Abstract
Meat safety includes the absence of physical hazards that has a potential of causing physical harm to consumers. Whilst there are physical hazards introduced in most in meat products, it is clear that some of the hazards, such as bullets particles and bone splinters, find their way in hunted wild ungulates in processes employed during killing. To assess the physical hazards that may occur in the game meat/venison industry, a systematic review of scientific literature published in English between 2000 and 2021 is conducted. The majority of studies evaluated and identified the risks of wild animal killing, which included fragmented bullets particles and bone splinters due to bones fracturing due to the killing process of game meat animals. Despite alternatives, such as the adoption of less fragmenting bullets, its compulsory implementation is proving a challenge in most countries.
Keywords: Wild ungulates; Physical hazards; Hunting; Harvesting; Fragmenting bullets; Bone splinters.

Abstract
Mastitis is the most common disease affecting dairy farms, causing inflammation of the mammary glands and reducing milk quality and production. Incorrect use of antibiotics leads to serious problems in veterinary medicine due to the emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria. The antibiotic resistant bacteria are considered the big problems worldwide. This study aims to isolate pathogenic bacteria from raw milk samples taken from subclinical mastitic cows. In addition, estimation of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles was also done against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli isolated from subclinical mastitic cows. Out of 28 milk samples, 85.7% samples showed positive bacterial isolation while 33.3% samples had single isolates while, 66.7% showed mixed isolates and 4 samples showed negative bacterial isolation. The obtained results showed that the resistance ratio of S. aureus and E. coli to different antibiotics using the disc diffusion technique was highest for Amoxicillin, then Tetracycline, and finally Nalidixic acid. Results of the MIC of ZnO nanoparticles against isolated E. coli and S. aureus were 31.3µg/mL and 7.8µg/mL, respectively. While the MBC was 62.5µg/mL for E. coli and 15.6µg/mL for S. aureus. It was found that ZnO nanoparticles could be used instead of common antibiotics to treat subclinical mastitis in cows caused by E. coli and S. aureus and to overcome the problems of multidrug resistant bacteria.
Keywords: ZnO nanoparticles, Mastitis, Antibacterial activity, E. coli, S. aureus.

Abstract
Egyptian aoudad (Ammotragus lervia) is a native antelope in Egypt and is listed as vulnerable according to the IUCN-Red List of threatened species. Little previous research data about the normal hematology of Aoudad are available. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine the normal blood constituents in healthy Egyptian Aoudad kept in Giza Zoo under the effect of season, sex, and age. One hundred and forty animals were used in this study and divided according to seasons into 35 animals in each season, according to sex into 60 females, 45 males, and 35 males in rutting season, and according to age into 50 young and 90 adult animals. The results showed a significant increase (P<0.05) of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in winter. Males in the rutting season showed significantly (P<0.05) higher levels of erythrocytes (14.34±0.58x106cells/mm3) than non-rutting males (12.26±0.38x106cells/mm3) and females (11.96±0.36x106cells/mm3). The influence of age was clear in erythrocyte count, which increased significantly (P<0.05) in young Aoudads. To conclude, this study shows the significant effect of seasons, sex, and age on the blood constituents of Aoudad that should be taken into consideration during the interpretation of laboratory results in healthy and diseased cases. Keywords: Aoudad (Ammotragus lervia); Hematological; Rutting; Season; Zoo.

Abstract
Anona squamosa Linn leaves methanol extract was tested for anticancer activity, and the active components were identified in this study. The brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) was used to measure the chemicals toxicity of the A. squamosa leaves extracted at room temperature using methanol. An anticancer test on HeLa cells was also carried out using this hazardous extract. The identification of the active compounds was carried out by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. At an LC50 value of 26.30ppm the extract was toxic, while at 35.65, it showed anticancer activity. Furthermore, 15 compounds which were responsible for this anticancer activity were identified. They include: ethyl-diethylene glycol, 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octenal, 6-Octen-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl, 1-Methoxy-4- (1-propenyl) benzene, 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, acetate or Geranyl acetate, methyl-dodecanoic acid, methyl-tetradecanoic acid, methyl-hexadecanoic acid, n-Hexadecanoic acid, 7-Acethyl-6-ethyl-1,1,4,4-tetramethyltetralyn, methyl-9-Octadecenoic acid, 9,12-Octamethyl-decadienoic acid, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, and bis (2-ethylhexyl)-1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid. According to this study, A. squamosa leaves can be employed as a natural anticancer agent for cervical cancer.
Keywords: Cervical anticancer activities, HeLa cells, Annona squamosal.

Abstract
Trichomonas gallinae is a protozoan parasite that lives in the upper gastrointestinal tract of birds. Recently, the hemolymph of Galleria mellonella has been widely used as an anti-parasitic drug. The present work aimed to investigate the inhibitory activity of an alcoholic extract of G. mellonella hemolymph (AEGmH) on T. gallinae in vitro compared with that of metronidazole using wet smear and vital stain acridine orange (AO). The results showed that the degree of growth inhibition of Trichomonas was based on the AEGmH concentration. Furthermore, the highest reduction of parasitic growth (100%) was observed in cultures treated with 25, 12.5, and 6.25mg/mL AEGmH before 24h. Moreover, the same results were detected in cultures treated with 3.1 and 1.6mg/mL AEGmH, but after 48h, and doses of AEGmH (0.8 and 0.4mg/mL) after 96h. In comparison, complete inhibition of parasite growth (100%) was obtained by metronidazole at 25mg/mL after 72h. Besides, light microscopy observations revealed changes in trophozoites’ morphology in culture treated with AEGmH. We concluded that the alcoholic extract of hemolymph of G. mellonella is suitable to counter trichomoniasis in vitro and showed antiprotozoal potential.
Keywords: Antitrichomonal, Galleria mellonella larva, Hemolymph, Metronidazole, Trichomonas gallinae.

