Abstract
In the dairy animals, a critical stage particularly 3 weeks before and 3 weeks after parturition is named as the transition phase or period (TP), which is one of the most crucial physiological periods as almost all of the metabolic as well as infectious diseases happen during this stage. For addressing nutritional requirements and fulfill managemental strategic approaches to overcome these physiological and metabolic changes occurring at this period, a lot of research had been carried out for the better understanding of the biology of the animals during transition stage. Although these attempts, the dairy animal persist to show higher rates of metabolic diseases that are harmful to the welfare of animals and also for its productivity with following a significant financial impact on the stockholders. Several production diseases were encountered during TP; these disorders may include lameness, mastitis, rumen acidosis, ketosis, milk fever, left-displaced abomasum, fatty liver, hypophosphatemia, post-parturient hemoglobinuria, subacute ruminal acidosis, retained placenta and metritis. This review article emphasizes the significance changes during the TP in farm animals including cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats and camels. This review will discuss alterations that occur physiologically during TP either in the hematological or biochemical parameters. In addition, hepatic fat contents, acute phase proteins, bone biomarkers, apoptosis of leukocytes and hepatocytes and nutrient metabolism biomarkers, oxidative stress and biomarkers of inflammation changes during TP.
Keywords: Animals, Diagnosis, Diseases, Physiology, Transition period.

Abstract
This report describes an 8-year-old, 2-month-pregnant, Thoroughbred mare that was admitted with a week history of pyrexia, decreased appetite, respiratory distress, lethargy and recurrent fits of colic. The referring veterinarian had administered electrolyte solution and glucose, anti-inflammatory, antibiotic and analgesics; but this treatment had resulted in no improvement. The mare was admitted with a history of fever, colic, weight loss, inappetence, and signs of depression. Ultrasonographic examination was performed on both sides of the abdomen using a real-time scanner equipped with a 3.5 and/or 5.0 MHz convex transducer but no mass was imaged as there was relatively long distance between the mass and the anus. After sedation with xylazine and infiltration of 10mL of procaine Hcl, sampling of the abdominal lesion was carried out by the use of a 14-gauge spinal biopsy needle. Ten mL of the mass contents were collected and then submitted immediately for bacteriologic culture and antibiotic sensitivity. On day 7, percutaneous ultrasound-guided aspiration of the mass was performed for cavity evacuation under sedation with xylazine 2%. The area between the 9th and the 17th intercostal spaces was clipped, shaved and aseptically prepared. With ultrasonography, the best site for aspiration was determined to be the 14th intercostal space where 10mL of procaine HCl was infiltrated locally. The aspiration location was selected so that the needle was advanced through the thickest portion of the mass. With ultrasound guidance, a 14G×170mm spinal needle was inserted into the abdominal mass using a free-hand technique. When the needle was advanced to the correct depth, the inner needle was removed, and a 50-mL syringe attached and pus was gradually aspirated. In conclusion, in the present report, results of physical and laboratory examination were not helpful. Sonography accompanied with fine-needle aspiration yielded a diagnosis and assisted in suspecting the prognosis of the case. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this case represents the 1st confirmed report of successful treated abdominal abscess in the horse caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Early sonographic location of abdominal abscess, accompanied with transcutaneous aspiration of the lesion and ultrasonographic follow-up monitoring is therefore recommended in horses with such presentations.
Keywords: Animals, Mesenteric abscessation, Pathology, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Ultrasound.

