ppm/egg L-glutamine (Gln), respectively. The results revealed that the highest hatchability (%) was recorded for eggs injected with Gln 30ppm. After six weeks of rearing, birds treated with IOF of BSA, Gln 15 or Gln 30ppm showed significantly (P<0.05) higher body weight, weight gain and better feed conversion ratio in comparison to the control group. Similarly, all treatments showed significantly higher (P<0.05) carcass yield than the control group, while none of the treatments had any negative effect on the bone, liver and kidney functions of Japanese quails. All treatments improved significantly (P<0.05) total antioxidants capacity (TAC), while in RBC lysates, all experimental groups had significantly higher SOD and GPx activities (P<0.05), than those in the control group. Moreover, all experimental treatments exhibited significantly (P<0.05) higher SOD and GPx activities in the breast muscles compared with the control group. Birds produced from eggs injected with Gln 15 or 30ppm showed higher relative weights of spleen, bursa and thymus compared to the control group. Treatment of BSA significantly (P<0.05) increased thymus relative weight, while the increase in both spleen and bursa relative weights was non-significant compared to control. In conclusion, Gln 30ppm appears to be the best IOF treatment in Japanese quails in terms of productive performance, antioxidants status and relative weights of spleen, bursa and thymus. Keywords: In-ovo feeding, Japanese quail, Performance, Antioxidants, Lymphoid organs, Blood parameters.

Abstract
This study aimed to identify some of the bacterial causes of enteritis and death following post weaning diarrhea in rabbits. A total of 230 samples from diarrheic rabbits, including 70 rectal swabs, 100 samples of livers and intestines (50 each) from freshly dead rabbits and 60 food and water samples (30 each) were taken from rabbits of various breeds from various farms and smallholders in El-Beheira governorate, Egypt. These samples were subjected to bacteriological examination. Molecular characterization was performed to confirm the C. perfringens and E. coli isolates and to detect some virulent genes associated with their pathogenicity. The results showed that the prevalence of C. perfringens in rectal swabs, liver and intestinal samples was 28.5, 44.0 and 84.0%; and the prevalence of E. coli was 74.2, 50.0 and 70.0%, respectively. In addition, examination of 30 water and 30 feeds samples from rabbits’ environment revealed that, the prevalence of C. perfringens was 2/30 and 5/30 while the prevalence of E. coli was 10/30 and 7/30, respectively. E. coli isolates were serogrouped into O153, O125, O27, O158 and O148 serogroup. All C. perfringens isolates were C. perfringens type A (had only alpha toxin), while beta and epsilon toxins were not detected. In E. coli, virulent genes (eaeA and tsh genes) were detected in 3 isolates, while the cnf1 gene was not detected in any isolate. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of most of the isolates indicated the presence of multidrug resistant strains.
Keywords: Rabbits, Diarrhea, C. perfringens, E. coli, Serogrouping, Virulent genes.

Abstract
This study aims to determine the histopathological changes of fibrosis and accumulation of collagen I in liver tissue of Bali cattle infected with Fasciola gigantica in the Badung district, Bali Indonesia. On examination of 100 Bali cattle livers at the traditional abattoir of Badung, 37 of them were found to contain F. gigantica worms in both the bladder and bile ducts. The liver tissue was then fixed with 10% formalin for processing and stained with hematoxylin-eosin dyes. The liver sample preparation in the coating slide was also reacted with rabbit anti-collagen-I antibody. On histopathological examination, it was found that the distribution of fibrosis varied in the portal, interlobular, and bridging fibrosis areas. Immunohistochemical examination showed an immunoreactive reaction using rabbit anti-collagen I in the portal area with strong and weak intensity in the interlobular area and in bridging fibrosis. Fibrosis and accumulation of collagen I in Bali cattle infected with F. gigantica at the traditional abattoir of Badung district, Bali Indonesia was found in the portal, interlobular, and bridging fibrosis areas.
Keywords: Bali Cattle, Collagen I, Fasciola gigantica, Fibrosis, Liver.