Abstract
Nowadays there is a worldwide problem in the control of animal diseases due to the multidrug resistance of pathogens. Fecal samples, pharyngeal swabs, and rations were examined for cases of respiratory and diarrhea infections in calves. The most predominant species were A. flavus and E. coli pathogens. The drug-resistance against A. flavus and E. coli was tested. Nanotechnology was used and evaluated to overcome the drug resistance to conventional drugs. Herein, ZnONPs and CuNPs were used instead of commercial antibiotics against A. flavus and E. coli pathogens. They suppressed the growth and viability of A. flavus and E. coli sp., and the MIC was (600?g/mL). In addition, the molecular detection of virulent genes such as A. flavus (aflR) and E. coli (stx1) confirmed their conventional identification. In addition, the isolates were PCR tested for multidrug resistance (MDR) genes using primers for the Azole resistance gene (CYP51) in A. flavus and ampicillin resistance gene (CITM) in E. coli. The treated isolates with ZnONPs and CuNPs at high doses, 600?g/mL and 150?g/mL, eliminated the signals of DNA bands of MDR genes, respectively. Whereas the expression of genes was observed with the treatment of E. coli and A. flavus with low doses of 100 and 50?g/mL of ZnONPs and CuNPs, respectively. The exposure of pathogens to high doses of ZnONPs and CuNPs (600 and 150?g/mL) prevents mutation of the azole resistance gene (CYP51) in fungi and ampicillin resistance gene (CITM) in bacteria. Hence, the supplementation of ZnONPs and CuNPs for rations can inhibit the microbial viability and removal of drugs resistant genes.
Keywords: Aspergillus flavus, Escherichia coli, Nanoparticles, Multidrug resistance Genes, Calves.

Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a viral disease transmitted by Culicoides spp. The clinical presentation of BT varies widely among susceptible sheep, and in most cases results in severe illness and death in the infected animals. The mortality among susceptible sheep ranges from 2-30% but can occasionally be as high as 70%. Therefore, we investigated a new method to increase the purified BTV-antigen. BTV viral suspensions were purified using Freon-113 and ultracentrifugation through 40% sucrose. We obtained 94.5-95.8% purification of the BT-16 viral antigen. Sheep and cows were immunized with the isolated BTV antigen obtained from this method to confirm antibody specificity to BTV. The antibody activity measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) from goat serum was 7.0log2 to 13.0log2 (on average 10.8±2.28log2) relative to that of sheep (P<0.05 to P<0.0001). We show here that this method can successfully purify BTV-16 antigen and could be used for large-scale production and other BTV serotypes. Keywords: Bluetongue Virus; Freon-113; Serum; Viral Purification; Agar Gel Immunodiffusion; Ruminants.

Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the anatomical and histological characteristics of the Egyptian red fox. We performed liver ultrasonography on eight animals while used two livers for morphological study. To illustrate the hepatic artery branches, two specimens were injected with colored red latex neoprene through the abdominal aorta. The other two specimens were injected with a mixture of lead oxide and colored green latex neoprene through the major duodenal papilla to demonstrate the radiological images of the biliary duct pattern. The last two specimens were used for histological study. The fox’s liver had six lobes; left lateral, left medial, quadrate, right medial, right lateral, and caudate lobes. The gall bladder was pear-shaped and was embedded in a fossa between the right medial and the quadrate lobes. The left hepatic duct formed the common bile duct, and the cystic duct union then passed about 0.5-1cm to join with the right hepatic duct. The branches of the proper hepatic artery supply the liver lobes. Histologically, liver parenchyma consisted of lobules; each lobule had a central vein and hepatic cords with hepatic sinusoids in between. Histochemically, hepatocytes were stained with Periodic Acid Schiff and Bests carmine stains. Gall bladder lined by simple columnar cells rests on fibrous propria-submucosa rich in blood capillaries. This study has practical importance in surgical treatment, as in partial hepatic lobectomy and hepatic artery or lobar arteries ligation in case of tumors.
Keywords: Liver, Hepatic Artery, Bile Duct, Histology, Ultrasonography, Red Fox.

