Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the biofilmicidal efficiency of some sanitizers and disinfectant against S. typhimurium and P. aeruginosa biofilms which formed on the galvanized wire of cages and PVC of drinking lines in poultry farms and could hinder the efficacy of sanitation program. In addition, the effect of sanitizers on planktonic bacteria was studied. The results showed that on galvanized wire coupons after 10 min, only four sanitizers reduced S. typhimurium and P. aeruginosa biofilms count by 100%; Clorox 2.5%, Pril 2%+ Clorox 2.5%, Calcium hypochlorite 1% and Formalin 5%, While others were not sufficient to remove the biofilm completely. On PVC coupons after 24 hours, all used sanitizers removed S. typhimurium and P. aeruginosa biofilms completely except Iodocide 3%, Zix virox 0.2%, citric acid 1% and sodium hydroxide 1%. All used sanitizers and disinfectants showed bactericidal activity and removed the planktonic bacteria completely except sodium hydroxide 1%, and zix virox 0.2% which reduced the initial log by 62% and 50%, respectively. In conclusion, the presence of biofilms in the poultry environment is one of the most challenging problems and could lead to the failure of any biosecurity program particularly during disinfectant. Therefore, one step for removal of biofilms must precede the practice of disinfection operation. In our study, many sanitizers could achieve the required bacterial log reduction recommended by standards and were considered as bactericidal agent, but they are not suitable for use in the practical field as. Only sanitizers that remove the biofilm completely must be used to avoid opportunities for renewed attachment of bacteria and rapid establishment of a new biofilm.
Keywords: Biofilmicidal, S. typhimurium biofilm, P. aeruginosa biofilm, Poultry farms

Abstract
This study was fulfilled to assess the impact of supplementing diets with Exogenous Fibrolytic Enzymes (EFE) in buffalo calves on growth performance criteria, rumen fermentation properties and certain biochemical indices. The total number of 12 buffalo calves of (4-6) months age and 123.3 kg average body weight were assigned into two similar groups (6 animals each): Animals of T1 (control) were fed on basal ration and those of T2 (treated) were fed as T1 plus 12 ml Zymogen liquid (ZL)/100 kg of animal weight per head daily. The study was extended for fifteen weeks. Live body weights were individually recorded biweekly in both group Rumen and blood samples were gathered from each animal in both groups at the finishing of study for determination of rumen fermentations properties and certain blood biochemical indices. Results showed that treated group (T2) recorded significant increase (P?0.05) in dry matter intake (DMI), digestion coefficients, average daily gain, total body weight gain and better feed conversion ratio in comparing with control group. Also, treated group recorded significant increase (P?0.05) in TVFA’s, ammonia concentration and total protozoa count (TPC) in comparing with control group. Blood biochemical analysis in treated group (T2) showed significant increase (P?0.05) in total protein, albumin and non-significant decrease in urea, creatinine, triglycerides, AST and ALT levels compared with control group. The results obtained from this study suggested that buffalo calves fed with (EFE) supplemented feed, showed greater daily weight gains, total weight gains and feed conversion rates and rumen fermentation parameters.
Keywords: Exogenous Fibrolytic Enzymes (EFE), Buffalo calves, Digestibility, Rumen fermentation, Biochemical profile, Growth performance

Abstract
Enteric diseases have a high economic impact on animal production, being the interstitial and intracellular fluids, the main sites of infection (biophase) of the pathogens responsible for these disorders. Fosfomycin is an antibiotic widely used for the treatment and prevention of swine infections caused by resistant bacteria. For most of the important pathogens in swine production, fosfomycin MIC90 has been established in 0.25-4 µg/mL. Calcium fosfomycin concentrations in swine intestinal cells were previously determined by in vitro and ex vivo studies, although, still now, there are no in vivo studies showing the exposure of minimum inhibitory concentrations of fosfomycin in the enteric infectious site. According to this background, the aim of this research was to determine in vivo calcium fosfomycin concentrations on swine intestinal cells. Four clinically healthy post-weaning piglets 4-5 weeks old were used. Animals were sacrificed after 15 days of calcium fosfomycin consumption in the drinking water (30 mg/kg). After slaughtering, jejunum was removed. Intracellular concentrations of the antibiotic were analyzed by HPLC MS/MS and they ranged from 0.82 to 2.05 µg/mL. These concentrations exceed the MIC90 of intestinal pathogens such as E.coli (0.5 ?g/mL), although they are lower than the MIC90 of Salmonella enterica (4 ?g/mL).
Keywords: Fosfomycin, in vivo, Enterocytes, Swine, MIC90