Abstract
This study was carried out to identify and serotype Salmonella (S.) species from suspected broiler chickens and healthy chickens in seven Egyptian governorates (KafrEl-sheikh, Fayuom, Qalubia, Menofiya, Garbia, Cairo, and Giza). Five hundred specimens (liver, spleen, caecum, and bone marrow) were collected from poultry farms and slaughterhouses. Samples were only collected from slaughterhouses in Cairo and Giza governorates. Forty-nine Salmonella isolates were recovered, and their colonies were characterized on specific media. Those Salmonella isolates were morphologically and biochemically identified. Furthermore, 33 out of 500 samples were serologically confirmed as Salmonella serovars by the slide agglutination test based on O and H antigen using 140 commercial polyvalent and monovalent diagnostic Salmonella antisera with a prevalence rate of 6.6%. They were serotyped as S. blegdam (39.4%), S. typhimurium (21.2%), S. montevideo (9.1%), S. agama (6.1%), S. gueuletapee (6.1%), S. salamae (6.1%), S. enteritidis (3%), S. infantis (3%), S. kentucky (3%), and S. virchow (3%). The prevalence of Salmonella serovars in KafrEl-sheikh, Fayoum, Qalubia, Menofiya, Garbia, Cairo, and Giza was 8.5%, 4%, 8%, 12%, 8%, 0%, and 0%, respectively. Finally, continuous monitoring of Salmonella serovars in chickens is essential for better prevention and reduction of its zoonotic risk.
Keywords: Salmonella, Serovars, Isolation, Biochemical identification, Serological identification, Broilers.

Abstract
One of the main sources of human toxoplasmosis is mutton from chronically infected sheep. The accuracy of the developed T. gondii IgG ELISA plates (IgG/POD) were evaluated. A total number of 311, both blood and the matching tissue sheep samples were collected. Serological detection of toxoplasmosis in all samples with IgG/POD plate compared with the Latex agglutination test (LAT), Sabin Feldman dye test (SFDT), and conventional ELISA. The identical tissue samples to seropositive sera were bio-assayed through a mouse viability test to define the LD50 and LD100, and the histopathological assay was also done. The designed IgG/POD ELISA plate confirms higher accuracy against the total positive percentage of IgG compared to a conventional ELISA (44 and 38%). It also recognized the highest rates of IgG (48 and 26%). LAT-positive serum markers were (53, 33, and 49%) versus SFDT (68, 41, and 63%), while (12.5, 22 and 14%) were the result percentages of positive microscopic exam of ewes, rams, and total sheep. The mice viability test successfully isolated tachyzoites from 11(9 ewes and two rams) isolates. However, bio-typing detected (27%) of isolates of Type II and (73 %) of isolates of Type III. Finally, tachyzoites and tissue cyst stages were histo-pathological demonstrated within the experimentally infected mice and mutton tissues, respectively. In this study, the IgG/POD developed plate confirmed greater accuracy against IgG compared to the reference ELISA test. This test, along with mouse viability and the histopathological confirmation, are excellent bio-indicators reflecting the zoonotic hazard via the spotted mutton harboring T. gondii virulent strains.
Keywords: IgG ELISA plates, Toxoplasmosis, Sheep, Mice bioassay, Histo-pathological assay.

Abstract
Dogs are one of the pets that have many useful benefits for humans. According to this, many people consider getting a dog, especially the Kintamani Bali dog, so it is important to know how the reproductive physiology of the dog works. This study aims to find a new simple method for determining the right time for mating seen from the vaginal pH and the correlation with ovary ultrasound in the Kintamani Bali bitches. This research is an observational study to determine vaginal pH levels and the connection with ovary ultrasound images in Kintamani Bali bitches during the proestrus phase to the estrus phase. Vaginal pH levels were checked every day from the first day of proestrus, when there was a blood discharge until the female ovulates. Ultrasound examinations were taken four times, when the first bleeding (proestrus phase), seven days later (end of proestrus) when the female accepted the male (estrus), and three days later (ovulation). The result showed that vaginal pH decreased from proestrus to estrus. At the beginning of the estrus phase, the average pH level was 7.1, while the highest was 7.8. Ovulation occurred on the 10th to 12th day from the first blood discharge, and the pH level was between 6 to 6.5 with an average of 6.2. after ovulation, the average pH level increased to 6.83. There is a relationship between the dynamics of vaginal pH and the ultrasound image of the ovaries in the Kintamani Bali bitches during the proestrus phase until estrus.
Keywords: Kintamani Bali Dog, Vaginal pH, Ultrasound imaging of ovaries, Proestrus, Estrus.

Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of lycopene supplementation to the in vitro maturation (IVM) medium of mouse oocytes on their maturation rate and oxidative biomarkers levels. Lycopene concentrations of 50, 100, 200, and 400nM were tested. The effects of lycopene on maturation rate of mouse oocytes under in vitro oxidative and heat stress conditions were also explored. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were collected from ovaries of super-ovulated mice via puncturing technique and incubated in the IVM medium for 17h. To simulate oxidative stress, COCs were incubated in an IVM medium containing 100µM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with or without lycopene. Additionally, to mimic heat stress, COCs were in vitro matured at 40? with or without lycopene. Among the four tested lycopene concentrations, the 200nM lycopene achieved the highest improvement in oocyte maturation. The oocyte concentrations of H2O2, malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were altered by lycopene treatment: H2O2 and MDA were significantly decreased, meanwhile TAC, GSH, CAT and SOD were increased. IVM rates of mouse oocytes revealed a significant decline following their exposure to heat and oxidative stresses. Interestingly, lycopene supplementation rescued the IVM rate of the oxidative stressed or the thermally challenged mouse oocytes as they appeared comparable to those of the control oocytes. Taken together, our data report beneficial effects of lycopene on mouse oocytes and suggest lycopene as a candidate factor for improving the quality of mammalian oocytes and embryos.
Keywords: Heat stress; In vitro maturation; Lycopene; Mouse oocytes; Oxidative stress.