Abstract
The success of artificial insemination in dogs is significantly influenced by the quality of the semen used. Furthermore, during storage at 5oC, the semen is attacked by free radicals, which adversely affect its quality. Moringa leaves, and carrot extracts are natural ingredients with high antioxidant content, expected to overcome free radical attacks and oxidative stress experienced by sperm during storage. Therefore, this study aims were to examine the effect of adding Moringa leaf extract or carrot juice in coconut water-egg yolk diluent on the sperm quality of Kintamani dogs. The method used a completely random design. Three treatment groups exist for each diluent. The base diluent consists of young coconut water-egg yolk (D1), the base diluent plus moringa leaves extract (D2), and the base diluent plus carrot juice (D3). The life spermatozoa were observed in eight sections, from 0 (control) to 84 hours with 12 hourly observations. Each treatment group was examined for spermatozoa progressive motility, viability, abnormalities, and intact plasma membrane. The results showed that D2 maintained semen quality significantly better (P<0.05) than D1 and D3. However, D3 was better than D1 (P<0.05). It was concluded that the addition of moringa leaves extract in coconut water-egg yolk diluent maintained the best quality of spermatozoa for 60 hours, with motility, viability, abnormality, and intact plasma membrane of 56.67±19.98, 60.83±18.63, 11.83±2, 64, and 55.83±17.45%, respectively. Keywords: Kintamani Dog, Storage Time of Semen, Moringa Leaves Extract, Carrot Juice.

Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the possible effects of chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) supplementation to the in vitro maturation medium on the expansion of cumulus cells, nuclear maturation, and relative gene expression of Superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1), B-cell lymphoma-2 Apoptosis Regulator (BCL2), and BCL2 Associated X (BAX) in the River buffalo. Slaughterhouse-derived cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) became matured in vitro in the absence (control) or presence of CNPs (10, 25, and 50µg/mL). At the end of maturation, we assessed expansion rates and denuded COCs; then, some replicates were fixed and stained to determine nuclear maturation. Other replicates were vitrified until we acquired enough oocytes, thawed, and assessed gene expression. We concluded that 10µg/mL CNPs significantly increased cumulus cell expansion and nuclear maturation. Whereas 10 and 25µg/mL CNPs non-significantly increased SOD1 relative expression, BCL2/BAX ratio for 10µg/mL CNPs was significantly higher than in control, 25 and 50µg/mL CNPs groups.
Keywords: Buffalo; Oocyte; In vitro maturation; Chitosan nanoparticle; Gene expression.

Abstract
Natron has been implicated in the pathogenesis of peripartum cardiomyopathy, probably due to oxidative stress. The current research investigated the correlation between the antioxidant status of cardiac muscles and serum biochemical indices of cardiac function of postpartum albino rats administered natron. Twenty postpartum rats were divided into four groups, each group having 5 female rats. Group A received distilled water while groups B, C, and D were orally administered 100, 200 and 300mg/kg body weight of natron, respectively. The administration of 300mg/kg body weight of natron increased malondialdehyde level to 18.27±3.75 from 13.01±2.25nmol/g fresh tissue, significantly (P<0.05) decreased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and level of catalase (CAT) to 0.98±0.46 and 4.11±0.14 from 3.50±0.75µmol/min/g and 5.27±1.03ng/g fresh tissue, respectively in the cardiac muscles as compared with the control. Natron administration also increased the serum levels of troponin I and myoglobin and increased the activities of aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase. The cardiac function indices showed significant (P<0.05) positive correlations with malondialdehyde and significant (P<0.05) negative correlations with antioxidant enzymes. The results, therefore, indicated that the administration of high concentrations of natron led to an increase in markers of oxidative stress in the cardiac muscles, which may be responsible for the observed derangement in the cardiac function indices. Keywords: Peripartum cardiomyopathy, Oxidative stress markers, Biochemical indices, Natron, Albino rats.

Abstract
A total of 630 fresh hatching eggs containing live embryo at 14 day of incubation were distributed randomly into seven treatment groups (three replicates/treatment, 30eggs/each) and the fertile eggs were injected in the yolk sac as following groups: eggs were un –injected (T1), eggs were injected with hole only as negative control (T2), eggs were injected with distilled water as positive control (T3), eggs were injected with OPE at 500 and 1000ppm/egg, T4 and T5), while eggs were injected with Vit C at 4 and 8mg/egg (T6 and T7) respectively. The newly hatched chicks resulting from previous treatments were raised till 5 weeks old. Results showed that hatchability %, hatched chicks weight significantly improved for OPE (1000ppm/egg, T5) compared with vitamin C groups. However, performance of chicks resulting from injected eggs with (8 mg/egg, Vit C, T7) showed significantly (P?0.001) increase in body weight (bwt), body weight gain (bwt) and feed intake than control groups. Measurements of carcass traits of OPE (1000ppm/egg) showed significant improvement in dressing weight when compared to those all injected control groups. Birds resulting from injected eggs with vit C treatments having higher plasma total protein and globulin level compared to others in non-injected control group. Additionally, in-ovo OPE (1000ppm/egg) injection resulted in boosted plasma antioxidants enzymes activities and significantly increased plasmaT4 concentrations compared with different control groups. In conclusion, in-ovo injection at day14 of incubation with either of OPE or vitamin C has positive effect on hatchability %, chick performance, dressing weight and anti-oxidative status of hatched chicks. Hence, in-ovo injection with OPE (1000ppm/egg) at14th day of incubation could be recommended for improving chick’s health.
Keywords: In-Ovo Injection, Olive Pulp, Vitamin C, Hatchability, Performance, Biochemical blood analysis.

