Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effect of different wheat varieties on nutritional value in grains and straw fed to lohi sheep. At harvest, samples of wheat plants (whole) from 11 irrigated and 8 varieties of rain-fed areas grown under uniform agronomic conditions were collected. Chemically dry matter (DM), crude fibre (CF), ether extract (EE), and total ash content of grains from different varieties differed significantly (P<0.05) except crude protein (CP) and macro-minerals concentrations. Straws of different wheat varieties were statistically similar (P>0.05) in DM, total ash, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL) and macro-minerals but differences in CP, CF and EE contents were significant. Nitrogen free extract (NFE) of different varieties of wheat was different and ranged from 40.52 to 45.99%. Two lohi male sheep fitted with permanent ruminal cannulas (40mm diameter) were used for determining in-situ digestibility (%) of DM, NDF and ADF of straw. Digestibility of these nutrients was observed highest in Wafaq-2001, while lowest in Marvi-2000, and the difference was significant. Grains to straw ratios were maximum in Chenab-2000 (1:1.95) and minimum in A.S 2003 (1:1.18). From the results, we conclude that straw of Wafaq-2001 was found to be higher quality in terms of DM, NDF and ADF in situ digestibility; therefore, this may be better for feeding ruminants compared to other varieties.
Keywords: Composition of grains and straw, Digestibility, Sheep, Wheat varieties

Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the variation of the renal arteries in Baladi rabbit which are of importance in the experimental field. Research was carried out on 10 Baladi Rabbits. The arterial system was injected manually with gum milk latex colored red with carmine through the ascending aorta. Careful gross dissection of the abdominal aorta and renal arteries was performed after embedding in 10% formalin solution for 2-3 days. In 90% of the cases, each rabbit kidney was supplied by a corresponding single renal artery that arose from each side of the abdominal aorta. While in 10% of the cases, it was observed that the left renal artery was doubled; left renal and accessory left renal arteries. The accessory left renal artery is smaller than the main left renal artery and it originated from the abdominal aorta slightly caudal to the origin of the main artery.
Keywords: Accessory renal artery, Baladi rabbit, Kidney

Abstract
The study was conducted to evaluate the markers of oxidative stress in dogs suffering from hind quarter weakness (HQW) and treated with conventional drug therapy (CDT, n=8, group II) alone, and along with electro-acupuncture therapy (EAT, n=8, group III). Eight healthy dogs were used as control (group I). The erythrocytic oxidant-antioxidant balance was recorded before and after the respective therapies. For oxidant level, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidant levels reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were evaluated in erythrocytes before (day 0) and after 3,7,14 and 28 days of therapy. In dogs with HQW, LPO in terms of malondialdehyde (MDA) production, was found significantly (P<0.05) increased as compared to healthy control on day 0. Thereafter, a significant (P<0.05) decrease in the level of LPO was noticed till day 28 post treatment. Amongst antioxidant enzymes, activities of GSH and CAT decreased significantly (P<0.05) whereas, the level of SOD increased significantly (P<0.05) as compared to healthy control. Excess free radicals production was lowered and antioxidant defense system was activated in dogs treated by EAT along with CDT followed by those treated by CDT alone. Results denote that incorporation of EAT in the therapeutic regimen might be helpful to curb the oxidative stress in the course of HQW in dogs. Hence, EAT was effective in minimizing oxidative stress in dogs suffering from hind quarter weakness. Keywords: Dogs, Electro-acupuncture,Hind quarter weakness, Oxidant-Antioxidant

