Abstract
A life-threatening disorder of bitches’ mammary tumor is developed in half of the bitches that are over 8 years old and 50% of these are malign. Therefore, mammary tumors dramatically reduce survival and quality of life. Mammary tumors are usually realized by animal owner or diagnosed incidentally in animals that are brought to the clinic for a different purpose. After the tumors diagnosed are examined both clinically and histopathologically, the best treatment choice must be made by evaluating the examination results. In the treatment of mammary tumors, surgery has been frequently benefited and surgical intervention still remains as the best treatment option when the treatment options are evaluated comparatively. Apart from surgery chemotherapeutics, hormones and NSAIDs participate in treatment protocols. Despite the reduced incidence of mammary tumors due to/owing to widespread sterilization of pet animals in some countries, pet owners in many countries are not lean-to ovariohysterectomy for various reasons. In relation to this case incidence of mammary tumors is on the rise in bitches. In addition, mammary tumors in dogs are used as a model for human breast cancer. With these properties, mammary tumors in the dogs are still drawing attention and they are still subject to new treatment studies. For this reason, mammary tumor in bitches and especially treatment options are discussed in the present review.
Keywords: Bitches, Mammary tumor, Treatment, Prognosis

Abstract
An eight-month-old German shepherd dog was presented for disseminated exophytic papillomatosis affecting the oral mucosa. Grossly, the lesions appeared as white pedunculated cauliflower-like masses in the gingival and oral cavity. Histology of biopsy revealed hyperkeratosis of the stratum corneum, spinous layer hyperplasia, koilocytes, giant keratohyaline granules and basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies which were consistent with Canine papillomatosis. Treatment with oral acyclovir three times daily for 10 days without any attempt to surgically de-bulk the lesions, allowed for reduction and complete regression of papillomatosis with no adverse effects between days 5 and 10 respectively. This study concludes that acyclovir is an effective and safe option for the treatment and management of canine papillomatosis.
Keywords: Canine, Papillomavirus, Oral and Cutaneous papillomatosis, Acyclovir

Abstract
Anatolia is considered the cradle of domestication for many animal species, including cats. Unlike agricultural (cattle, sheep, pig) or carrying animals (horse, donkey), cats are commensal-domesticated due to their feeding habits on rodents, which invade farm grain storage. Earliest archaeological evidence of the domestication of cats was found in Cyprus, from a period of 9,500–4,000 years ago. Despite the fact that cats are an important species, there is a lack of molecular evidence to elucidate the history of the Angora and Van cats. To shed light on domestic cat breeds of Anatolia, we investigated the Cytochrome b gene (Cytb) and control regions (CR or D loop) on mtDNA by PCR and Sanger sequencing of Angora (n=29), Van (n=50) and stray cats (n=51). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Felis silvestris lybica was major maternal origin whereas Van, Angora and stray cats also shared branch with Felis silvestris ornata. Network analysis and frequency calculations showed ~70% of the cats were represented by two major haplotypes, A and D for CR; Haplotype 10 and Haplotype 15 for CYTb. Unique sequences were found in 9.3% of the population (Van n=1; Angora n=3; stray cats n=8). Haplotype diversity of Cytb and CR region were determined to be 0.71 and 0.77, respectively. Shared haplotypes were high, thus FST statistics revealed low genetic differentiation between groups.
Keywords: Angora cat, CR, CYTb, mtDNA, Van cat

Abstract
The study aims to evaluate efficacy of polyherbal drug Powder Rumec ES for the treatment of simple indigestion in bovine. Twenty (n=20) clinical cases presented with history of loss of appetite, dullness, depression, absence of ruminal contraction and suspended rumination were treated with powder Rumec ES @ 15gm orally twice daily till complete cure. Powder Rumec ES, is a polyherbal stomachic, digestive and tonic drug manufactured by Rakesh Pharmaceuticals, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, containing 24 different herbs. The significant change in temperature and non-significant changes in heart rate and respiratory rate after treatment of affected cattle and buffaloes were noticed. After treatment of affected cattle and buffaloes no significant changes in rumen fluid pH and significant changes in protozoal density and protozoal motility were recorded. In present investigation, non-significant changes in hemoglobin, packed cell volume and total leukocyte count before and after treatment of affected cattle and buffaloes were noticed. Out of twenty animals treated, eighteen were completely recovered. One animal recovered partial and one animal died during treatment might be due to complete anorexia and severity of condition. The results indicated that Powder Rumec ES could be effective in amelioration of simple indigestion in ruminants as a co-therapy with sodium bicarbonate, B complex injections, antibiotics and supportive therapy.
Keywords: Indigestion, Powder Rumec ES, Bovine