Abstract
Clostridium difficile is an anaerobic Gram-positive endospore forming bacterium that is the most substantial cause of nosocomial acquired infection in humans. In addition to the nosocomial dissemination, farm and companion animals are a possible source of human C. difficile infection either by direct or indirect contact, environmental contamination, or food infection. The present study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of C. difficile and its toxins in different animal species within the veterinary clinics in Egypt. A total of 249 fecal samples including apparently healthy and diseased animals were collected from 60 cows; 26 buffaloes; 24 sheep; 30 goats; 40 horses; 21 dogs and 30 cats. The samples were evaluated for the occurrence of C. difficile using culture method. All positive C. difficile isolates were screened for the presence of toxin A and B toxin genes. C. difficile was detected in both apparently and diseases animals even though in goats C. difficile could be detected neither in apparently healthy nor animals showing clinical signs. In addition, no Clostridium difficile has been recovered from apparently healthy Buffaloes and cat. Toxigenic C. difficile was detected from ten isolates in apparently healthy animals and eleven isolates from diseased animals. All isolates contained tcdB and tcdA. The occurrence of other toxicgenic C. difficile strains indicates the public health significance.
Keywords: Toxicgenic C. difficile, Farm animals, Dogs and cats, Public health, Veterinary clinics, Reservoirs

Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) plays detrimental role in suppression of immunity giving the chance for secondary infections in chickens resulting in mortalities, the present study aimed to evaluate the immune status of chickens experimentally infected by velogenic Newcastle disease virus (vNDV) in relation to age. Seventy five broiler chickens, non-vaccinated against NDV were allocated into 3 groups (25 birds each); Group 1 served as control non infected group; groups 2 and 3 were inoculated with 106 EID50 of NDV at the 15th and 30th day of age respectively. Three chickens were sacrificed from each group for serum and tissue samples collection at 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th days post infection. Serum samples were used to run heamagglutition inhibition (HI) test. Tissue specimens from thymus, spleen, cecal tonsils and bursa of fabricius were collected for histopathology, lesion scoring and Immunohistochemical detection of ND viral antigen. Results revealed higher anti ND specific antibody titers in group2 (6.3±0.33) compared with group 3 (2.3±1.2).Histopathological examination revealed massive damage of lymphoid organs in both infected groups that was more severe in group3 compared with group 2 and the severity of immune damage was more severe in 5th and 7th Dpi compared with 1st and 3rd Dpi in all infected groups. The lesions score in different immune organs supported the pathological findings. Immunolabeling of the viral antigen expression among different immune organs was more severe in group 3 than group 2. We could concluded that virulent genotypes strains of NDV causes massive reduction in immune status of birds by lowering the antibody titer and inducing severe histopathological alterations in immune organs that was correlated with high viral antigen expression in immune organs ,in addition there was positive correlation between the age of chickens at time of infection and the severity of the developed lesions and subsequent the immune status of bird , thus special caution must be paid in poultry farms of older age chickens by supplying immune modulatory agent for older age.
Keywords: Velogenic NDV genotype VII, HI, Immune organs, Histopathology, Immunohistochemistry, Broilers

Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Basillis subtilus supplementation in diet of buffalo calves on growth performance criteria, rumen fermentation properties and certain biochemical indices. Twelve growing buffalo calves, of (4-6) month’s age and 125 kg live body weight were assigned into two equal groups (6 animals each): the control group (T1) was fed as T1 plus 0.3 gm FMS®/1 kg diet daily. The study was extended for fifteen weeks. Live body weights were individually recorded biweekly in both group. Rumen and blood samples were collected from each animal in both groups at the end of study. Results showed an increase (P?0.05) in dry matter intake (DMI), digestion coefficients, average daily gain, total body weight gain and feed conversion ratio for treated group in comparing with control group. Also treated group revealed ruminal significant increase (P?0.05) in total volatile fatty acids (TVFA’s), ammonian concentration and significant decrease (P?0.05) in total protozoa count (TPC) in comparing with control group. Blood biochemical analysis in treated group showed significant increase (P?0.05) in total protein, albumin, triglycerides, AST and ALT levels and significant decrease (P?0.05) in urea and creatinine levels compared with control group. The results obtained from this study suggested that B. subtilis may be a potentially useful probiotic in buffalo calves that improved DMI, digestibility, average body weight gain and feed conversion ratio with a recommended effective daily dose 0.3 gm /1 kg in the diet.
Keywords: Basillis subtilus, Buffalo calves, Digestibility, Rumen fermentation, Biochemical profile, Growth performance

Abstract
This study was conducted to determine bacterial contamination of camel carcasses at Tambool slaughterhouse, from October to December 2014. A total of 150 swab samples were collected for total viable counts (TVCs) of bacteria from 10 camel carcasses. These carcasses were randomly selected and sampled from different sites: (shoulder, rump, neck and brisket) in addition to the workers hands at the point of skinning, evisceration and washing; also, worker’s knives were sampled at the moment of skinning, evisceration, using sterile swabs. The TVC ranged from 12×10³cfu/ml to 1, 2×10³cfu/ml. The highest level of TVC after skinning was from the neck site 12×10³ cfu/ml, while it was from the brisket 5.4×10³ cfu/ml after evisceration and was from the neck 3,1×10³ cfu/ml after washing. Eleven species of bacteria were isolated and the highest average prevalence was Pseudomonas spp. (18.69%) and the lowest average was Salmonella spp. (1.62%).
Keywords: Prevalence, Slaughterhouse, Pseudomonas spp, Salmonella spp, Carcasses

Abstract
Avian Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious, acute upper respiratory tract disease in chickens. A drop in both quantity and quality of eggs are observed when layers are infected. In a study aimed to evaluate the role of a locally prepared inactivated bivalent IB vaccine (containing the local Egyptian IB variant) integrated within a vaccination program primed with live IB vaccines in protection against Egyptian IBV variant infection compared to another imported inactivated bivalent IB incorporated also within the same vaccine program, A total of 350 experimental SPF chicks (one day old) were divided into 4 groups with 100 chicks for Groups 1, 2 and 3 while the 4th group was 50. Chickens of group (1) were vaccinated with a vaccination regime in which the locally prepared inactivated bivalent IBV oil emulsion vaccine was included, while chickens of group (2) were received the same vaccination regime but with replacement of local inactivated bivalent IBV vaccine with a commercial imported one. The 3rd group was used as non vaccinated positive control while the 4th one was kept as negative control. Serum neutralizing antibodies against IBV (both classical and variant strain) were detected in the vaccinated chickens starting from 2nd week post 1st prime vaccination and increased gradually in both vaccination programs with continuous application of the vaccination regime. The vaccinated chickens were challenged versus both IB classical and variant strains five times starting from 3rd week post 1st prime vaccination and the protection increased gradually with continuous administration of the IB vaccines. The vaccinated chickens were fully protected, since no PM lesions were observed, nor virus detected following challenge at 21 weeks of chicken age, while unvaccinated birds showed clinical signs of varying severity, predominantly affecting the upper respiratory tract. To show the effect of challenge upon the oviduct of vaccinated chickens, oviducts from challenged humanely killed birds were subjected to histopathological examination which revealed that oviduct of vaccinated birds appeared histologically normal, while that of the unvaccinated challenged control showed histopathological changes as degeneration and necrosis of submucosal glands in the magnum region. For well control of IBV infection in layer hens, it is advised to use this locally prepared inactivated bivalent IB vaccine in a vaccination program primed with live IB vaccines.
Keywords: Bivalent Inactivated Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) vaccine, Infectious bronchitis disease, Layer chickens