Abstract
The relevance of the subject under study is conditioned upon changes in the exchange of melanin in skin cells, which result in unevenly coloured sheep hair. The purpose of this study investigated the nature of depigmentation inheritance of the hair of black Karakul sheep in ontogenesis. The objective method was the main method used in the study. The results of the study showed that the climate was one of the factors for preserving the colour of the desired shade of an adult. Bonitation of young animals according to the pronounced pigmentation of krimmer lamb takes place when the young animals reach the age of one and a half years. During this period pigmentation gradually decreases, and the wool becomes completely white. The originality of this study lies in the analysis of the cellular mechanism of regulation of melanogenesis in sheep. The materials of this paper are of practical value for breeders in controlling a biological phenomenon that affects the quality of the Karakul sheep breed.
Keywords: Pigmentation, Karakul Sheep, Sheep Breeding, Wool Colouring, Phenotype Change in Ontogenesi.

Abstract
The serious health issue of liver fibrosis causes significant morbidity and mortality. Hepatic fibrosis does not currently have a conventional treatment due to its complicated pathophysiology. Statins are well-known by their Pleiotropic effects such as anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic and antifibrotic actions. This investigation aimed to mark whether rosuvastatin could prevent the rat liver fibrosis caused by thioacetamide (TAA). Following two weeks of TAA injection, ROS (5 and 10mg/kg, daily) was given orally concurrently for further four weeks. ROS markedly decreased the upsurge in serum aminotransferase activities (AST and ALT) and restored albumin level. The increased hepatic glutathione (GSH) content and super oxide dismutase (SOD) activity, along with the declined malondialdehyde (MDA) level, showed ROS antioxidant capabilities. Further, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) were both upregulated by ROS treatment while decreased the levels of nuclear factor-?B (NF-?B), p-NF-?B, tumor necrosis factor-? (TNF-?) and Interleukin 6 (IL-6). Additionally, ROS upregulated considerably the gene expression of Nrf2 and downregulated PI3K gene expression. Moreover, expression of alpha smooth muscle actin (?-SMA) was reduced while Nrf2 protein expression was elevated by ROS. Thus, it can be concluded that rosuvastatin could protect liver tissue against progression of TAA-induced fibrosis. This can be at least partially due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects via activation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and downregulation of NF-?B.
Keywords: Liver Fibrosis; Rosuvastatin; Thioacetamide; Nrf2; HO-1.

Abstract
Surgery is the standard therapy for vesicovaginal fistula. The surgical success rate in these cases ranges from 70-100%, and the risk of recurrence is high. The human amniotic membrane is especially being developed for tissue engineering in urogynecology. The study aimed to determine the effect of freeze-dried amnion with human amniotic stem cells seeding on the expression of FGF-2 and the number of fibroblasts in vesicovaginal fistula in New Zealand rabbits. We conducted experimental research with a post-test-only control group design. The female rabbits were divided into three groups, each consisting of 12 rabbits. The specimens taken were subjected to immunohistochemical staining to determine the expression of FGF-2 and hematoxylin-eosin staining to determine the number of fibroblast cells. We analyzed data statistically. The expression of FGF-2 in primary suturing and freeze-dried amnion with human amniotic stem cell seeding was higher than in the other groups (P<0.05). We found the highest fibroblast cells in the primary suturing and freeze-dried amnion with human amniotic stem cell seeding (P<0.05). The use of freeze-dried amnion with the seeding of human amniotic stem cells affects postoperative wound healing seen from the expression of FGF-2 and the number of fibroblasts. This study can be used as a recommendation for clinical use but needs to be clarified by conducting human studies. Keywords: Amnion, FGF-2, Fibroblast, Vesicovaginal fistula, Rabbit.

Abstract
The relevance of the study is conditioned by the need for rational planning and timely implementation of therapeutic and preventive measures with cattle in various geographical regions, to prevent the spread of ticks and to form an objective understanding of the real features of the epizootic situation in these regions. The purpose of the study is to investigate the dynamics of the spread, the seasonality, and the degree of infection with bovine theileriosis in the Turkestan Region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The leading approach is a combination of the method of determining the species composition of ixodic mites using the technique developed by V.I. Pomerantsev, with a practical investigation of the seasonality of the spread of ticks, through a survey of various pastures, and regular collection of ticks from cattle during a certain period of the pasture season in stationary points, to establish the species composition of ticks and the degree of contamination of pastures. The research was carried out using the capabilities of the laboratory of the Department of Veterinary Medicine of the regional veterinary laboratory and on the farms of the Turkestan Region. Practical results were obtained in the course of this study, indicating the main trends in the dynamics of the spread, seasonality, and degree of infection with bovine theileriosis in the territory of the Turkestan Region and the country as a whole. The study results and the conclusions formulated on their basis have significant practical significance for livestock workers of the Turkestan Region of Kazakhstan, whose professional duties include monitoring the condition of cattle on these farms and preventing the occurrence and spread of various epidemics among animals.
Keywords: Endoglobular Parasites, Theileriosis, Anti-Theileriosis Measures, Animal Treatment.

