Abstract
Arabian sand gazelle (Gazella marica) is listed as a vulnerable species. Few studies exist on the anatomy and histology of its reproductive system. The purpose of this work is to fill this gap by providing comprehensive characterization of female reproductive anatomy and histology and establishing baseline data for various areas of the reproductive tract. The results showed that the ovary is composed of a simple squamous to cuboidal epithelium, forming the germinal epithelium, where follicles are arranged in the cortical region of the ovary. The oviduct is characterized by a simple columnar, highly folded epithelium with decreasing diameter as it reaches its end. Peripheral gland-like structures are seen along the extension of the oviduct epithelium, more often in the infundibulum than in the isthmus. The uterus is bicornuate, similar to the bovine uterus, but with a deep groove between the uterine horns reaching the cervix. Caruncles of the uterus are pigmented and found only in uterine horns, suggesting a cotyledonary placenta. The endometrium exhibits an abundance of coiled simple tubular glands in both the uterine horns and the uterine body. Three cervical folds in the cervix exhibit incomplete encirclement that lacks a fully formed ring structure, facilitating the introduction of semen catheters. The cervical epithelium is mainly composed of secretory cells. The structure of the reproductive tract in Arabian sand gazelle is similar to that of domestic ruminants, such as cows, sheep, and goats, and wild small ruminants, with few discernible variations.
Keywords: Gazelle; Anatomy; Female reproduction; Histology; Uterus; Wildlife conservation.

Abstract
Cases of anthrax in humans and animals are often reported in Kazakhstan. The main risk factor for epizootiological problems with anthrax is the numerous anthrax burial grounds found in all regions of Kazakhstan, a significant part of which are located in populated areas, pastures, and cattle paths. Therefore, it became necessary to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the risks posed by soil anthrax foci to humans, animals, and the environment. During the work, an epizootiology examination and evaluation of the current condition of 33 anthrax burials located in three regions of Kazakhstan (central, eastern, and southern), in areas with maximum and high risk of anthrax infection, was carried out. Microbiological studies of soil samples obtained from the territory of anthrax foci and sanitary protection zones located in Karaganda, East Kazakhstan, and Turkestan regions were carried out. A comprehensive assessment of the potential and actual danger of each anthrax burial was carried out based on an evaluation of social, biological, and natural risks concerning each studied burial individually. Each risk factor was assessed according to a point system. The hazard degree of soil anthrax foci was determined with mathematical calculations, summing up the scores characterizing each risk factor. It was found that 9.1% of all examined cattle burial grounds represented a high biological hazard degree, 6.1% had a low hazard degree and most of the examined foci (84.8%) had a moderate hazard degree. These findings highlight the urgent need for continuous monitoring, risk mitigation strategies, and effective management of anthrax burial sites to safeguard public health, livestock, and the environment in Kazakhstan.
Keywords: Epizootiology; Public health risk; Soil foci; Zoonotic disease control; Environmental safety.

Abstract
Restrictions on antibiotic use in poultry have encouraged the search for natural alternatives to maintain gut health and performance. This study assesses the effects of supplementing broiler chickens with Lactobacillus plantarum and galoba fruit (Hornstedtia alliacea) extract on their intestinal health and growth performance. Two hundred and fifty broiler chickens raised together from day 0 to day 7 participated in an in vivo investigation. Beginning on day 8, treatments GL1, GL2, GL3, and GL4 received dosages of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0mL/kg feed of synbiotics, while the control group (CONT) did not receive any synbiotic supplementation. Galoba extract and L. plantarum supplementation significantly improved growth performance, increased the length of villi in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, decreased the pH in the ileum and cecum, increased the population of lactic acid bacteria, and decreased the coliform counts in the ileum and cecum (P<0.05), according to the results. To sum up, using synbiotics made of L. plantarum and galoba fruit extract has a lot of promise as a practical nutraceutical approach to enhance the intestinal morphology, microbial balance, and performance of broiler chickens. These findings provide a practical basis for developing sustainable, locally sourced feed additives in antibiotic-free poultry production systems.
Keywords: Sinbiotik, Hornstedtia alliacea, Lactobacillus plantarum, Broiler performance, Intestinal health.

