Abstract
Camelina sativa which is known as false flax of the Brassicaceae family is an alternative oilseed crop. Special fatty acid composition of camelina oil is of paramount significance. The ratio of unsaturated fatty acids, especially omega-3 fatty acids, to saturated ones is distinctively high compared to most common vegetable oils such as soybean, sunflower and rapeseed. Camelina meal is a by-product of biodiesel production process and could be used as an alternative feedstuff in poultry nutrition. With the inclusion of camelina meal into broiler diets, omega-3 fatty acids level in poultry meat and meat quality might increase. The review summarized that nutritive value such as fatty acid composition and antinutritional factors of camelina meal and its effects on performance and meat quality of broilers. This data shows beneficial effect of camelina meal in the production of broilers and some interesting functional aspects that might be interesting for nutritionists and the poultry companies.
Keywords: Broiler, Camelina meal, Meat quality, Performance, Poultry

Abstract
Despite this species of bird is widely in distribution in Northern Nigeria, scanty documentation exist on the neuroanatomy of this species of wild bird. Measurement of weight, length, width, height and volume of the intact brain, cerebrum and cerebellum were conducted using; a sensitive electronic balance (Mettler P 1210, Mettler AG, Switzerland, Sensitivity 0.001g), volume was estimated by water displacement method. Measurements of the dimensions of each brain, forebrain and the cerebellum were obtained using a digital vernier caliper, meter ruler and thread. Thirty wild rock pigeons (15 male and 15 females) were used for this study. The mean body weights obtained from this study were observed to be 214.4±13.37 g and 218.6±12.05 g for female and male, respectively. The mean brain weight values obtained from female and male were 1.611±0.07 g and 1.72±0.07 g, respectively. There was no significant difference in the mean length of both sexes (Table 2). The percentage forebrain lengths were about 67.13 % for both sexes (Table 2) and the mean brain volume of the female wild rock pigeon is higher than that of the male. The mean brain height of the female was lower as compared to that of the male, even though there were no significant differences in their mean heights. Indications from various segments of this study show that the mean body and the brain weights of the male wild rock pigeon were higher than those of the female.
Keywords: Morphormetric, Forebrain, Cerebellum, Wild pigeon

Abstract
Low-cost neutering campaigns have been conducted to prevent the overpopulation of dogs and cats, a current public health concern. This study aimed to assess outcomes and complications after low-cost neutering through the perceptions of the owners of cats and dogs treated in a public pet population control program. Neither death nor surgical wound dehiscence were reported and the main postsurgical complication reported was pain in female dogs (12.7%) and cats (13.5%). While most of the canines did not present changes in behavior after neutering, most of the felines became calmer. The low levels of postsurgical complications and unexpected outcomes, which were similar to those reported in private clinics in developed countries, showed that the methodology used was safe and effective. Although improvement needs to me made such as in the management of postoperative pain, the methodology used in this public neutering program was considered useful to be applied in other municipalities.
Keywords: Animal population control, Neutering, Postoperative complications, Dog, Cat

Abstract
Three different types of Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines were compared in the study on the basis of their post vaccinal antibody titres in backyard poultry. A total of one hundred domestic poultry birds were selected and divided into five equal groups (A to E). All the groups except Group E (absolute control) were primed with ND La Sota vaccine at 7th day of age. At day 21 groups A, B, C were boosted with ND La Sota, Mukteswar (R2B strain) and ND killed vaccine (oil based) respectively, while group D was kept as booster control. Antibody titers were compared by using the Haemagglutination Inhibition (HI) Test. Six weeks cumulative mean titres (CMT) recorded in groups A, B, C, D, and E were 36.22, 51.22, 57.97, 15.23 and 5 respectively. Statistical analysis showed that the CMT of groups vaccinated with the booster dose of Mukteswar (R2B strain) and oil based vaccines were significantly higher (P< 0.05) from the group vaccinated with the live La Sota vaccine. The results indicated that booster vaccination with Mukteswar (R2B strain) or oil based vaccine should be used rather La Sota. Keywords: Newcastle disease, Backyard poultry, Haemagglutination inhibition, LaSota, Mukteswar

