Abstract
A study was carried out to compare the effects of epidural xylazine, lidocaine and their combination on hematological and cardiopulmonary parameters in dogs. Fifteen healthy dogs were used in this study. The dogs were randomly assigned to three groups of five animals each. The first group was injected with 2% lidocaine hydrochloride at 4 mg/kg body weight, the second with 2% xylazine hydrochloride at 0.6 mg/kg body weight while the third group was injected with the drug combination of lidocaine and xylazine at 2 and 0.3 mg/kg respectively, in the same syringe. All injections were made into the lumbosacral space. Changes in cardio-pulmonary and hematological parameters in dogs were recorded over a 4-hour monitoring period.
Epidural administration of lidocaine and xylazine resulted in significant (P<0.05) decline in TEC, PCV and Hb. Significant (P<0.05) changes in heart rate occurred only in dogs administered with epidural xylazine and the drug combination of lidocaine-xylazine. Dogs injected with epidural lidocaine, xylazine and lidocaine-xylazine had significant (P<0.05) changes in their respiratory rates. Lumbosacral injection of lidocaine-xylazine combination resulted in a significant (P<0.05) bradycardia and respiratory depression compared to the individual drugs. It is concluded that significant cardiopulmonary depression should be anticipated particularly when lidocaine-xylazine and xylazine are used for epidural anaesthesia in dogs. Devoted monitoring is therefore imperative to avoid untoward outcomes. Keywords: Cardiopulmonary, Dogs, Epidural, Hematology, Lidocaine, Xylazine

Abstract
Twenty apparently adult healthy Baladi rabbit of both sexes were used in this study to demonstrate the arterial supply of the intestinal tract. Immediately after slaughtering of rabbits, the thoracic part of the aorta was injected by gum milk latex colored red with carmine just prior to its passage through the hiatus aorticus of the diaphragm. The study confirmed that the intestinal tract received its arterial blood supply primarily from the cranial and caudal mesenteric arteries. It also agreed with the fact those additional branches from gastroduodenal as well as the middle rectal and caudal rectal arteries.
Keywords: Anatomy, Intestine, Arterial supply, Rabbit

Abstract
A controlled clinical trial was undertaken to assess the efficacy of application of 0.15% herbal mixture comprising of Acorus calamus, Aloe vera and Allium sativum in the ratio of 2:1:1 on rat snakes of Chennai Snake Park Trust, Chennai. Ten rat snakes with tick infestation were randomly allocated into two groups of five, each. Snakes were fed with the usual diet and water was made available ad libitum. Ticks were counted carefully by detailed examination of each snake. On Day 0, snakes in Group 1 were treated with 0.15% herbal mixture of Acorus calamus, Aloe vera and Allium sativum in the ratio of 2:1:1. They were sprayed with water and 25ml of the mixture was then applied over the entire coat of the snake. The solution was applied on the floor and side wall of the room and also the same was repeated again on 4th day. Snakes in Group 2 were placed as the controls. Snakes were observed every day, throughout the study period of 30 days. Treatment efficacy was assessed by comparing the mean tick count of treated snakes with that of untreated snakes. The study showed that application of 25ml of 0.15% of herbal mixture containing Acorus calamus, Aloe vera and Allium sativum in the ratio of 2:1:1 to the rat snakes was very effective and it controlled the ticks present on the snakes at the time of application with the efficacy of >90% up to 30 days of treatment, in the serpentine studied.
Keywords: Acaricide, Acorus calamus, Allium sativum, Aloe vera, Rat snake

Abstract
In the present case, a seven year old hallikar (Native breed of India) bullock was presented with a hard mass in the right maxillary area just posterior to oral commissure that was gradually increasing in size for the past 6 months. The tumor was surgically excised. Representative samples of the mass were subjected to histopathological evaluation. Microscopic pathology revealed neoplastic cells with heavy deposition of brownish black melanin granules and based on pathomorphological observations, it was diagnosed as a case malignant melanoma of low malignancy. The case was monitored for 3 months post surgically. The aim of this report is to describe a case of malignant melanoma, its pathology, surgical excision and post-operative observations in a bullock.
Keywords: Excision, Hallikar bullock, Histo-pathology, Melanoma, Tumor mass