Abstract
Dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) are essential to the livelihoods of communities in arid regions, yet they remain susceptible to cardiovascular disorders that can lead to sudden death or reduced productivity. Despite their physiological resilience, camels frequently experience subclinical or acute myocardial injuries due to infectious diseases, heat stress, transport fatigue, and systemic inflammation. In recent years, cardiac biomarkers—particularly cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB)—have emerged as promising tools for detecting myocardial damage in camels. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the diagnostic and prognostic value of these biomarkers in clinically ill, stressed, or performance camels. The review covers camel-specific cardiovascular anatomy and common cardiac conditions such as myocarditis, pericarditis, and congestive heart failure. It consolidates emerging evidence linking elevated biomarker levels, especially cTnI, with poor clinical outcomes and mortality. Supporting markers like natriuretic peptides, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase are also discussed, though their lack of cardiac specificity limits standalone use. A key contribution of this review is its emphasis on practical challenges—including the lack of camel-specific assay kits and standardized reference ranges—while highlighting promising strategies like point-of-care testing, serial biomarker monitoring, and integration with imaging and clinical scoring systems. Unlike prior reviews, this article not only compiles biomarker data but critically evaluates their translational potential and calls for multicenter, longitudinal studies to validate their clinical utility. By doing so, it offers a forward-looking framework to enhance early diagnosis and reduce cardiovascular-related mortality in camels, a species of significant ecological and economic value.
Keywords: Camels, Cardiac biomarkers, Cardiac troponin I (cTnI), Myocardial injury, Survival prediction.

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to obtain and molecularly identify Pasteurella multocida isolates from pathological material obtained from saigas in Kazakhstan. This work was conducted in the context of recurring pasteurellosis outbreaks among migratory saiga populations, which pose a threat to both wildlife health and ecosystem stability in Central Asia. Polymerase Chain Reaction methods with universal primers specific for the 16S rRNA gene and subsequent sequencing of the amplified fragments were used for identification. Although universal primers were employed for 16S rRNA gene amplification, species-specific primers for P. multocida were not used, which may limit discriminatory power in cases involving closely related taxa. During the work, two isolates of P. multocida were obtained, for which molecular genetic identification was performed. Sequencing demonstrated the high accuracy and reliability of the data obtained, enabling a phylogenetic analysis. The degree of homology of nucleotide sequences with the reference strain P. multocida subsp. gallicida strain CCUG 17978 (GenBank: NR_041811.1) amounted to 99.86%. The results showed that both isolates had a high genetic affinity to this strain, confirming their similarity to typical P. multocida strains and highlighting the importance of these microorganisms in the context of epizootic processes. A phylogenetic tree constructed using the NJ method further confirmed the clustering of isolates with reference strains, supporting the robustness of the identification. The data emphasize the importance of using molecular methods to study the microbial ecology of wild animals, diagnose infectious diseases, and control the epidemiological situation in Kazakhstan. These findings contribute to improved molecular surveillance protocols and may assist in the development of early-warning systems for wildlife epizootics in Kazakhstan and beyond.
Keywords: Saiga antelopes, Pasteurellosis, Pasteurella multocida, Identification, Sequencing.

Abstract
This article presents the results of a study on antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella species isolated from livestock products in the Almaty region of Kazakhstan. A total of 600 samples (beef, lamb, pork, poultry meat, and chicken eggs) were analyzed using classical microbiological methods and confirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Among these, E. coli was most commonly isolated from pork (24.32%) and mutton (34.23%), while Salmonella was mainly found in chicken meat (37.3%) and eggs (18.66%). Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed by the disk diffusion method according to EUCAST guidelines against a panel of beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, and other agents. Resistance to fluoroquinolones, beta-lactams, and aminoglycosides was observed in 43% of E. coli and 18% of Salmonella isolates. The highest resistance rates were to norfloxacin (29.25% and 15.15%) and ciprofloxacin (15.09% and 25.76%), with the lowest for meropenem (0.94% and 0%). Notably, 38% of all isolates were sensitive to all tested antibiotics. No resistance was recorded to cefazolin, tetracycline, azithromycin, erythromycin, amoxiclav, clindamycin, or doxycycline. Of 172 Enterobacteriaceae isolates, 38% were sensitive to all tested antibiotics. Species identification was confirmed via 16S rRNA gene sequencing, which showed 100% similarity with E. coli and Salmonella enterica sequences from the NCBI database. In addition, a culture medium excipient, recently synthesized and imbued with defibrinated horse blood, was appraised and deemed appropriate to bacterial cultivation plus susceptibility assays, although further comparative validation utilizing standard media remains indicated. Collectively, the results stress that antimicrobial-resistant microbes exist in foodstuffs. They additionally stress that continuing observation as well as suitable utilization of antimicrobials remain important, instead of proposing prompt alterations within veterinary practice.
Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, Animal products.