Abstract
Incubation trial was carried out with the rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC) to evaluate the inclusion of Black gram husk in the complete ration for sheep. A total of seven experimental complete rations with 11-12% of crude protein were prepared by replacing a test mix with the raw or water soaked husk at 0, 10, 20 or 30% level. The rations were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. The IVDMD, in vitro nitrogen degradability, microbial protein synthesis and total short chain fatty acid production were significantly (P<0.01) high at 10% inclusion of raw or 30% inclusion of water soaked black gram husk in the complete rations for sheep. The raw black gram husk could be included up to 10% level in the complete mash ration for sheep. However, through the simple method of overnight water soaking the inclusion level of the black gram husk could be maximized to 30% in complete ration of sheep. Keywords: Black gram husk, Complete ration, RUSITEC, Dry matter, Nitrogen degradability

Abstract
The one-humped camel has a socioeconomic importance in hot and dry environments of Central Asia and East and North Africa. Research on the camel eye morphology is scanty in the available literature. The present study is an attempt to provide basic gross anatomical information on the eye of dromedary camel to elucidate the presence of structural modifications suiting the harsh desert conditions. Fresh and 10% formalin fixed specimens from thirteen heads of adult camels of both sexes collected from Tambul slaughterhouse were used to study the eyeball and its associated structures. The orbit of the one-humped camel was circular, equidistant, completely osseous and markedly projecting laterally. The upper eyelid had long cilia and tuft of long cilia was situated dorsal to the medial canthus. The cilia of the lower eyelid were short and they gradually disappeared towards the lateral cantus. The lacrimal gland located craniodorsal to the eyeball just medial to zygomatic process of frontal bone. It was lobulated and its duct system lacks puncta lacrimalia. There was no choroidal tapetum. The sclera formed the largest part of the fibrous layer and the cornea-scleral junction was heavily black pigmented. The different measurements of the right and left eye showed no significant differences (P>0.05). As a result, some variations in the gross anatomy of the camel eye were revealed in the present study that there could be structural modifications to suit the harsh desert conditions.
Keywords: Eye, One-Humped Camel, Anatomy

Abstract
Five adult healthy Barbados Black Belly sheep of either sex were used to demonstrate the arterial supply of the stomach. Immediately after slaughtering of sheep, the thoracic part of the aorta (just prior to its passage through the hiatus aorticus of the diaphragm) was injected with gum milk latex (colored red) with carmine. The study revealed that the different parts of stomach of the sheep were supplied via the branches of the celiac artery. The rumen was richly supplied by the right and left ruminal arteries as well as ruminal branches from the reticular artery. The reticulum was supplied with reticular branches of reticular and accessory reticular arteries. The omasum was vascularized by omasal branches of the left gastric artery. While the abomasum received its entire arterial supply from abomasal branches of the left gastric, left gastroepiploic, right gastric and right gastroepiploic arteries. Rumenotomy could be done in the left aspect of the dorsal ruminal sac, between the area of anastomoses between the ventral ruminal branches of the left ruminal artery as well as the cranial branches of both the left dorsal and left ventral coronaries arteries of the right ruminal artery as the blood supply was minimal, so that the incidence of bleeding will be low.
Keywords: Anatomy, Stomach, Arterial supply, Black Belly sheep

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to establish description of the restricted and moving structures of the tongue muscle in dromedary camels. Ten clinically healthy of both sexes and different age, 4-9 years old, were used in this study. The head of the camels were euthanized, preserved with 10% formalin solution and used to determine the description of the restricted and moving structures of the tongue muscle. This study has shown that the tongue was attached by many structures. Such the frenulum linguae, the lingo- mandibular, the glosso-palatine folds, the glosse-piglottic fold and the glosso-pharyngeal folds. The frenulum linguae which connected the tongue with the floor of the mouth. The lingo- mandibular folds were associated to the mandible. The glosso-palatine folds were connected to the soft palate. The glosse-piglottic fold was between the tongue and the epiglotic cartilage and the glosso-pharyngeal folds formed the wall of the pharynx. Moreover; They were three tongue muscles responsible for the movement were styloglossus, hyoglossus , Geniglossus muscles.
Keywords: Structure, Tongue, Muscles, Camels