Abstract
Monotherapy failure within short period of time is commonin Type-2 diabetes patients and becomes a challenge to healthcare providers around the world. A newer trend in current clinical practice is to prescribe a combination of metformin with incretin-based therapies. One such combination is metformin along with linagliptin for type 2 diabetes and proved to be promising for patients unable to achieve HbA1c (glycated haemoglobin) targets with traditional therapy. The aim of this study was to investigate effect whether co-administration of linagliptin and metformin drugs produces any unexpected or cumulative toxic and/or adverse effects on male fertility including toxicity profile as compared to adverse effect reported by individual drugs. Three treatment groups having 6 male rats in each group were administered linagliptin at dose rate of 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/kg combined with administration of metformin at doe rate of 205, 410 and 820 mg/kg, control rats were administered with filtered water as vehicle for consecutive 28 days. All the male rats were normal throughout experimental period and no adverse changes were observed in hematological, biochemical parameters except alteration in cholesterol and creatinine at mid and high doses. . Organ weights remained unaffected except lower absolute weights of spleen, thymus and lungs at high doses. Sperm analyses such as motility, morphology and epididymal sperm count did not revealed any adverse changes between different treatment and control groups. No treatment related adverse effects were noticed in weight of testes, epididymis and other accessory reproductive organs up to high dose. No treatment related gross pathological effects were noticed however, minimal to mild hepatocellular hypertrophy in liver and dilated tubules in kidney were observed microscopically in all the animals treated at high dose group. In conclusion, daily co-administration of linagliptin and metformin by oral route up to the dose level of 2mg/kg and 820 mg/kg, respectively for 28 days did not impair the fertility in male Wistar rats however, based on significant alteration in body weight and pathological findings, the No-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level (NOAEL) for the linagliptin and metformin combination was considered to be 1mg/kg and 410 mg/kg under these study conditions.
Keywords: Adverse effect, Combine drug effect, Diabetes, Linagliptin, Male fertility, Metformin, Wistar rats

Abstract
A retrospective study was conducted on 514 dogs infected with ehrlichiosis of which 54.4% were males and 45.6% were females. The German Shepherd Dogs were over represented with 42.6%. The Spitz had the lowest incidence at 1%. Analysis showed the most common clinical signs in all dogs in this study were lymphadenomegaly 59.3%, congestion of mucous membranes 48.7%, inappetance 43.7%, a pounding heart 28.4%, pale mucous membranes 21.3%, harsh lung sounds 20.4% and vomiting 19.8%. Concurrent infections were identified in 36.4% of ehrlichia infected dogs.
Keywords: Clinical signs, Dogs, Ehrlichiosis, Prevalence

Abstract
The study has been designed for the induced breeding of Giant Catfish, Sperata seenghala using hormonal analogues at Aquaculture and Fisheries Program, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad. The different hormonal analogues used in this study were ovaprim, HcG, LHRH and ovatide. The dose of ovaprim was 0.5 ml/kg 1b.w, ovatide 0.5 ml/kg 1b.w, LHRH 10 ?g/kg 1 in double injection and HcG 10 ?g/kg 1 in double injection. The best reproductive performance has been shown by the treatment of HcG i.e. % fertilization was 80±0.06, % hatchability 75±0.02 and % survival 56±0.02.
Keywords: Hormonal analougue, Induced breeding, Sperata seenghala

Abstract
The present study was conducted in eighteen adult wistar rats (n=18) divided into two equal groups (n=9) to evaluate the healing potential of medical grade chitosan powder and xenogenic mesenchymal stem cell. One full thickness skin wound (20 x 20 mm2) was created on dorsal thoracic region of the rats. Topical application of paraffin gauze over the wound acted as control (Group A). In second group (Group B), the animals were treated with medical grade chitosan powder and xenogenic stem cell locally. Findings including clinical examinations, gross observations, exudation, granulation tissue, peripheral swelling and the contraction rate of the wounds were recorded on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 in both groups. Early granulation tissue formation with reduced exudation and peripheral swelling was observed in group B and proved better than group A. In group B, complete wound healing was observed on day 19-20, but in group A, healing was completed by day 27-28, however, the percent of wound contraction was similar to gross findings.
Keywords: Chitosan powder, Full thickness wound healing, Wistar rat, Xenogenic mesenchymal stem cell

Abstract
Haematological and biochemical tests were made on forty nine dogs suffering from various hepatic disorders. In acute hepatitis, the mean values of Hb, PCV, TEC and platelet count values were decreased non-significantly as compared to healthy control group (n=6). In chronic hepatitis, mean values of Hb, PCV, TEC and platelet count values were decreased significantly as compared to healthy control group. In acute hepatitis, the mean values of ALT, AST and ALP were significantly (P<0.05) increased from that of healthy control group. The values of GGT, bilirubin, creatinine and BUN were found to be non-significantly increased as compared to control group. In chronic hepatitis, the mean values ALT, AST, ALP and BUN were significantly increased as compared to control group. The values of GGT, bilirubin and creatinine were non-significantly increased. In Cholestasis/ cholangiohepatitis, the mean values ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, bilirubin and BUN were found to be significantly increased as compared to control group. Creatinine decreased non-significantly from that of control group. Total protein, albumin, plasma glucose and cholesterol values were decreased significantly whereas globulin and A/G ratio were found to be decreased non-significantly as compared to control group. In the present study cholestasis/cholangiohepatitis (3.08±1.54 mg/dl) showed highest increase in bilirubin levels followed by chronic hepatitis (2.15±0.72 mg/dl) and acute hepatitis (1.9±0.37 mg/dl). Keywords: Alanine aminotransferase, Alkaline phosphatise, Bilirubin, Dog, Liver, Plasma cholesterol