Abstract
The poultry industry plays a crucial role in global food security because the chicken microbiome significantly influences bird health, productivity, and disease transmission. However, regional differences in the microbiome composition remain underexplored, particularly in Kazakhstan. This study used high-throughput sequencing to analyze the taxonomic diversity of the chicken microbiome across multiple regions of Kazakhstan, identifying key microbial taxa and potential pathogens. A total of 108 tracheal and cloacal swabs were collected from private farms, and metagenomic sequencing was conducted using the Ion Torrent PGM platform. Taxonomic classification identified genera including Chlamydia, Pseudomonas, Avibacterium, Gallibacterium, and Aeromonas, some of which are associated with poultry diseases and zoonotic risks. Alpha and beta diversity analyses showed microbiome variation between regions, indicating that environmental and management factors shape the microbiota composition. These findings underscore the importance of metagenomic surveillance for poultry health management, early pathogen detection, and the development of targeted intervention strategies. Understanding the regional microbiome dynamics can contribute to sustainable poultry farming practices, reduce antibiotic dependency, and enhance food safety in Kazakhstan’s rapidly expanding poultry sector.
Keywords: Metagenome; NGS; Microbiota; Pathogen; Chicken; Poultry.

Abstract
This study investigates the effects of various doses of Peperomia pellucida extract on broiler chicken performance. To improve the growth of Lactobacillus plantarum in vitro, synbiotics were prepared by combining 10mL of L. plantarum (bacterial concentration of 1×10? CFU/mL) with different concentrations of P. pellucida extract (2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10mL per 100mL of distilled water). The resultant synbiotics were then tested for their survivability under temperature, bile salt, and stomach acid conditions. Broiler chicks (n=250) raised together from 0 to 7 days of age were used in the in vivo experiment. Synbiotics were added to the diets of treatments T1, T2, T3, and T4 at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0mL/kg of feed, respectively, starting on day 8, while the control group (T0) received no synbiotic supplementation. The findings showed that the growth of L. plantarum was strongly impacted by the concentration level of P. pellucida extract (P<0.05). Additionally, supplementation with P. pellucida extract at the maximum concentration (10mL/100mL distilled water) effectively sustained L. plantarum populations (P<0.05) in survival tests against temperature, bile salts, and gastric acid. Compared with T0, the T1, T2, T3, and T4 groups showed greater body weight gains (P<0.05) over the rearing period. Nevertheless, there were no significant effects (P>0.05) on the internal organ weights of the broiler chickens. In summary, it has been demonstrated that P. pellucida extract promotes L. plantarum growth, and its application as a synbiotic in broiler diets can enhance growth performance.
Keywords: Synbiotic, Peperomia pellucida, Lactobacillus plantarum, Broiler, Feed additive.