Abstract
This study was aimed determineted level of hematological, biochemical, histological value at to may developing toxical effect of kidney nephron and effect oksidatif damage role at possible to may developing tubuler dejeneration this toxic effect with an effect of minority and majority of Zn which known antioxidant after administration of gentamicin. Eight groups were established there are 8 rats in every groups. The acute renal failure groups received 100mg/kg gentamisin ip injection daily for 8 days. Zinc deficient group was given zinc deficient diet and deiyonized water for 4 weeks. Zinc excess group was given combineted with water 227 mg/l ZnSO4 for 2 weeks. Acute renal failure + Zn excess group was given combineted with water 227 mg/l ZnSO4 for 2 weeks and 100 mg/kg gentamicin for 8 days by ip injection. Acute renal failure + Zn deficiency groups was given zinc deficient diet and deiyonized water for 4 weeks and 100 mg/kg gentamicin for 8 days by ip injection. Chronic renal failure group was applied ip 50 mg/kg gentamisin for 15 days. Chronic renal failure + Zn excess group was given combineted with water 227 mg/l ZnSO4 for 2 weeks and 50 mg/kg gentamicin for 15 days by ip injection. The result of analysis after blood and kidney tissue samples were collected, MDA concentration in the blood decreased at Zn excess group, increased in other groups as control groups. GSH concentration in the blood decreased in all groups as control group. MDA level in kidney tissue decreased in acute renal failure + Zn excess group, chronic renal failure + Zn excess group and Zn excess as control group and increased in other groups as control groups. GSH level in kidney tissue increased in acute renal failure + Zn excess group, chronic renal failure + Zn excess group and Zn excess as control group and decreased in other groups as control groups. GSH-Px level in kidney tissue increased Zn excess group but decreased in other groups as control groups. XO level in kidney tissue decreased Zn excess group but increased in other groups as control groups. EPO level in serum increased at acute renal failure + Zn excess, Zn excess groups, This level at chronic renal failure+ Zn excess group same, decreased in other groups as control groups. HCT level increased at Zn excess group, decreased at other group as control group. As a result Zn supplementation may beneficial at person with renal failure.
Keywords: Antioksidants, Eriythropoietin, Gentamicin, Lipid peroxidation, Zinc

Abstract
Mycoplasmosis represents the most important group of infectious diseases in goats. There are several and well recognized species of Mycoplasma causing high morbidity and mortality to adult goats and kids. In the present study a total of 385 nasal swab samples of randomly selected goats were collected from Quetta abattoir for molecular detection of different Mycoplasma species. The DNA was extracted from the nasal swab samples by using genomic DNA purification kit (Gentra-Puregene, USA). The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) were performed for the molecular detection of different species of Mycoplasma. The highest prevalence for Mycoplasma mycoides cluster members 35(9%) was observed, followed by Mycoplasma mycoides sub-cluster members 29(7.5%) and Mycoplasma putrefaciens 19(5%) from all nasal swab samples (n=385) processed for the molecular detection of Mycoplasma species, while the lowest prevalence was detected for Mycoplasma capricolum sub sp.capricolum 6(6%). None of the DNA sample was found positive for Mycoplasma capricolum sub sp. capripneumoniae. The presence of Caprine Mycoplasma species detected by PCR seems promising as this technique is rapid, reproducible, and efficacious as compared to classical tools used in the diagnosis of Mycoplasma induced diseases in goats.
Keywords: Caprine Mycoplasma, PCRs and RFLP, Extraction, Detection, DNA