Abstract
Leptospirosis is a serious zoonotic disease causes by Leptospira spp. infection, and Thailand is an endemic area for both humans and animals. Infected animal such as cattle, sheep and goats can mostly be asymptomatic but can experience foetal abortions and stillbirths. Infected animals play a role in spreading the bacteria via urine. This study determined leptospirosis in meat goats of Southern Thailand by a molecular detection method. In total, 323 serum samples were collected from meat goats from representative provinces of Southern Thailand, namely Songkhla (179) and Yala (144), from April to June 2022 by the veterinarian of the Regional Livestock Health Unit 9, Songkhla, Thailand. Antibodies from previous infections were screened using the lepto-latex test. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeted the LipL32 gene, and overall positivity was 76.47% (247/322). There was no statistically significant difference between the results from Songkhla (76.54%) and Yala (76.39%). The LipL32 PCR indicated an overall positivity of 9.29% (30/323), positive samples from Yala (18.75%) were significantly more abundant than those from Songkhla (1.68%) (P<0.00001). This study indicates a low active infection with a high previous infection (seroprevalence) of leptospirosis in meat goats, suggesting the circulation of leptospirosis of meat goats in Southern Thailand. DNA sequencing for analysing the serovars distribution among goat is needed. Disease prevention via vaccination based on serovar in Thailand be considered. Moreover, molecular detection of leptospirosis be applied for surveillance at herd level, and farmers and persons in contact with goats should be aware of Leptospira infections.
Keywords: Molecular detection, Leptospirosis, Meat Goat, Southern Thailand.

Abstract
The ovine stifle joint is one of the most studied animal models and is highly similar to the human knee joint. Early knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is challenging to assess with conventional radiography. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T2-map technique can assess cartilage at the subcellular level before alterations in the cartilage surface occur. However, no studies have evaluated the T2-map values for the ovine osteoarthritis (OA) model. A total of 6 ovis aries “sheep” that underwent total lateral meniscectomy of the right hind limb and two control groups were sacrificed in the animal laboratory after 12 weeks of surgery. Then, the stifle joints were transported to the MRI facility in a cool box with a temperature between 2-4oC and subjected to a 3.0 Tesla MRI with a cartigram protocol. The imaging was divided into three compartments (cranial, medial, and lateral). Comparisons with standard negative control were recorded and analyzed. The standard T2-relaxation time for the negative control “sheep” in the lateral vs. medial vs. cranial compartment was (51.5±9.18ms vs. 45.57±3.67ms vs. 54.88±1.56ms; P=0.785). A significantly (P=0.024) different mean T2-relaxation time was found in the OA stifle joint with lateral compartment vs. medial and cranial (68.24±20.26ms vs. 45.57±3.67ms vs. 55.59±5.34ms). MRI T2-mapping evaluation can detect relaxation time changes in sheep’s distal femoral, proximal tibia, and patellar cartilages with low-grade OA. The normal sheep T2 relaxation time ranges from 45.57–54.88ms, while the low-grade OA sheep T2 relaxation time ranges from 45.57–88.50ms throughout compartments, with the indexed compartment significantly showing the highest T2 relaxation time. This study has the potential to function as a dependable source to track changes in OA progression and to evaluate the effectiveness of potential therapeutic agents in sheep and as a model in humans. Keywords: MRI 3.0 Tesla, T2-map, Low-grade Osteoarthritis, Post-meniscectomy, Ovis aries

Abstract
Poultry-rearing systems generally consist of intensive, semi-intensive, or free-range systems. Currently, free-range is a system that guarantees healthy poultry products. This meta-analysis aims to assess the effects of intensive and free-range rearing systems on live weight (LW), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), body weight gain (BWG), carcass weight (CW), breast meat weight (BM), water holding capacity (WHC), shear force (SF), flavor (Flav), tenderness (Tend), juiciness (Juic), thigh meat (TM), meat water content (MW), protein content (Prot), color (Col), and mortality (Mort) in native chickens. Literature search served as the data source using searches in platforms such as Elsevier, Google Scholar, Springer, Wiley, and Oxford University Press. Twenty-seven (27) articles were identified, covering seven parameters related to the growth performance and carcass characteristics of 30 free-range chickens. The influence of the maintenance system significantly affects the live weight (g) parameter (SMD=-1.21; C.I. 95%=-1.73 to -0.687) (P<0.001) and the carcass weight (g) parameter (SMD=-3.02; C.I. 95%=-4.59 to -1.45) (P<0.001). Regarding breast meat quality parameters, there is a significant influence on part b* (SMD=3.048; C.I. 95%=1.31 to 4.79) (P<0.001). The meta-analysis results concluded that performance and carcass characteristics are better in the intensive system. At the same time, the breast meat quality parameter is better in the free-range system.
Keywords: Carcass, Meta-analysis, Native chicken, Performance