Abstract
Campylobacter species are bacterial pathogens of veterinary and public health significance. Despite the fact that several studies have identified close contact with puppies as a risk factor for human campylobacteriosis, the current status of Campylobacter species infecting puppies in Kenya is unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter species infection of puppies and the associated risk factors in the Nairobi Metropolitan Region, Kenya. A cross-sectional study was carried out from January 2021 to August 2021. Rectal swabs from 260 puppies were collected aseptically, and Campylobacter species were isolated and identified using conventional culture techniques and biochemical tests. To collect information on potential risk factors, a questionnaire survey was given to owners at the facilities where the rectal swab samples were taken. Variables were identified as risk factors for Campylobacter species colonization using univariable and multivariable mixed effects logistic regression analyses. Campylobacter species were isolated from 150 of the 260 sampled puppies yielding a prevalence of 57.7%. This study shows that Campylobacter species are present in Kenyan puppies. The reasons for keeping puppies, deworming status of puppies, and puppies with a recent history of vomiting had significant association with Campylobacter species colonization in puppies. Being a household puppy, being more than 2 months of age, being kept for security as well as having an ideal body condition or being moderately obese were identified as protective factors. Understanding the risk factors for Campylobacter species carriage in puppies will aid in the development of awareness and management strategies to improve puppy health and welfare while potentially lowering the risk of this pathogen being transmitted from puppies to humans.
Keywords: Prevalence, Risk Factors, Campylobacter, Puppies.

Abstract
Cymbopogon nardus waste has potential as an ingredient of cattle diet. C. nardus waste requires feed processing to increase ruminal fermentation characteristics. This study has aimed to discover the effect of fermentation and ammoniation treatment of soaked and unsoaked C. nardus on in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics and nutrient digestibility. Five experimental diets with four replications were evaluated in this study: Cymbopogon nardus (CNW) as control, unsoaked fermented CNW (FCNW1), soaked fermented CNW (FCNW2), unsoaked ammoniated CNW (ACNW1), and soaked ammoniated CNW (ACNW2). A randomized block design was used and followed by post hoc Tukey-HSD if there is a significant effect (P<0.05). The results showed that there was no significant effect (P>0.05) of soaked or unsoaked ammoniated and fermented CNW on in vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD) and organic digestibility (OMD). Meanwhile, there was significant effect (P<0.05) on in vitro digestibility of crude protein (CPD), ADF (ADFD), NDF (ADFD), cellulose (CLD), and hemicellulose (HCLD). There was also no significant effect (P>0.05) of soaked or unsoaked ammoniated and fermented CNW on in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics (pH, NH3, and total VFA level). In conclusion, soaked ammoniated of C. nardus waste has potential as cattle diet because it has high value of in vitro digestibility of crude protein (56.81%), ADF (47.67%), NDF (48.68%), cellulose (47.19%), and hemicellulose (50.52%).
Keywords: Ammoniation, Cymbopogon nardus waste, Fermentation, in vitro digestibility, Ruminal fermentation, Soaked-unsoaked.

Abstract
The current study is a unique case of captive capture myopathy in an eight-year-old Persian onager. Depression, tremor, muscular stiffness, tachycardia, mucosal hyperemia, and red-brown urine were all symptoms of the onager, who died 5 hours after being captured. The biochemical parameters revealed increases in creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, potassium, and cortisol levels. Necropsy revealed prominent contraction band necrosis that involved heart Purkinje fibers. In the kidneys, tubular epithelial cells exhibited hyper eosinophilic cytoplasm and loss of nuclei, and frequently contained fine, yellow-brown granular intracytoplasmic pigment. In the liver, edema, peripheral fibrosis, and moderate congestion expanded sinusoids. The lung parenchyma showed focal alveolar emphysema with atelectasis. In the spleen, lymphoid atrophy along with lymphoid necrosis, in the small intestine, atrophy of intestinal villi, the obvious loss of superficial epithelium, the number of the mucosal glands decreased, and there was a small number of chronic inflammatory cells. In conclusion, this report presents Persian onager capture myopathy, emphasizing the need to know the causes of death in wild animals to conserve them in captivity successfully.
Keywords: Capture stress, Histopathological findings, Myopathy, Persian onager.

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate nutritional content of tofu waste mixed with carrot juice and fermented with Saccharomyces spp. (TWCF), so that it has potential as a feed supplement that is rich in ?-carotene, high in protein and lysine, and contains probiotics. The laying hens (n=192, 70 weeks old) were randomly allotted into 4 diets groups. The hens were fed diets i) without TWCF as a control diets (TF0), ii) supplemented with 2% TWCF (B); iii) supplemented with 4% TWCF (C); and iv) supplemented with 6% TWCF (D). Inclusion of TWCF in diets increased nutrient digestibility (DM, OM, and CP) significantly (P?0.05). Fermentation of TWC with YC (TWCF) can increase (P?0.05) nutrient of TWC especially: CP, Lysine, and BC. Inclusion up to 2% TWCF can be used in laying hen diets to improve (P?0.05) feed digestibility (DM, OM, CP), egg production, eggshell thickness, yolk color, BC, and yolk cholesterol. It is concluded that dietary supplementation of laying hens with TWCF can increase hen-day production, egg shell thickness, BC, and egg yolk color.
Keywords: Carrot, Cholesterol, Tofu Waste, Yolk, Hens.