Abstract
Records of all adult dogs that were sick or had died during the period from 2008 to 2012 were evaluated by review of clinical treatment sheets and necropsy reports. The primary etiological factors of morbidity and mortality were determined. Blood smears were made and fecal samples were collected from 643 adult dogs and analyzed for blood parasites and helminthes respectively. The prevalence and incidence rates of tick borne infectious agents and helminthes were determined. Data analysis included descriptive statistics and simple associations between variables (sex, age and breed) and outcome using chi-square at P<0.05 significance level. Tick fever 29% (219/756) was reported as the most common etiology of morbidity of adult dogs followed by flea allergy dermatitis 16% (121/756), helminthosis 12.3% (93/756), mange 6.7% (51/756) and eye and ear conditions 5.2% (39/756). The conditions causing significant mortality included old age 24.6% (98/398), aflatoxicosis 18.8% (75/398), cancer 15.3% (61/398), tick fever 9.3% (37/398) and abdominal conditions 6.5% (26/398). Of the adult dogs sampled, 43.1% (277/643) were positive for blood parasites. The prevalence of Ehrlichia, Babesia and Haemabartonella was 19.4% (125/643), 4.5% (29/643) and 5% (32/643) respectively. Of the dogs sampled, 49% (315/643) were positive for helminthes. The prevalence of Ancylostomum caninum, Toxocara canis and Coccidial cysts was 28.5% (183/643), 5.1% (33/643) and 0.2% (1/643) respectively. The significant factors associated with morbidity and mortality were age (P<0.01) and breed (P<0.01). Breed and age of the adult dogs were significantly associated (P<0.01) with tick borne infections whereas all the factors (sex, breed and age) were significantly associated (P<0.01) with helminth infections. It can be concluded that there is a relatively high adult dog morbidity and mortality and that tick borne and helminth infections are prevalent among adult kenneled dogs in the study area. Awareness of the diseases and conditions common to kenneled adult dog population will help reduce morbidity and mortality, improve quality of life, and extend the lifespan of the dogs. Keywords: Adult dogs, Kennels, Etiological factors, Morbidity, Mortality

Abstract
Prevalence of animal diseases is one of the major livestock production constraints in Kenya with high impacts on livelihoods due to related economic losses affecting food security in the country. The use of synthetic drugs for disease management has challenges; this makes the use of medicinal plants for treatment a rational alternative. Helminths of zoonotic importance in dogs in Kenya include Toxocara canis, Ancylostoma caninum and Dipylidium caninum which are commonly found in intestines of dogs and can cause infestation in human beings.
This study was designed to evaluate the in-vivo efficacy of ethanol extracts from bulbs of A. cepa against common gastrointestinal helminths of dogs. Fifteen puppies of mixed sexes, aged between 8 and 10 weeks, with an average weight of 2.2 kg were divided into three groups of 5 animals each; Group 1 was treated with the extract, group 2 was given the recommended dose of a commercial anthelmintic while group 3 was given distilled water, all as single treatments. Fecal samples were obtained from each puppy a day before treatment (day 0) and on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 post treatment for determination of eggs per gram (EPG). Anthelmintic efficacy was determined by calculating the percentage fecal egg count reduction (%FECR) using the pretreatment and post treatment EPG counts. Whole blood was collected from each puppy on days 0, 7 and 14 to determine changes in the hematological parameters. Two puppies from each group were then randomly selected and sacrificed for postmortem examination and for collection of intestinal contents for parasitology.
There was a percentage fecal egg count reduction of 47% for hookworms and a negligible reduction for ascarid worms. There was a significant drop in WBC (P=0.035) 7 days after treatment and a significant increase in RBC (P=0.04) and HGB (P=0.001) 14 days after treatment. The changes in hematological parameters when compared between the treatment and control groups were significant (P<0.05) 7 days after treatment for WBC, RBC, HGB and HCT, and 14 days after treatment for MCHC. There were no signs of toxicity or behavioural changes after oral administration of the A. cepa ethanol extract at 6mg/kg. The 47% efficacy against hookworms observed in treated puppies was due to the anthelmintic properties of the crude ethanol extract of A. cepa. This is supported by the hematological changes that occurred as a result of administration of the extract. Keywords: Allium cepa, Anthelmintic activity, Gastrointestinal helminths