Abstract
From decades, the effective treatment of diseases with folklore is basically with plants of medicinal values. Methanol leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum was analysed for phytochemical constituents, nutritive value and chemical composition for possible antibacterial activity in comparison commercial antibiotics. The study confirms the presence of valuable plant chemicals for antimicrobial potency. Quantitatively, methanol extract of the vegetal showed high concentrations of 741.5, 346.95 and 137.5 mg/100g in saponin, flavonoids and alkaloids respectively. Nutritionally, it contained high percentage of 55.76, 18.18, 11.53 and 8.70 in carbohydrate, protein, moisture and crude fibre respectively. Highest inhibition recorded with the methanol leaf extract was 31 mm against Corynebacterium accolens while least inhibition of 14 mm was recorded against Salmonella typhi. The GC-MS composition of the essential oil extract showed the presence of Benzeaceticacid,.alpha.-[(diphenylmethylene)] (24.52%). The essential oil most inhibited Gram positive bacteria with highest zone of 33.20 mm and least inhibition of 24.00 mm while highest inhibition on Gram negative bacteria was 31.18 mm and least inhibition of 23.01 mm.
Keywords: Bacteria inhibition, Proximate composition, GC, Phytochemicals

Abstract
The quality of water in the aquatic ecosystem is a very sensitive issue and is controlled by many physical and chemical factors. The deterioration of water quality has variable effect on parasitic population and their rate of infestation and consequently the negative impact can impede fish viability and productivity. The current study aimed to: i) Surveying the parasitic isopod infesting some of the edible fish species inhabit the Egyptian Mediterranean Sea water ii) Assess the seasonal variations in water quality parameters of Mediterranean coastal water of Egypt. iii) Investigating the effect of water quality parameters on the rate of parasitic isopod infestation among the examined fishes. Water samples during each season were analyzed for physico-chemical parameters using standard methods. The selected parameters namely: temperature, pH, salinity, oxidizable organic matter (OOM), ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and some heavy metals (Lead, Copper, Arsenic and Mercury). A total of 400 Mediterranean Sea fish of Tilapia zilli, Solea spp, Mugil capito and Sardinella species were examined for isopod parasites. Parasites were preserved and identified. The results revealed isolation of the isopod species Livoneca redmanii, with an infestation rate of 19% among the examined fish species with the highest rate among Mugil capito (36%) and reached its total maximum value during summer (32%). Correlation analysis revealed that infestation rates were highly correlated (positively) with certain water quality parameters, such as temperature, oxidzable organic matter (OOM) and nitrite. High water temperatures during summer and spring seasons, and high nitrite concentrations were significantly associated with high infestation rates in Tilapia zilli (R2=0.91, P=0.046 and R2 = 0.97, P=0.015). The findings suggested that deterioration of water quality with varying seasons was stressful to fish, and consequently increased the incidences of the parasitic Isopod (Livoneca redmanii) so considered as a predisposing agent to parasitism. The study recommended periodical monitoring of water quality parameters in fish water resources and the need to take all measures by the responsible authorities to prevent pollution of these resources to minimized and control the prevalence of parasite infestations particularly of isopods.
Keywords: Isopods, Livoneca redmanii, Infestation rate, Mediterranean Sea, Physico-chemical parameters

Abstract
Infectious Coryza (IC) is an acute respiratory disease of chicken that caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum types A, B and C. Protection of chicken flocks against IC using inactivated vaccine may not totally protect chicks because of lake of vascularity in the infraorbital sinus that permit low amount of antibodies against AP to reach this region. So, in this work poly D, L lactide-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nano emulsion was used for preparation of mucosal IC vaccine. The immunizing purified hemagglutinin antigen of the three serotypes was prepared and emulsified with PLGA nano emulsion. About 270 SPF chicks (5weeks Ago) were divided into three groups. The first group was dropped intranasally with mucosal IC vaccine; second group was injected with traditional oil adjuvant IC inactivated vaccine while the third group was left as unvaccinated control group. Serum sample were collected weekly and intranasal challenge test was applied using virulent AP at 3 weeks post vaccination. ELISA antibody titers for mucosal and inactivated vaccine reached to 3272 and 1324 respectively at 7 weeks post vaccination. The protection rates of challenge test were 95% & 87% for mucosal and inactivated vaccine respectively.
Keywords: Avibacterium paragallinarum, Nano emulsion, Chicken