Abstract
Hygiene and biosecurity on dairy farms reduce the incidence of mastitis and other infectious diseases. Bovine mastitis, a common infectious condition, causes cattle culling and reduces milk output and quality, causing significant economic loss. This study studied the association between environmental mastitis, hygienic milking practices, and dairy cattle milk output. In addition, a thorough microbiological examination to detect the most important environmental indicator bacteria that cause mastitis, such as Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., and E. coli spp., helps determine the best mastitis control protocols. Three visits to a dairy farm in Qalioubia governorate, Egypt, yielded 285 samples (186 environmental, 27 workers, 72 milk samples, and swabs). Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus, Pseudomonas spp., and E. coli were the farm’s most common bacteria, with an average hygiene score of 59%. Cow milk output peaked in May at 4252L. With clinical mastitis incidence in June and July, it steadily decreased, reaching 3343L in August in cows with the condition. Bovine Ephemeral Fever (BEF) complicated clinical mastitis during this decrease. Due to farm workers’ lack of biosecurity awareness, several biosecurity and personal hygiene processes in the dairy farm were flawed, so the farm was infected with BEF, which complicated the losses, as it was $9,348.86/100 cows because of clinical mastitis and became $53,561.29 after a complication with viral infection, these exorbitant losses draw the need for training on the importance and the use of these measures. Overall, the results highlighted the critical role of hygiene and biosecurity measures in reducing mastitis and other infectious diseases on dairy farms, as it identified a significant link between poor hygiene milking practices and environmental mastitis caused by Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., and E. coli, which adversely affects milk output and quality. These findings emphasize the need to enhance biosecurity and hygiene awareness among farm workers to mitigate environmental mastitis-causing bacteria to improve farm management and productivity.
Keywords: Environmental Mastitis, Hygienic Milking Practices, Biosecurity, Bacterial Prevalence, Economic Losses

Abstract
The development, clinical and instrumental characterization, and evaluation of the effectiveness of various schemes of combined general anesthesia in dogs are important problems in veterinary surgery. The effects of varying doses of dexmedetomidine in combination with tiletamine–zolazepam and isoflurane have not been studied in the surgical treatment of dogs with kyphosis. We aimed to evaluate the changes in the functional characteristics of the cardiovascular system and the clinical effectiveness of intramuscular administration of dexmedetomidine (Dex) at doses of 5, 7.5, and 10?g/kg followed by intravenous administration of tiletamine–zolazepam and isoflurane inhalation for anesthesia in dogs with kyphosis. The study involved 60 dogs with kyphosis, with an anesthetic risk group of categories I or II according to the ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) classification and without anomalies of the cardiovascular system. All dogs were randomly divided into equal 3 groups: Dex 5, Dex 7.5, and Dex 10. Intravenous administration of tiletamine–zolazepam (induction) in dogs with kyphosis and inhalation of isoflurane (maintenance of anesthesia) did not cause changes in the heart rate, or systolic, diastolic or mean arterial blood pressure compared with baseline values. Combined dexmedetomidine–tiletamine–zolazepam–isoflurane anesthesia is highly effective and safe in the surgical correction of kyphosis in sick dogs. Dexmedetomidine intramuscularly administered at a dose of 5.0-7.5?g/kg is the optimal premedication for examining or performing the surgical correction of spinal pathologies in dogs.
Keywords: Anesthesia, Dexmedetomidine, Tiletamine, Zolazepam, Isoflurane, Kyphosis