Abstract
The effects of the combination of ketamine (5mg/kg i.m.)–medetomidine (0.015mg/kg i.m.) and ketamine (5mg/kg i.m.)–medetomidine (0.01mg/kg i.m.)-morphine (0.3 mg/kg i.v.) anesthesia on clinical and hematological parameters were evaluated in twelve goats. Onset of skin analgesia and total duration of skin analgesia and duration of recumbency were measured. Rectal temperature (RT), heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) were recorded pre anesthesia and 15, 30, 60, 90 minutes intervals. Pre injection blood samples were obtained and at 15, 30, 60, 90 minutes interval during anesthesia in EDTA bottles and later analyzed.
Group 1: onset of skin analgesia 18.62±4.18 min, duration skin analgesia 50.66±3.40 duration of recumbency 108±12. Group 2: onset of skin analgesia 19.62±3.18 min, duration skin analgesia 48.66±4.40 duration of recumbency 102±11.The ketamine-medetomidine combination produced a significant decrease in HR and RR values from 30 to 60 minutes compared with baseline value. PaCO2 increased significantly at 30, 60, 90 mins and PaO2 decreased significantly at 30, 60, 90 mins compared with baseline value. Cl, HCT, WBC, LYM, HGB, MCHC decreased significantly and others were no significant differences compared with baseline values. The ketamine-medetomidine-morphine combination produced a significant decrease in HR and RR same as first group. PaCO2 increased significantly at 15 minute and PaO2 increased significantly at 15, 30 and decreased 60, 90 mins compared with baseline value. Cl, HCT, WBC, LYM, MID, HGB, decreased and MCHC increased significantly differences compared with baseline values. The both of combination produced effective anesthesia and immobilization in goats. The clinical findings of this study, as hypoxemia and bradycardia were important records that may prevent from the use of the combinations in critical and cardiovascular compromised patients.
Keywords: Ketamine, Medetomidine, Morphine, Anesthesia, Goat

Abstract
The study was designed to determine the cost effectiveness of utilizing yeast treated soya beans in the diets of broiler starter and broiler finisher. A total of fifteen diets were formulated whereby raw soy bean(RSB)was used to replaced full fat soya bean (FFSB) at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%, but each of these having three levels of treatment with yeast and without yeast inclusions. Diets were prepared for starters (0-28 days) and finishers (29-56 days). The diets compounded were isonitrogenous (circa 23% CP for starter and 20% CP for finisher) and isocaloric (circa 2900 kcal/kg ME for broiler and 3000 kcal/kg ME for finisher). One hundred and eighty Marshal Broilers were randomly assigned to fifteen dietary treatments with twelve birds per treatment divided into two replicates of six birds each. The study maintained that the use of RSB with yeast inclusion in broiler diets is profitable for optimal broiler production, and recommends feeding RSB at 25% level with 6g/kg yeast inclusion during the starter phase and 25% level without yeast inclusion during the finisher phase. It further revealed that profitable broiler production may be achieved by replacing FFSB with 75% RSB (with 12g/kg yeast inclusion) infinisher’s diet. Consequently, poultry farmers are advocated to fortify raw soya beans with yeast extracts to minimize their production costs.
Keywords: Cost benefit, FFSB, RSB, Yeast extracts

Abstract
Leptospirosis is a common disease of livestock, pet animals and wildlife throughout the world. Two dogs aged between 3-4 years were presented to the clinic with a history of fever (104.4°F), progressive anorexia with vomiting, polyuria and discolored urine. Upon clinical examination, all oral mucous membranes and the skin surfaces of ventral abdominal side were icteric. Urine and blood samples were collected and send to the laboratory for diagnosis. Dark field microscopic examination revealed the presence of leptospiral organisms in urine sample. Microscopic agglutination test is used to determine the presence of antibodies against leptospira organisms. Streptomycin- penicillin and doxycycline along with supportive therapy were used in dogs for 15 days, and they made a full recovery from disease. The present case reports focuses on early detection of leptospirosis and timely therapeutic intervention.
Keywords: Leptospirosis, icterus, Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT), Streptomycin, Penicillin, Doxycycline, microscopy.