Abstract
The main objective of the present study is to determine the effects of progesterone and progesterone-free superovulation protocols on embryo count and quality in goats. The animal material of the study is consisted of 1-3-year-old 22 goats and 3 bucks. During the breeding season, the goats were divided into two groups of 11, and superovulation was applied. In the control group, goats were synchronized with intravaginal sponges containing 20 mg of fluorogestone acetate for 12 days. Four days after oestrus in the experimental group and on the 9th day after sponge application in control group decreasing doses of FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone) (50; 30; 20 mg) were injected intramuscularly at 12 hour intervals. The sponge was removed on the 12th day in the control group. In both groups, oestrus was observed 24 hours after the fifth dose of FSH and the uterus flushing was performed on the 7th day after mating. In the study, superovulation response was obtained 100% in control group and 25% in experimental group. The recovery rate and transferable embryos were determined 61.5; 82.81 and 23.3%; 71.43% respectively and there was no difference between the groups (P>0.05). In the non-progesterone-applied group of animals, it was observed that the cycle cannot be fully dominated, sufficient progesterone level could not be reached and gonadotropin application was, therefore, insufficient. Although progesterone administration is thought to have a negative effect on embryo quality, applying a superovulation by using progesterone has been shown to be more successful on superovulation and embryo collection rates.
Keywords: Embryo, Goats, Progesterone, Superovulation

Abstract
The purpose of this study is the investigation of the presence of Staphylococcus aureus and enterotoxin in raw milk for production found in different enterprises of Ayd?n province. Twenty-eight (28) swab samples taken from different points and 86 raw milk samples were examined for S. aureus count and staphylococcal enterotoxins (SET A, B, C, D, E Total) presence. S. aureus analyses in raw milk samples were conducted within the framework of TSE 6582 ISO 6888 standard. According to Turkish Food Codex (Number: 2009/14), all the samples of 86 total raw milk examined were determined to be appropriate in terms of S. aureus count. S. aureus analyses in raw milk samples were conducted within the framework of TSE 6582 ISO 6888 standard. In this study, ELISA test used for the presence of staphylococcal enterotoxins. The result of test, neither of 96 raw milk samples was contaminated with staphylococcal enterotoxin. As a result, it has been shown that enterotoxin was not detected in the raw milk examined but the presence of S. aureus in samples taken from various points of milk processing plants showed that public health is at risk. Therefore, it is necessary to give importance to production hygiene, cleaning and disinfection protocols and informing the staff at milk processing units.
Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, Enterotoxin, Raw milk, ELISA

Abstract
A cross sectional study was conducted from April to July 2012 to determine the prevalence of Haemonchus contortus infection in sheep and its associated risk factors in North Kordofan state. Floatation technique, modified McMaster technique, and fecal culture were used for identification of the egg of the parasite, faecal egg count and harvesting of larva for larval identification. The overall prevalence in the current study was 36.4%. Potential risk factors such as locality(?2=52.224, P=0.00), age (?2=8.131, P=0.017), breed (?2=19.328, P=0.000), body condition (?2=1.978, P=0.000), flock size (?2=3.582, P=0.167), source of addition to the flock (?2=3.962, P=0.138), temperature (?2=10.229, P=0.000), humidity (?2=7.327, P=0.026), housing (?2=5.486, P=0.019), other diseases (?2=1.255, P=0.000), fecal consistency (?2=30.650, P=0.000), grazing type (?2=2.322, P=0.128), and use of drugs (?2=137.6, P=0.000) showed statistically significant association (P?0.25)with the occurrence of sheep haemonchosis. However, in the multivariate analysis the risk factors found significantly associated (P?0.05) with the disease included locality of Barrah (Exp B=8.148, P=0.00), and Sheikan (Exp B=7.944, P=0.000), moderate body condition (Exp B=21.241, P=0.000), bad body condition (Exp B=313.500, P=0.000), age more than three years (Exp B=6.629, P=0.02), and flocks not used drugs (Exp B=19.361, P=0.000). This knowledge is important for the control of sheep haemonchosis in Sudan.
Keywords: Prevalence, Risk Factors, Sheep, Haemonchus contortus, North Kordufan, Sudan