Abstract
This study was conducted in 100 smallholder zero-grazing dairy units in Kikuyu district, Kiambu county of Kenya. The objective was to evaluate how much smallholder farmers knew about the importance of claw trimming and whether or not it is practiced in the smallholder zero-grazing dairy units. After a purposive selection of farms, data was obtained using a questionnaire administered through interviews to the smallholder farmers as respondents. Among the interviewed farmers, 94% (n=94) indicated they were aware that claw trimming in dairy cows was essential while 6% of the farmers were only vaguely aware of its importance. Only 43% (n=43) of the farmers reported that claw trimming had been done at least once in the last one year in their zero-grazing units. Of these 43 farmers, 65.1% (n=28) said their cows had claws trimmed once per year, 30.2% (n=13) said they were trimmed twice per year and 4.7% (n=2) said trimming was done more than twice per year. In the 43 zero-grazing units in which claw trimming was reported to have been done, it was done by either a veterinarian or an animal health assistant. Among the farmers in these 43 zero-grazing units, 69% (n=30) of them said overgrowth of the claws was the reason for trimming in their smallholder units, while 30.2% (n=13) of them said that lameness from other causes was the reason for trimming. All the farmers from the 94% of the zero-grazing units in which claw trimming had been done at least once, were informed of its necessity by either a veterinarian or an animal health assistant. All the farmers in the 100 zero-grazing units indicated willingness to have claws of their cows trimmed regularly. It is concluded that, most farmers in these smallholder zero-grazed dairy units were aware that claw trimming is a recommended routine practice, but only few of them had it done on their cows. This had an influence on the disorders that occurred on the claws of dairy cows in these smallholder zero-grazing units.
Keywords: Awareness, Claw trimming, Farmer, Smallholder, Zero-grazed

Abstract
In this study, a total of 30 skulls of the Gwembe Valley Dwarf (GVD) goat were used. Clinical anatomical measurements for 12 parts of the skull were made. Additionally, the data obtained have been compared with those carried out on West African Dwarf (WAD) and Markhoz goats. The distance from the facial tuberosity to the infraorbital canal and from the latter to the lateral alveolar root were 2.06±0.14 cm and 1.13±0.11 cm, respectively. The distance from the lateral alveolar root to the mental foramen was 1.58±0.19 cm and from the mental foramen to the caudal mandibular border was 9.26±0.49 cm. In addition, the length and the maximum height of mandibles were 11.24±0.52 cm and 6.64±0.44 cm, respectively. The distance from the caudal border of mandible to below the mandibular foramen was 1.21±0.08 cm, while distance from the mandibular foramen to the base of the mandible, the caudal border of the mandible to the level of the mandibular foramen and mandibular foramen to the mandibular angle were 2.35±0.26 cm, 1.10±0.07 cm and 2.18±0.19 cm, respectively. According to our findings, the clinical anatomy values of the head region in this breed were more comparable to WAD and Markhoz goat. These results are of clinical importance and will aid in regional nerve blocks of the infraorbital, mental and mandibular nerves useful during head injuries, surgical operations involving the lips and dental extraction in this breed.
Keywords: Clinical anatomy, Goat, Skull