Abstract
This study compares the daily weight gain (ADG) and the hematological profile of cattle in feed lot and supplemented with palm oil (POil). Overall, 20 male and 24 female Holstein-Cebu (5/8-3/8) cattle with an average weight of 249±43 kg were used. Three groups of eight animals each were formed with females, which were housed and received 0, 2, and 4% POil in the diet (FSWO, FS2O, FS4O). With males, only two groups were formed, one group that kept grazing and received 2% POil (MG2O, n=8) and one group stabled and received 4% POil (MS4O, n=12). Peripheral blood was obtained to determine the hematocrit (HCT), plasma protein concentration (TPP, g/dL), and eosinophil count (EOS), and a complete blood sample was processed in an automatic analyzer to determine the erythron and platelet formula. Analysis of repeated measures over time was performed. Stabled steers showed the highest ADG (1.5kg/d), whereas females received 2 or 4% oil had similar ADG levels (1.3 to 1.4kg/d) than grazing steers. At the first sampling, EOS counts were 1.5 x 103 cells/µL of blood, but they were reduced to 0.23 x 103 cells/µL of blood at the end of the study. The lowest HCT was obtained in grazing steers (32.8%). It is concluded that in stabled steers, the red formula is improved, and the EOS count reduced. Palm oil supplementation generated the highest daily weight gain in stabled steers.
Keywords: Cattle, Daily Gain, Eosinophils, Hematocrit, Hemoglobin.

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the status of the oxidative stress biomarkers in camels with obstructions of the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts. Eighteen dromedary camels were examined at the Qassim University Veterinary Hospital in Saudi Arabia because of obstructions in the gastrointestinal (n=13) or urinary tracts (n=5). Camels were referred for evaluation because of anorexia, absence of defecation, abdominal distension, anuria and urine dribbling. Ten clinically healthy female dromedary camels were enrolled in this study as controls. A 7mL blood sample was collected in plain tubes from each camel for serum harvesting. Stress biomarkers including malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), Glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined in the sera. Parallel, lipid profiles including cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) were also measured. Results showed that the MDA values did not differ significantly among camels with obstructions in the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts. However, the GSH value was significantly lower in camels with intestinal obstruction compared to control. In a similar manner, the SOD value was also significantly lower in animals with intestinal obstruction compared to the healthy ones, with a statistically significant difference. Both GSH and SOD values did not differ significantly between camels with urinary obstruction and control group. The value of CAT in the controls did not differ significantly from the values in both diseased groups. Data of lipid profile analysis showed that the cholesterol and TG values were higher in the diseased groups compared to the healthy group. The HDL value was lower in the group of intestinal obstruction compared to the healthy animals, with a statistically significant difference. However, on the contrary, the LDL value was higher in the group of intestinal obstruction compared to the healthy animals, with a statistically significant. Both HDL and LDL values did not differ significantly between camels with urinary obstruction and control group.
Keywords: Antioxidant Activity, Biomarkers, Diseases, Oxidative Stress, Stress.

Abstract
This research aimed at the intake, digestibility, production, and milk quality of Etawa crossbreeds dairy goat (ECDG) fed conventional mixed forage; tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia) (T) and cassava leaves (CL) with palm kernel cake concentrate (PKCC). A completely randomized design (four treatments and four replications) was used in this study. The treatments consisted of followings: A was company rations (50% company forages + 50% company concentrate(CC)), B (50% (T+CL) + 40% CC + 10% PKCC), C (50% (T+CL) + 30% CC + 20% PKCC), D (50% (T+CL)+ 20% CC + 30% PKCC). The variables analyzed were as follows; milk production, milk quality (total solid, lactose, protein, fat, solid non-fat, water content, specific gravity, pH, Ca and P minerals), dry matter intake (DMI), organic matter intake (OMI), crude protein intake (CPI), dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), crude protein digestibility (CPD). Data analysis used analysis of variance—a further test to determine differences between treatments using Duncan’s multiple ranges. The Analysis showed that the treatment had no significant effect (P>0.05) on feed intake, digestibility, production, and milk quality. Using palm kernel cake concentrate and a mixture of tithonia and cassava leaves was able to maintain the feed intake, feed digestibility, production, and milk quality of ECDG. Replacement of company forages with a mixture of cassava and tithonia and replacement of company concentrate with PKCC did not affect the intake, digestibility, production, and quality of Etawa crossbreed dairy goat’s milk. The combination of 50% (cassava and tithonia) + 10% company concentrate + 40% PKCC was able to maintain the intake, digestibility, production, and quality of Etawa crossbreed dairy goat milk.
Keywords: Cassava Leaves, Etawa Crossbreed Dairy Goat, Milk Production, Palm Kernel Cake Concentrate, Tithonia Diversifolia.