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of Aloe Vera to substitute antibiotic growth promoter (Enramycin) on performance, carcass characteristics and intestinal micro flora of broiler chicks. The experiment involved one hundred and five Anak ‘2000’ broilers which were used on complete randomized design in 5 groups with 3replicates, each consisting of 7 broilers. The groups included the control group (basal diet) and three groups with basal diets mixed with different levels of Aloe Vera powder (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%). Finally, there was a group with basal diet plus antibiotic Enramycin. The experiment lasted for 56 days (8 weeks) during which the following parameters were collected: body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, carcass and organ characteristics and microbial loads. At the end of the experiment, 8 broiler chicks were randomly collected from each experimental group for the evaluation. All the data collected were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results obtained showed that Aloe Vera powder groups and antibiotic group brought about higher body weight gain and feed intake compared to the control group. However, significant differences (P<0.05) were observed in feed conversion ratio between the groups treated by Aloe Vera powder, antibiotic Enramycin and the control group. Although the antibiotic group showed better dressing weight than the Aloe Vera powder and the control groups. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) seen between the group treated with 1.5% Aloe Vera powder and the antibiotic group regarding body weight gain and dressing weight. Dietary Enramycin significantly (P<0.05) decreased Escherichia coli but have no effect on Staphylococcus and Salmonella counts. In conclusion, Aloe Vera powder when used at 1.5% are more efficient than antibiotic growth promoter (Enramycin) in improving broiler performance and decreasing intestinal Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. and could be successfully used to substitute antibiotic growth promoters in broiler diets. Keywords: Aloe Vera powder, Antibiotic growth, promoter, Broiler chicks, Production

Abstract
Attempts were made to evaluate in vivo the anti-bacterial potential of whole plant extract of Tridax procumbens L and their effects on haematological values. This was tested on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus to know the degree of effectiveness of the extracts on Gram negative and Gram positive organisms. Sixteen (16) grower rabbits were divided into four (4) treatments of four (4) rabbits per treatment. The rabbits were orogastrically infected with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and were certified to be ill. Treatment 1 was treated with tetracycline, while treatments 2, 3 and 4 were administered 2ml, 3ml and 5ml of the Tridax procumbens L extracts respectively with 10 mg/ml as the concentration of the extract. The blood samples were collected aseptically from the rabbits through the jugular vein for the determination of haematological values. Their antibacterial activities were evaluated in vivo against Gram positive bacterium (Staphylococcus aureus) and a Gram negative bacterium (Escherichia coli). The extracts at various levels exhibited a pronounced antibacterial activity against the two organisms. There was no significant difference (P<0.05) between T1 with oxytetracycline and other treatment groups with Tridax procumbens L extracts in the antibacterial activities, haematological values and weight gain. Tridax procumbens whole plant extracts possess broad spectrum antibacterial activities and more effective in the clearing of the bacterial cells than the synthetic antibiotic drug (tetracycline). This result supports the traditional use of Tridax procumbens L. whole plant as an antibacterial agent and feed ingredient for rabbits. Keywords: Antibacterial studies, Haematological values, In vivo, Tridax procumbens L extracts

Abstract
Hyalomma dromedarii is the predominant tick species infesting camels. Consequently, the aims of the present study were to compare the photodynamic efficacy of rose bengal (RB) to that of ivermectin (IVR) against the engorged females of H. dromedarii through in vitro immersion bioassays and to test the effect of the applied materials on the reproductive potential of the survived females. RB has been tried as acaricides for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. Different concentrations of RB (0.01, 0.03, 0.13, 0.5 and 2%) and IVR (0.02, 0.08, 0.6, 2.5, and 10%) were freshly prepared in distilled water. The minimal lethal concentrations that cause 100% acaricidal effect were 2%, 8 h post treatment (PT) with RB, and 2.5%, 24 h PT with IVR. Eight hours PT with RB and IVR, the LC50 (lethal concentration, 50%) values were 0.08 and 0.35%, respectively, whereas those for LC95 were 1.45 and 30.07%, respectively. At the levels of LC50 and LC90, RB was 4 and 15 times more potent than IVR. The median lethal time, LT50, values of 2% RB and 2.5% IVR were 0.92 and 2.63 h, respectively. Treatment with the lowest concentrations of RB and IVR induced reduction in the number of survived and ovipositing females, eggs per female, ticks laid hatched eggs, and hatched eggs (48.98, 93.33, 1854.53±45, 97.5 and 93.64%) and (26.53, 86.67, 7661.27±377, 87.80 and 89.40%), respectively. The low cost of RB, together with the availability of inexpensive low-power light sources or sunshine, suggests that this approach is of great potential as an interesting alternative to chemical acaricides.
Keywords: Hyalomma dromedarii, Ivermectin, Malformation, Reproductive potential, Rose Bengal