Abstract
Concerning to exhibit the key morphological variation between the quadrate bone in duck (mixed food eating bird) and Ibis (carnivorous bird), our study was performed on twenty adult duck (Anas domesticus) and Ibis (Bubulcus ibis) of both sexes. The birds head were radiographically examined, Computed Tomographic (CT) studied, clarify dissected, described and compared. Also, the bones were prepared and measured. The gross morphological study showed that the quadrate bone in both species, was present between the upper bill and the mandible, it consisted of body and three processes; mandibular, otic and orbital. The body was star shape in duck and molar tooth-like in ibis. Cotyla quadratojugalis was present on the root, on the lateral aspect of lateral condyle in duck and ibis respectively. Condylus rostralis and Sulcus intercondylaris medalis was present in ibis only. The medial condyle was elongated in duck and heart-shape in ibis. The lateral jugalm and ibular ligament was a broad, thick, terminated in the lateral cotyla and the dorsal border of the mandible in duck and ibis respectively. Radiological examination and Computed tomographic imaging of the quadrate bone was made for evaluation topographic anatomy of the bone. The results were discussed for better understanding the differences in shape, size, site and ligamental attachments between the two birds which may be correlated with the difference in feeding habits.
Keywords: Quadrate bone, duck, Ibis, Otic processes, Cotyla quadratojugalis and Jugalmandibular ligament

Abstract
Experimental evidences have shown that R. mangle possess important bioactive and medicinal potentials hence the study to investigate growth response and apparent nutrient digestibility of rabbits fed diet containing the pith of red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle). The study was carried out at the teaching and demonstration farm of Ignatius Ajuru University of Education (Ndele campus) Port-Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. The experimental diet was formulated to which extracted Rhizophora pith was added at different inclusion levels (0%, 5%, 10% and 15%). Twenty-four clinically certified healthy weaner rabbits of mixed breeds with initial body weight (BW) of about 0.5kg were used in the feeding trial that lasted for 8 weeks (56 days). Six rabbits (two rabbits per replicate were randomly distributed to 4 treatments (T1- control 0% Rhizophora pith), (T2- 5% Rhizophora pith), (T3- 10% Rhizophora pith), and (T4- 15% Rhizophora pith). Parameters measured include feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Data were analyzed using one way ANOVA using the general linear model of statistical analysis for sciences while differences among means were determined using Duncan’s multiple tests. The findings of the study showed that rabbits fed diets with 10 and 15 % rhizopith gained weight (P< 0.05) faster than those fed the control diet. Feed efficiency increased with levels of rhizopith in the diets with rabbits on 15% rhizopith being most efficient. Crude protein digestibility decreased (P<0.05) with increased level of rhizopith. It was concluded that inclusion of 5% rhizopith in diets for weaner rabbits supported improved growth and nutrient digestibility. Keywords: Growth response, Apparent digestibility, Rhizopith and Rabbit Does

Abstract
Herbal medicines has gradually acquired vital therapeutic role of replacing synthetic medications for animals and humans due to increased incidence of drug resistance hence this study was carried out to investigate hormonal assay of Haloquine rabbit breeds placed on rhizophora mangle pith. Thirty six adult rabbit breeds (24 does and 12 bucks) of 2.2kg average weight where randomly assigned to four rhizopith based dietary treatments (T1= 0%, T2 = 5%, T3= 10%, and T4= 15%,) respectively for 12 weeks. The 84-day ad-libitum feed trial was tested in a 4×3 Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Results on hormonal assay were all significant (P>0.05), however, T4 (15%) rhizopith inclusion rate was different from other treatment and highest on HPL, Prolactin and LH (P>0.05) but it is the same with T1 (0%) Rhizopith inclusion on DHEAS. On the other hand, testosterone and FSH was highest for T3 and different from others (P>0.05) on reproductive efficiency result indicate kit weight, number born alive, number born dead, gestation length, receptivity, conception ratio, vulva colour, mating duration, copulation rate and weight of in does were all significant (P>0.05). From the result it can be concluded that Rabbit does can be fed with rhizopith to as high as 15% of total diet since they are highly fibre tolerant without any adverse effect on the reproductive hormone production. In conclusion, therefore, rhizopith at 15% be adopted as part of rabbit diet because it is safe, cheap and available.
Keywords: Rhizophora mangle, Rhizopith, Rabbit Does, Hormones