Abstract
The research aims to analyze the possibility of using tithonia instead of concentrate in the animal’s ration. The study was designed as a randomized-block, four-treatment, four-group design. The treatments were P1 (50% Pakchong grass + 35% tithonia + 14% concentrate + 1% minerals), P2 (50% Pakchong grass + 40% tithonia + 14% concentrate + 1% minerals), P3 (50% Pakchong grass + 45% tithonia + 4% concentrate + 1% minerals), and P4 (50% Pakchong grass + 49% tithonia + 1% minerals). Digestibility, rumen fluid properties, gas production, microbial biomass, and protozoa populations were observed. Analysis of variance was utilized to analyze the data obtained in this research. The analysis revealed that the treatments produced a statistically significant effect (P<0.01) on dry matter digestibility (62.05-65.08%), digestibility of organic matter (63.95-68.26%), crude protein digestibility (62.82-67.76%), NH3 (10.31-16.47mg/100mL), and total gas production (83.22-121.43mL/g DM). The results showed no significant change (P>0.01) in microbial biomass (2.2168-2.5568mg/mL) and protozoa population (0.78×104-1.64×104 cells/mL). Significantly affected (P<0.05) methane production (17.84-24.90mL/g DM), VFA (125-140mM), ADF digestibility (54.72-57.84%), and hemicellulose digestibility (61.84-64.08%). The impact on the pH (6.81-6.91) was not statistically significant (P>0.05), NDF digestibility (55.80-57.91%), and cellulose digestibility (60.83-63.28%). Based on the study results, it can be concluded that incorporating 40% Tithonia diversifolia (P2) into the ration provided the best results for dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), crude protein digestibility (CPD), volatile fatty acids (VFA), NH3, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), cellulose, hemicellulose, gas production, microbial biomass, and protozoa population. This study aligns with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2 and SDG12 through sustainable feeding.
Keywords: Tithonia, Digestibility, Concentrate, Rumen, SDG2, SDG12.

Abstract
This study evaluated the impact of varying levels of fermented banana peel in the diet on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Jawa Super native chickens. Parameters measured included feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, slaughter weight, carcass weight, and carcass percentage. A completely randomized design with a single-factor treatment consisted of four groups, each with six replicates (24 experimental units total). The treatments were: P0 (0% fermented banana peel), P1 (10% fermented banana peel), P2 (20% fermented banana peel), and P3 (30% fermented banana peel). Results revealed that fermented banana peel inclusion did not significantly influence feed intake, body weight gain, or feed conversion ratio (P>0.05). However, carcass percentage was significantly affected (P<0.05); Duncan’s test showed the lowest carcass percentage in P3, which differed significantly from P0 and P1 but not from P2. Slaughter weight and carcass weight remained unaffected (P>0.05). In summary, incorporating up to 30% fermented banana peel in the diet of Jawa Super chickens can be done without detrimental effects on slaughter or carcass weight.
Keywords: Fermented banana peel, Feed intake, Body weight gain, Feed conversion ratio, Jawa Super native chicken.

Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the potential of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit, serving as a natural saponin source, for influencing rumen fermentation as well as reducing the production of methane during fiber feed fermentation. A randomized block design was applied with four treatments and four replications. Grouping was based on rumen fluid from 4 ruminants and an in vitro experiment was performed to examine the effects of P. macrocarpa fruit supplementation (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%) on corn straw substrate. The parameters that were observed were methane, total volatile fatty acids (VFA), ammonia (NH3), rumen pH, individual VFA and protozoa population. It was found that P. macrocarpa supplementation reduced protozoa population, methane and ammonia concentration significantly (P<0.01). Total VFA production and rumen pH showed no significant differences (P>0.05) with the addition of P. macrocarpa fruit from 1 to 3%. The greatest decrease in protozoa population (63.7) and methane (24.5) was observed at 3% supplementation. Propionic, butyric and branched-chain fatty acids were found to be significantly improved (P<0.01) at 1% addition that decrease the ratio of acetate to propionate (2.15). The suppression of protozoa and the decrease in hydrogen transfer between protozoa and methanogens were indicated to be the causes of the reduction in methane production. Conclusively, P. macrocarpa fruit serves as a good natural additive to enhance the efficiency of rumen fermentation to lower protozoa and methane formation without changing rumen pH and total VFA. The most suitable supplement is 3% that offers a sustainable approach to the mitigation of methane production and enhance feed efficiency in ruminant systems.
Keywords: Phaleria macrocarpa, Methane emission, Rumen protozoa, Ruminal fermentation, Saponin.