Abstract
MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) are the strains of S. aureus that are resistant to all the ?-lactam antibiotics. MRSA has received a lot of attention in recent years as a zoonotic organism when studies suggested the possibility of animals serving as reservoirs for human MRSA infection. A cross-sectional study was carried out from October, 2012 to January, 2013 to determine the prevalence of MRSA in dairy farms of Pokhara. Milk samples were collected from 10 dairy farms of Pokhara selecting 10 cattle from each farm thereby making a sample size of 100 cattle (400 quarters). Staphylococus aureus was isolated from milk samples using bacterial culture and biochemical tests. MRSA was identified using cefoxitin disk diffusion method. All the S. aureus isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test. Out of 400 milk samples, S. aureus were isolated from 119 (29.7%) samples. MRSA were found in 45 (11.25%) milk samples. S. aureus isolates were found sensitive to ciprofloxacin (97.47%), gentamicin (94.95%), ceftriaxone (91.59%) and tetracycline (89.91%) in descending order while they were found least sensitive to cefoxitin (62.18%). Results clearly suggest the increasing resistance of S. aureus to ?-lactam antibiotics causing emergence of MRSA.
Keywords: Cattle, Cefoxitin, MRSA, S. aureus

Abstract
Raw meat and other food products displayed for sale in meat stalls in Nigeria usually attract non-biting flies known to transmit pathogens of veterinary and public health importance. Presence of non-biting flies in meat stalls at Artisan, Gariki, and New Haven Markets in Enugu, south-eastern Nigeria were recorded for 8 months in 2012. A total of 102648 non-biting flies were collected from the three markets’ meat stalls by making 2400 sweep nets; giving an average of 42.8 flies per sweep net. The number of flies collected from Artisan market was 46555 (45.45%), Gariki 40883 (39.83%) and New Haven 15210 (14.82%). There was significant difference (P<0.05) between the number of species of flies identified which included Musca domestica [97387 (94.87%)], Chrysomya putoria [4346 (4.24%)], Calliphora spp. [639 (0.62%)], Fannia canicularis [173 (0.17%)], and Fannia scalaris [103 (0.10%)]. More flies were observed in the evenings [48748 (47.49%)] than mornings [34216 (33.33%)] and afternoons [19684 (19.18%)]. However, these numbers increased gradually during the dry season but diminished rapidly in the rainy season Efforts should be made to greatly reduce their numbers in order to prevent contamination of meat and other food products sold for human consumption in the markets. Veterinary and Medical personnel should carry out bacteriological and parasitological tests on samples of meat displayed in open meat stalls as part of routine meat inspection for preventive diagnosis of potential pathogenic organisms that are carried on the bodies of non-biting flies that perch on meat.
Keywords: Enteric pathogens, Enugu, Meat, Mechanical vectors, Non-biting flies

Abstract
A total of 800 individual quarter milk samples were subjected to the California mastitis test, 413 samples of 130 cows (74.61% crossbred and 25.38% native) were positive, 16 (81.25% crossbred and 18.75% native) of them were in the age group of 2-4 years. 71.53% cows within age group of 5-7 years had subclinical mastitis and only 16.15% cows within age of 7 years and above had subclinical mastitis. 18.11% California mastitis test positive sample upon cultures were cog+ Staphylococci positive followed by 14.60% which were Streptococci culture positive and only 14.60% milk samples were mixed culture positive. The most effective antibiotics were enrofloxacin (74.93%), gentamycin (67.74%), tetracycline (57.81%) and amoxicillin clavulanic acid (50.37%) respectively. These results show that subclinical mastitis accompanied with analysis of different factors and observations were made that crossbred cows were more struck by subclinical mastitis than native one, youngest cows had the most sensitivity, hot weather increases frequency, major bacterial pathogens was coagulase positive Saphylococci and most effective antibiotics was enrofloxacin. Despite large research efforts aimed to gain knowledge and to develop a new control tools for subclinical mastitis, the occurrence of this disease remains a substantial problem for dairy producers.
Keywords: Antibiotics, California mastitis test, Cows, Mastitis, Milk, Subclinical