Abstract
Theileria equi, a protozoal parasite transmitted by ticks, is a significant pathogen affecting equine health. This study aimed to investigate the potential impact of T. equi infection on Arabian stallion fertility by assessing serological and hormonal changes. A total of 100 Arabian stallions in Egypt were screened for T. equi infection, and only 30 stallions were found to be positive by microscopic examination (30%) and 39 stallions by cELISA (39%). Microscopic examination detected T. equi in lymphocytes and erythrocytes in the infected stallions. Serum analysis revealed significant alterations in hormone levels associated with fertility. Both total and free testosterone levels showed a significant decrease in the serum of infected stallions compared to non-infected individuals. This decrease in testosterone levels could potentially impact various aspects of reproductive function in stallions. Thyroid hormone levels in T. equi infected stallions showed a decrease in triiodothyronine (T3) and an increase in thyroxine (T4), crucial for metabolism and reproductive function. Infected stallions show increased serum cortisol levels, indicating stress response activation, which can negatively impact reproductive function and fertility in stallions. Therefore, these findings suggest a potential link between T. equi infection and impaired fertility in Arabian stallions. The observed decrease in testosterone (total and free) and tri-iodothyronine (T3) hormone levels, along with the increased thyroxine (T4) and cortisol hormone levels in infected animals, may contribute to compromised reproductive performance. These findings highlight the importance of considering T. equi infection as a potential factor in assessing and managing fertility issues in Arabian stallions.
Keywords: T. equi, Arabian Stallion, Seroprevalence, Hormonal Perspectives, Fertility

Abstract
Biofilm significantly contributes to disease transmission on poultry farms by increasing microbial resistance to antimicrobials and disinfectants. Three Salmonella spp. and three Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) species from poultry farm environments were tested for biofilm formation using a tissue culture plate assay. All strains formed biofilms with varying densities. It was found that S. typhimurium strains were positive for the gcpA, csgD, and adrA genes, while S. aureus isolates were positive for the icaD, eno, and fnbA genes. The biofilm formation by mono- and dual-bacteria on plastic (PL) and galvanized steel (GS) coupons was tested in a lab setting similar to a chicken farm. The surface type impacted biofilm density; the S. aureus count on PL was 8.11±0.03 log10 CFU/coupon, and the S. typhimurium count was 1.54±0.02 log10 CFU/coupon. On GS, S. aureus count was 4.22 log10 CFU/coupon on day 9, then decreased to 3.81±0.06 log10 CFU/coupon, and S. typhimurium reached 3.08 log10 CFU/coupon before decreasing to 1.86±0.06 log10 CFU/coupon. The generated biofilms were identified using SEM. In conclusion, the bacteria formed more mono- and dual-species biofilm on PL than on GS under dry conditions. Species, serotypes, surfaces, and environment influence biofilm formation.
Keywords: Dry biofilm, S. typhimurium, S. aureus, Galvanized Steel and Poultry house

Abstract
We aimed to explore the potential of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) indigenous Dadih (Indonesian traditional fermented buffalo milk) as antimicrobial producers and to see their ability as Dangke whey fermenters. Nine isolates belonging to Lactobacillus plantarum (designed as LP007, LP021, and LP050), Lacticaseibacillus paracasei (LC028, LC039, and LC040), and Levilactobacillus brevis (LB025, LB042, and LB055) were used in this study. Antagonistic activity was performed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity in inhibiting Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus from ATCC strain and field-resistant strains. The susceptibility test was conducted to evaluate the LAB sensitivity profile to sixteen antimicrobials. Furthermore, the potential of L. plantarum, L. paracasei, and L. brevis was observed to see their ability as Dangke whey fermenters (a byproduct from Indonesian traditional cheese). The results showed that LAB isolates are generally greater in inhibiting Gram-negative than Gram-positive bacteria. Particularly, L. plantarum showed strong activity against ATCC strains and intermediate-strong level to antibiotic field-resistant strains. Nevertheless, all strains showed the ability to produce antimicrobial products. Our results also showed that L. plantarum LP007 revealed the lowest resistance profile as a potential probiotic. In addition, L. plantarum, L. paracasei, and L. brevis could ferment Dangke whey at 37°C in 24-48 h incubation. In conclusion, studied LAB isolates showed ability as antimicrobial producers, and this study presents the variety of LAB species that can be used as Dangke whey starters.
Keywords: Antimicrobial, Dadih, Dangke whey, Lactic acid bacteria