Abstract
The effects of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) meal supplementation on broiler productivity, carcass traits, meat quality, blood biochemical markers, and economic efficacy were evaluated. A total of 300 one-day-old Cobb500™ male chicks were arbitrarily allocated to five experimental groups: a control group fed a basal diet and four groups receiving the basal diet supplemented with 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, or 10g/kg BSFL meal for 35 days. Increasing BSFL inclusion linearly improved (P<0.05) body weight gain, feed efficiency, and the European broiler index. Carcass yield as well as breast, thigh muscles, and abdominal fat relative weights were also significantly increased in a linear manner (P<0.05). Meat pH, redness, yellowness, and water-holding capacity were increased, while drip loss and cooking loss were reduced (P<0.05), indicating meat quality improvement. Moreover, dietary BSFL reduced plasma triglycerides and cholesterol levels as well as hepatic enzyme activity, suggesting hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects. Economically, BSFL inclusion linearly increased (P<0.05) total production costs and gross return; however, net return, cost–benefit ratio, and return on investment declined at higher supplementation levels. In conclusion, BSFL meal can enhance broiler performance and meat quality, though it’s commercial application will depend on reducing production costs.
Keywords: Broiler chickens; Insect meal; Meat quality; Carcass characteristics; Growth performance; Economic efficiency.

Abstract
The research aims to examine the impact of providing papaya leaf water extract on meat quality, meat microstructure, intestinal histology, and pathogen contamination in duck feces (Anas spp.). This study used 200 healthy, DOD male ducklings with an average initial body weight of 47.15±2.21g. The first group of ducklings (n=50) was without papaya leaf water extract (PLWE), while groups of ducklings 2, 3, and 4 received drinking water with PLWE at levels of 2, 4, and 6%, respectively. PLWE is made by chopping 1000g of dark green papaya leaves into small pieces, weighing them in a volume of 1000mL. Then, mix them with 1000mL of clean water. Blend until smooth, let stand for 24 hours, then strain and give the ducklings the desired treatment. The results showed that the protein and microstructure of meat in ducklings in the PLWE group increased significantly (P<0.05), as did the height of the intestinal villi and crypt depth. Conversely, the fat content of meat and pathogenic bacterial contamination in feces decreased significantly (P<0.05) compared to those without PLWE. It can be concluded that the duckling group that received PLWE can increase meat protein and improve its microstructure, increase intestinal villus height, and crypt depth. Conversely, it reduces pathogenic bacterial contamination in duckling feces.
Keywords: Papaya leaf water extract, Meat quality, Intestinal histology, Pathogen, Bali duck.

Abstract
Streptomycin, the first aminoglycoside antibiotic discovered in 1943, revolutionized tuberculosis treatment and has since found diverse applications. This study offers a bibliometric analysis of streptomycin research from 1995 to 2025, detailing publication trends, collaboration networks, and thematic developments. Using the Scopus database, we analyzed 1,057 documents from 565 sources involving 4,379 authors. Bibliometrix and VOSviewer were employed for network analysis and visualization. Annual publications increased notably after 2013, reaching 50 articles in 2022. China dominated with 180 corresponding author articles (17.03%), followed by the USA (9.74%). International collaboration averaged 17.5%, with European countries showing higher rates. Citation analysis revealed the sustained impact of foundational papers, with an average of 27.39 citations per publication. Thematic evolution progressed from basic resistance mechanisms (1995-2000) to sophisticated applications, including aptamer-based biosensors and nanotechnology (2015-2025). Agricultural and food safety applications emerged alongside traditional clinical research. Streptomycin research has successfully transitioned from a purely clinical focus to interdisciplinary applications spanning biosensing, agriculture, and environmental monitoring. Future priorities should include enhancing international collaboration, particularly with TB-endemic regions, and supporting convergent technologies while maintaining focus on antimicrobial resistance challenges.
Keywords: Streptomycin, Bibliometric analysis, Antimicrobial resistance, Nanotechnology, Biosensors.