Abstract
The study established the morphologic and molecular differentiation of Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica in buffaloes. Specifically, the study described the gross structure and morphometry of F. hepatica and F. gigantica and validated the identification of Fasciola spp. based on gross morphology and PCR results. Sixty (60) samples were evaluated grossly and morphometrically using body length, body width, cone width, and cone length as parameters to differentiate the two species. Ten representative samples from each species identified based on the parameters were subjected to single step-duplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for molecular identification of the species identity. Results showed significant differences in body length, cone width and cone length between F. gigantica-like and F. hepatica-like samples. F. hepatica-like samples have significantly shorter (P=0.001) body length (29.20±3.04mm) as compared to F. gigantica-like samples (46.23±4.54mm). Mean cone width was also found to be significantly (P=0.001) longer in F. gigantica-like (3.67±0.55mm) compared to F. hepatica-like (3.33±0.48mm Cone length was significantly higher (P=0.001) in F. gigantica (3.67±0.55mm) than F. hepatica (2.90±0.33mm). Body width (BW) showed no significant difference (P=0.186) between the two species. F. gigantica-like samples had mean BW measurements of 10.63±0.99mm which had a very slight difference with F. hepatica-like samples at 10.33±0.71mm. PCR products obtained from the single-step duplex PCR targeting either the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I or the large subunit ribosomal RNA revealed that all 20 samples that were morphometrically differentiated as F. gigantica or F. hepatica were indicative of F. gigantica identity. The present findings suggested that conventional gross and morphometric analysis of Fasciola spp. alone was not completely reliable in differentiating the two species thus a use of molecular identification assay would yield a more dependable result.
Keywords: Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica, Morphometry, Single-step duplex PCR

Abstract
The current work was done on 27 adult apparently healthy New Zealand rabbits (24 female and 3 males). The extract of khat was orally administered to pregnant rabbits from 8th to 18th day of gestation at doses of 0, 3, 6 and 12 ml/kg. body weight. On 28th day of gestation, all dams were slaughtered and the fetal gross anomalies were assessed. The prenatal exposure to khat caused a decrease in length and weight of the fetuses. Cleft palate, meningeocele, twisted limb, umbilical hernia, resorbed feti and degenerated brain also were observed in the fetuses from khat treated dams. The present study indicated that khat possesses teratogenic properties on developing embryos. Also, we concluded that the developmental anomalies of khat are dose-related.
Keywords: Khat, Rabbit, Foetus, Anomalies

Abstract
The scope of this study was determination of isolation rates of Moraxella bovis from infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis cases in cattle and antibiotic susceptibility of strains. The animal material of research, consisted of 100 units of existing animals and different age groups with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis clinical findings found in the cattle business in Aydin Province. Isolation of the agent was done by taking sterile swab samples from the conjunctival sacs of cattle. Ten (5.12%) M. bovis were identified by phenotypic identification in 80 ocular swabs samples. Also 44 Proteus sp., 25 Streptococcus sp., 16 Staphylococcus sp., 8 Bacillus sp., 2 Corynebacterium sp., 1 E. coli and 1 Candida sp. have been identified. Antibiogram test results revealed that M. bovis isolates were sensitive to amoxicillin to clavulanic acid in the ratio of 70%, florfenicol in the ratio of 80%, cefoperazone in the ratio of 60% oxytetracycline and enrofloxacin in the ratio of 50%, gentamicin 40%, resistant to clarithromycin in the ratio of 80%, erythromycin in the ratio of 100%.
Keywords: Moraxella bovis, Identification, Antibiotic susceptibility