Abstract
Since 2015, porcine cysticercosis has been under-reported in Myanmar, even though the country was known to be endemic. This study aimed to figure out the seroprevalence of porcine cysticercosis and risk factors relating to pigs’ infection by administering questionnaires to the farm owners. We bled a total of 330 pigs to collect the sera sample before slaughter at the Ywar Thar Gyi slaughter, the major abattoir in Yangon, Myanmar. The monoclonal antibody-based B158/B60 Ag-ELISA technique was used since it has shown high diagnostic values. The presence of Taenia spp. cyst was also assessed by meat inspection of six different muscles. We also investigated the distribution of cysts in slaughtered pigs. Of 330 blood samples, 14.24% of pigs were tested as seropositive. However, 12.12% of pigs were examined for the presence of cysticerci by the meat inspection method. The comparison between seroprevalence and prevalence by meat inspection was made using a 2×2 matrix table. Regarding cyst distribution, 95.0% (38/40) observed cysticerci on the ventral surface of the tongue muscle, and we found the remaining two positive samples inside the heart muscle. Results have shown that husbandry practice (OR=5.1; 95% CI=2.9-8.5) and deworming practice (OR=4.1; 95%CI=2.5-7.5) had a significant association (P<0.05) with the presence of infection in slaughter pigs. This study indicates the presence of cysticercosis in slaughtered pigs, and the results could assist the need for further studies for the intervention of effective control strategies. Keywords: Meat Inspection, Porcine Cysticercosis, Questionnaires, Seroprevalence, Taenia Spp.

Abstract
There has been uncertainty about Streptococcus suis (S. suis) causing disease in pig. Different inoculation routes might lead to different pathologic courses. Here, we provide data on experimental infection of weaning pigs with S. suis isolated from pigs with severe infections through intranasal (IN) and intravenous (IV) inoculation. Nine weaning landrace piglets were used as experimental animals. Three were inoculated with S. suis intranasally and three intravenously, each with 1x109CFU S. suis, while the other three were left uninoculated as control animals. Prior to inoculation, the animals were anesthetized using ketamine hydrochloride (10mg/BW) delivered intramuscularly. All control animals remained healthy throughout the study. Fever was observed in all IN and IV animals from 3 to 9 days post infection (dpi). Appetite loss was observed at 3 to 9dpi in the IN group and at 3 to 7dpi in the IV group. Diarrhea occurred in one animal in each group from 3-5dpi. Lameness was observed for one animal in the IN group. Body weights (bwt) on Day 14 of the IN, IV, and control group piglets were 11.93±0.83, 9.80±1.83, and 14.70±0.53kg, respectively. After 14 days, only four animals, three from the IN group and one from the IV group, showed pathological lesions of pneumonia and hemorrhage in the myocardium. Necropsied animals from both inoculation route groups showed inflammation in various organs. Using polymerase chain reaction, we identified S. suis from the culture of heart samples taken from animals with hemorrhage in the myocardium. We concluded that although producing a mild clinical course, S. suis isolated from severely diseased pigs causes multiorgan histological lesion development and slower weight gain. Appropriate vaccines against S. suis should reduce its financial and zoonotic impact.
Keywords: Streptococcus suis, Intranasal, Intravenous, Multiorgan, Mild Sign.

Abstract
This work measured the status of oxidative stress (OS) biomarkers during the periparturient period in dromedary camels with ketosis. The Qassim University Veterinary Hospital in Saudi Arabia registered 17 diseased female dromedary camels. They underwent examination because of the gradual decline in body condition during the first three months post-parturition. Ten clinically healthy female dromedary camels were enrolled in this study as controls. For serum harvesting, collected a 7mL blood sample in plain tubes from each camel. Malondialdehyde (MDA) as lipid peroxidation biomarker and stress indicators, including catalase (CAT), Glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were determined in the sera. In addition, lipid profiles that included cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and low-density lipoproteins (LDL), as well as ?-hydroxybutyric acid (?HBA), were measured in the same samples. Compared to the values in the controls, the MDA was significantly higher (P<0.001) in the diseased group. However, the GSH value was significantly lower in the diseased camels compared to the healthy ones (P<0.01). Similarly, the SOD value was lower in the diseased animals than in the healthy camels (P<0.001). The ?HBA values were significantly higher in the diseased group than in healthy females (P<0.01). The cholesterol, TG, and LDL values were more elevated in the diseased group than in the healthy animal group (P<0.001). On the contrary, a statistically significant lower HDL value (P<0.001) was found in the diseased group compared to the healthy animal group. Keywords: Biomarkers, Camels, Ketosis, Oxidative Stress, Periparturient Period.

Abstract
A trivalent killed Salmonella vaccine was developed and its efficacy was evaluated in specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens. One hundred and forty SPF chickens divided to two groups were used to evaluate the efficacy of our vaccine. Vaccinated chickens were primed with the prepared vaccine at the age of two weeks and were boosted three weeks later comparing to unvaccinated chickens. All chickens were divided into subgroups which challenged orally with 1mL (5×107 CFU/mL) of Salmonella Typhimurium (ST), Salmonella Montevideo (SM), or Salmonella Blegdam (SB) strains, three weeks post boosting of the vaccine. The protection rate was evaluated based on the clinical signs, the mortality, and bacterial fecal shedding. Moreover, we used ELISA technique to evaluate the humoral immune response against Salmonella strains. Our trivalent killed Salmonella vaccine elicited 85% protection rate in challenge test with reduction of bacterial fecal shedding.
Keywords: Vaccine, Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Montevideo, Salmonella Blegdam, Montanide ISA 70, chicken.

Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the relations between somatic cells count (SSC), antioxidants, and antimicrobial proteins in milk samples obtained from Waddah, Sofor, and Majaheem breeds of the dromedary camel. High-SCC milk samples contained >300×103 cells/mL. The milk levels of catalase (CAT) were significantly increased in the Waddah breed compared to the Sofor and Majaheem breeds (P?0.05). In the Waddah breed, the CAT levels were also significantly elevated in the high-SCC milk samples compared to the low-SCC milk samples (P?0.001). The Superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were significantly elevated in the high-SCC milk samples compared to the low-SCC milk samples in the Sofor and Majaheem breeds (P?0.001 and P?0.05, respectively). Significant reduction in the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was observed in the high-SCC milk samples of the Sofor and Majaheem breeds (P?0.001 and P?0.05, respectively). The milk levels of lactoferrin (LTF) and lactoperoxidase (LPO) were significantly reduced in the Waddah group compared to the Sofor and Majaheem groups (P?0.01). The LTF levels were significantly elevated in the milk samples with low SCC compared to the high-SCC samples in the Waddah and Sofor breeds (P?0.01 and P?0.05, respectively). No significant differences were observed among the examined breeds concerning the milk levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG). Only in the Majaheem breed, the milk IgG levels were significantly increased in the high-SCC samples compared to low-SCC ones (P?0.001). The current study adds to our understanding of dromedary camel milk and reveals possible biomarkers for both healthy camels and camels with subclinical mastitis.
Keywords: Antioxidants, Lactoferrin, Lactoperoxidase, Subclinical Mastitis, Camels.

Abstract
Prolonged assisted ventilation during anesthesia and critical care is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in both humans and animals. However, no study of mechanically ventilated patients has examined the mortality-related physiology and pathology. Our study investigated physiological, hematological and pathological changes in pigs that died during anesthesia. Six pigs were placed under ventilation-assisted anesthesia for up to 48h. The heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), mean arterial blood (MAP), end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2), and oxygen saturation (SpO2) were monitored every 15min until the pigs dies. Blood glucose, serum lactate, pH, and serum bicarbonate (HCO3-) were measured every 12h until death. Tissues were harvested from lung, liver, heart, and kidney of pigs immediately after death during anesthesia. All pigs died during anesthesia. Times of death varied. One pig died at approximately 18h (Group I), two pigs at 24h (Group II), one pig at 36h (Group III), and two pigs at 48h (Group IV). Decreased MAP was reported in all groups throughout anesthesia. Each group showed different changes before death; Group I and III showed decreased blood glucose (45mg/dL) and (17mg/dL), respectively; Group III showed elevated serum lactate (9.76 mmol/l) and reduced pH (7.13) that suggested metabolic acidosis; Group IV showed increased ETCO2 (64.35±5.79 mmHg). Pigs that survived longer showed a higher level of cellular injury to the liver and respiratory system. Blood glucose, MAP, and ETCO2 should be carefully monitored during anesthesia for better patient outcomes and reduced mortality.
Keywords: Anesthesia, Long-Term, Ventilation, Porcine, Physiology, Pathology.

Abstract
Pneumonia is the inflammation of lung parenchyma due to various organisms resulting in numerous manifestations and sequelae. The environment in the tropical regions provides optimal conditions for infection to occur in small ruminants. Mannheimiosis caused by Mannheimia haemolytica is the most frequent isolated bacteria causing pneumonia in small ruminants. The bacteria may cause an acute infection which can lead to death without proper diagnosis and treatment. To date, there are still scarce study on the effect of anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory treatments on reproductive physiology that warrants investigation. Hence, this review paper aims to focus on the possible effect of a combined usage of anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory treatments toward male reproductive physiology.
Keywords: Antibacterial, Anti-Inflammatory, Mannheimiosis, Mannheimia haemolytica, Reproductive.

Abstract
In this study, 210 one-day-old commercial broiler chicks were used to investigate the pathogenicity of two types of Avian Adenoviruses (type D and type E) recently isolated from field cases. These chicks were divided into four groups; birds of group 1 (G1) and group 2 (G2) were experimentally inoculated with two local isolates of fowl aviadenovirus FAdV D-2 and FAdV D-11, respectively, while chicks of group 3 (G3) were experimentally inoculated with FAdV-E 8a. All birds of these three groups were experimentally inoculated orally at one-day of age with a dose of 0.5mL (107 TCID50/mL). Birds of group 4 (G4) served as uninoculated blank controls. Clinical signs, gross lesions and histopathological changes were examined at different intervals post inoculation. Birds of all infected groups showed hydropericardium, focal hepatic necrosis and ecchymotic hemorrhage of thigh and breast muscles. Hepatitis, glomerulonephritis, pericarditis, myocarditis and lymphoid depletion in the spleen were the main histopathological observations. Mortality rates of 12, 16 and 6% were observed in chicks of G1, G2 and G3, respectively, indicating that FAdV-D isolates were more virulent than FAdV-E. Hemagglutination inhibition test revealed significant decrease in antibodies titers against inactivated NDV vaccine in birds of the three FAdVs infected groups compared to the chicks of the control group. In Egypt, several studies reported Adenoviruses infections in broilers; however, to our knowledge this is the first study in which the pathogenicity of FAdVs isolates has been reported. It was concluded that FAdV-D 2, FAdV-D 11 and FAdV-E 8a are primary agents, in addition to possibility of these isolates to act as neglectable immunosuppressive agents incriminating to vaccination failure in chickens.
Keywords: FAdVs, Broiler Chickens, Inclusion Body Hepatitis, Hydropericardium, Pathogenicity, Histopathology, PCR.