Abstract
The study aimed to conduct a comparative assessment of clinical (rectal, vaginal) and laboratory methods (Whiteside test, cytology, visual test) for the diagnosis of uterine inflammation in cows in various periods after calving (14-30, 31-60, and 61-120 days). The study was conducted with 122 Holstein Friesian cows. Five diagnostic approaches were used: rectal and vaginal examination, Whiteside test, cytological examination, and visual test using 10% hydrogen peroxide and 0.01% methylene blue. To evaluate the effectiveness of each method, sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic accuracy, the prognostic value of positive and negative results, and the concordance coefficient were calculated. According to the results, the vaginal method and visual test demonstrated the most stable and high diagnostic efficacy, especially on the 31-60 days after calving (sensitivity up to 90.5% and specificity up to 93.5%). The cytological method provided high specificity (up to 100%) but was characterized by variable sensitivity. Rectal examination was more effective at a later stage, and the Whiteside test lost its specificity in the period of 61-120 days. The Kappa coefficients confirmed the best concordance of vaginal test and visual test both with each other and with the clinical diagnosis. The combined use of the vaginal method and the visual test is the most informative for the diagnosis of endometritis in cows, especially between 31-60 days after calving. The combined vaginal and visual tests are most informative for diagnosing endometritis in cows, particularly 31-60 days post-calving, with the cytological method recommended as an additional tool in later periods, highlighting the need for diagnostic algorithms to account for temporal inflammatory features and variable method sensitivities.
Keywords: v

Abstract
This study provides the first region-specific evidence that supports the adoption of climate-optimized livestock housing systems in Kazakhstan and similar continental regions. The study is an integrated evaluation of microclimate optimization in cattle barns in Kazakhstan, which has a continental climate. The study was conducted from March 2024 to February 2025 across three dairy and beef production systems (farms) with populations ranging from 2500 to 3500. It used an elaborate methodology that involved structural insulation, improved ventilation, humidity control, and optimized lighting. The environmental parameters, including temperature, humidity, NH3, CO2, air velocity, and indicators of animal productivity, such as milk yield, live weight, and the incidence of respiratory disease, were measured throughout the study period. Findings showed a significant reduction in barn temperatures, humidity, and ammonia levels. These gains were linked to increases in milk production (15-17%), live weight (17-20%), and reductions in respiratory disease, among others (33-40%). Economic analysis showed that payback periods were short and profitability in all facilities was high. Correlation analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between barn temperature and milk yield (r=0.82) and a negative correlation between humidity and respiratory diseases (r=-0.65). Taken together, these results support the idea that even low-cost, easy-to-implement environmental changes can enhance the welfare and productivity of animals, as well as the profitability of farms.
Keywords: Cattle, Housing, Microclimate, Kazakhstan, Sustainable livestock production.

Abstract
Ticks are important vectors of various tick-borne pathogens causing animal diseases. This study aimed to assess prevalent tick species and the resistance status of the acaricides frequently used to control ticks and tick-borne diseases (TBDs). A cross-sectional study design and purposive sampling method were employed, whereby 952 ticks were collected and stored in plastic bottles containing 70% ethanol, while engorged ticks were placed in perforated plastic containers. Ticks were identified using morphological features. An experimental study design using the larval packet test method was adopted to evaluate the effectiveness of the selected acaricides, whereby a discriminatory dose for each acaricide was prepared by doubling the recommended dose and control using diluents composed of olive oil and acetone at a 1:2 ratio. Out of the 952 tick specimens collected, Rhipicephalus microplus was the predominant species, accounting for 552 ticks (57.9%). This was followed by Amblyomma variegatum with 247 (25.9%), R. decoloratus 65 (6.8%), Hyalomma rufipes 41 (4.3%), R. evertsi 37 (3.8%), and R. appendiculatus 10 (1.1%).
On the other hand, susceptibility status was low for the acaricides cypermethrin (15g/L) and ?-cypermethrin (100g/L), with mortality rates of 84.60% and 85.70%, respectively. In contrast, the acaricides amitraz (125g/L), amitraz (12.5%), chlorpyriphos (500g/L) + cypermethrin (50g/L), and Chlorfenvinphos (300g/L) showed no resistance, with mortality rates of 97.80%, 97.90%, 99.80%, and 99.90%, respectively. The study revealed that almost all tick species were susceptible to amidines (amitraz) and organophosphates (OPs) (chlorpyriphos and chlorfenvinphos). At the same time, synthetic pyrethroids (SP) (cyclomethrin and ?-cypermethrin) showed signs of developing resistance. Therefore, regular monitoring of acaricide resistance is crucial for effective control of ticks and tick-borne diseases.

Keywords: Acaricide, Acaricide malpractice, Resistance status, Susceptibility status, Ticks.