Abstract
Hyalomma dromedarii is one of the most important tick species in the Middle East. Acaricides of chemical origin are used for controlling ticks, but because of their harmful effect, there is a need to find out some natural alternatives such as the promising plant-based pesticides. This work is aimed to study the novel efficacy of ethanol extracts of castus, Vitex castus, and ginger, Zingiber officinale against the camel tick, Hyalomma dromedarii through adult immersion technique and determine their lethal time and concentration values and their toxicity indices. Five days post-treatment (PT), the mortality (MO)% reached 53.9 and 53.8%, respectively. Meanwhile, 15 days PT, MO% were 80.8 and 84.7%, respectively. Three days PT, the LC50 values were 12.2 and 11.8%, respectively. Such values PT for five days were 10.5 and 9.6%, respectively. The toxicity indices three days PT with V. castus and Z. officinale were 96.72 and 100.00%, respectively, and the corresponding values five days PT were 91.43 and 100.00, respectively. LT50 values PT with 25% of V. castus and Z. officinale were 2.6 and 2.5 days, respectively. According to LT50 values and PT with 25, 12, and 3%, Z. officinale killed ticks 1.04, 1.24, and 1.77 times faster than V. castus, whereas the corresponding values according to the LT90 values were 1.46, 1.58, and 1.18 times, respectively. In conclusion, the ethanolic extract of V. castus and Z. officinale extracts were highly effective candidates and could be applied as eco-friendly acaricides after revealing their ecotoxicological profile.
Keywords: Costus, Chaste tree, Ginger, Asteraceae, Zingiberaceae, Adult immersion test.

Abstract
Rabies, which was first reported in Bali in 2008, is now endemic and cannot be eradicated properly due to many related factors. An important factor in successfully eradicating this disease on the island is the full involvement of the local community. Therefore, this study aims to determine the knowledge and attitudes of the local community in controlling rabies in three out of ten randomly selected villages from the Carangsari sub-district. Although the village was previously considered a red zone, the number of rabies cases reported has greatly decreased. In this observational study, a census of all surveyed household heads on how to handle rabies was used to ensure the sustainability of local communities to carry out good practices in dealing with the disease. Three local officers were selected from each village and trained in basic knowledge related to dog management, rabies control, and animal welfare. They were then asked to conduct a survey and practice their knowledge by better controlling the local community. The collected data were analyzed qualitatively and descriptively and presented in tabular form. In the selected villages, 234 households were found, but only 74 (32.1%) kept dogs, with a total of 153 consisting of 110 locals and 43 mixed/breed dogs. Most of the villagers surveyed have general knowledge about rabies management and the application of animal welfare principles, which will be beneficial for reducing disease in the area. Furthermore, villagers’ involvement is considered an important factor applicable in other places where rabies is still a problem. However, government funding for vaccines and relevant technical support is required.
Keywords: Rabies, Carangsari, Animal welfare, Dogs.

Abstract
Clostridium difficile is a global pathogen with great public health concern. This study was conducted to inquire into the presence of C. difficile amongst diarrheic sheep and goats in rural environments. Fecal samples were collected from 60 diarrheic animals (36 sheep and 24 goats). Samples were cultivated for isolation of C. difficile using selective medium while suspected colonies were confirmed by both serological and molecular techniques. Afterwards, toxigenic C. difficile isolates were recognized using PCR after finding tcdA and tcdB genes encoding toxin A and toxin B, respectively. The overall incidence of C. difficile was 20% (12/60) whereas the prevalence rates were 19.4% and 20.8% for sheep and goats, respectively. Only 3/12 isolates were toxigenic, two isolates (one from sheep and another from a goat) were tcdA-positive, but only one isolate from sheep was tcdB-positive. The phylogenetic analysis of the obtained tcdA gene sequence from sheep revealed that this sequence was grouped in the same clade with those isolated from beef, pig and human case. In conclusion, the current study highlights the occurrence of toxigenic C. difficile strains among diarrheic sheep and goats, a matter which has a high concern in both veterinary medicine and public health.
Keywords: C. difficile, Sheep, Goats, Rural settings.