Abstract
A study was undertaken to compare the efficacy of different therapeutic protocols in sixty four ketotic dairy cows. All the ketotic dairy cows were equally divided into group 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th. Animals in 1st group received 25% dextrose intravenously two pints and gluconeogenic precursors fortified with B-complex vitamin 100 ml twice orally for four days, animals in 2nd group received 25% dextrose intravenously two pints and insulin 200 IU subcutaneously for two days, animals in 3rd group received liquid glucose and sodium bicarbonate orally for four days, and animals in 4th group received 25% dextrose two pints intravenously and 5ml isoflupredone acetate intramuscularly for three days respectively. The mean recovery time (days) was recorded highest in group 4th (2.3±0.26) followed by 2nd (2.6±0.16), 1st (3.3±0.26) and 3rd (3.9±0.23). Therefore, during the current study glucose administration either parentally or orally in combination with gluconeogenic precursors fortified with B-complex vitamins, insulin, sodium bicarbonate and isoflupredone acetate gave excellent recovery rate.
Keywords: Cow, Ketone bodies, Ketosis, Therapeutic protocol

Abstract
The study aimed to conduct on a total of one hundred four (n=104) cases of different species namely ovine, caprine, bovine, equine, canine and avian presented with the history of dog bite wounds. The affected animals were examined and as for as possible maximum information was extracted from the owners or animal handlers about dog bites attack. After that all cases were subjected to clinical and physical examinations with special interest towards the site of dog bite and extent of lesion. The results of study suggest that among presented cases the most commonly attacked species by dogs is ovine (56.33%), followed by bovine (22.11%), caprine (09.61%), canine (06.73%), avian (02.11%) and equine (01.92%). Incidence of dog bites was high among female sex (56.73%) irrespective of age and species. Three of the animals which include one calf, heifer and ewe had developed clinical signs of rabies, thus they had to be euthanized. The remaining animals were stabilized and their wounds managed following routine protocol. Only the wounds exposing the body cavities were encountered surgery. Post-bite antirabies vaccination was prescribed in all the treated animals. The average amount of rupees 500-600 excluding the vaccination and transportation charges was spent by owner on the whole treatment of affected animal. In the majority of dog attacks, the breed of dog responsible was not accurately determined. Therefore there is a need to supports the development of reasonable, enforceable legislation to establish a well defined method for dealing with dogs proven to be dangerous to humans and domestic animals. However due to non reporting of dog bites as the treatment costs sometimes runs high and to social reason as people falsely believe that eating meat of dog bite affected animal will cause them rabies, so there is a need for further studies.
Keywords: Bite injury, Dog, Post-exposure prophylaxis

Abstract
In present study, thirty four cross breed cow with history of Normal cycle without any clinical abnormalities and returned to heat after three or more consecutive services was included and divided in to two group A & B. Group A was treated with ciprofloxacin where as Group B was treated with levofloxacin along with alpha tocopherol (vitamin E). All recovered animal was artificially inseminated at next estrus. Recovery and conception rate (CR) was recorded as 87.50% and 62.50% for Ciprofloxacin combination treated group and 83.34% and 77.78% for levofloxacin combination treated group respectively. Finally, it is concluded that Levofloxacin, combination is more effective to control incidence of repeat breeding caused due to uterine infection in field condition.
Keywords: Alpha-tocopherol, Ciprofloxacin, Conception rate (CR), Levofloxacin, Recovery rate (RR)

Abstract
A full term graded Murrah buffalo was presented with dystocia. Per vaginal examination confirmed dystocia due to foetal abnormality and performed caesarean section through left paramedian celiotomy. Male calf with arthrogryposis and ankylosis of hind limb joints was retrieved. With good post operative care both the dam and calf recovered uneventfully.
Keywords: Caesarean section, Dystocia, Foetal arthrogryposis, Graded murrah buffalo

Abstract
Two mongrel dogs were presented with a history of recumbency, salivation, dullness and depression that had started following snake bites. Physical examination revealed swellings with fang marks and hemorrhage in the area of bites. The hematological parameters showed reduced values of erythrocyte counts, platelet counts, hemoglobin, packed cell volume and increased total leukocyte count. The biochemical values showed elevated levels of alanine aminotransferase and creatinine. The successful treatment was done with anti-snake venom, fluids, corticosteroid, antihistamines and antibiotic.
Keywords: Antihistamines, Anti-snake venom, Dog, Snake bite

Abstract
The paper describes stemming from head arterial main stream, manifested by the facial artery and transverse facial artery in oribi (Ourebia ourebi) case. The studied material constitutes corrosive preparations of arteries obtained on osseous material, filled with acetone-dissolved stained vinyl superchloride. Facial artery is one of the main artery which supplies face.
Keywords: Facial artery, Oribi, Transverse facial artery