Abstract
This study aimed to isolate and study several pathogenic clostridia in the Republic of Kazakhstan and to statistically analyze disease outbreaks in each of the regions. Thus, in 2021 and 2022, by taking samples from several regions of the country and subjecting them to bacteriological examination using methods of sampling on Kitt-Tarozzi medium, identification of isolated cultures under the microscope, culture on glucose-blood agar, and conducting bioassays on guinea pigs, several key factors were identified. The result was the characterization of the main cultural and morphological properties of bacteria of the genus Clostridium, such as Cl. perfringens (types A, B, SVT, and D), Cl. septicum 1098, and Cl. oedematiens 34. Also, it was found that the Republic of Kazakhstan was favorable in terms of Bradsotome and anaerobic enterotoxaemia outbreaks. In the last 10 years, there have been only 15, mostly isolated, cases of radsotum in sheep. Anaerobic enterotoxaemia is similar, with 44 cases in 10 years. The only exception was Zhambyl oblast, where the number of cases was 34 (1-8 cases per year). Such statistics are attributed to the continuous vaccination of sheep in unfavorable areas and even areas outside the risk zone. The data will provide insights for improving disease control strategies and can serve as a vaccination impact model for other countries’ agricultural settings.
Keywords: Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium septicum, veterinary, Vaccination, Strain

Abstract
The study aimed to identify the Immunoglobulin A (IgA) level fluctuations in colostrum during different lactation days, with practical implications for daily postpartum measurement. The purposive sampling of 15 lactating dairy cows’ colostrum was used in varied lactation periods (lactation 1-7) for 7 days with sampling time at 5 AM and 3 PM Indonesian Time. The IgA levels in colostrum from HF cows were measured using an ELISA kit assay following the standard protocol. The IgA levels in colostrum from cows at various lactation periods were analyzed using One-way ANOVA, followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The highest IgA level (32.128±2.475mg/mL) collected at morning milking was in D3 and at afternoon milking was in D2 (32.444±5.098mg/mL). The lowest IgA level both at the morning and afternoon milking was in D1 with 26.583±1.774mg/mL and 27.687±2.10mg/mL, respectively. On average, the highest IgA level was in D3 at 30.958±2.582mg/mL, while the lowest average IgA level was in D1 at 27.135±1.941mg/mL. It was concluded that the mean IgA levels in colostrum increase from the first day (D1) to the second day (D2), then rise further, peaking on the third day (D3), before declining by the fourth day (D4). Subsequently, the mean values tend to stabilize with minor variations from the fifth day (D5) to the seventh day (D7).
Keywords: IgA; Fluctuation; Colostrum, Cow

Abstract
Ovarian carcinoma is the second leading cause of death in gynecological cancers after cervical cancer in the world. The use of animal models in testing epithelial ovarian cancer therapy is still necessary, given that the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer is still not optimal. This study aims to explore the morphologic features and tumor spreading of ovarian cancer in 24-28 weeks of female Wistar rats induced with 2cm silk-coated containing 2mg of 7,1 dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). We also measured the systemic toxicity of DMBA implantation on female Wistar rats by assessing the liver and kidney function. Twelve Wistar rats were divided into two groups, sham, and DMBA groups. We analyzed the macroscopic features of the ovarian tumor using ultrasonography to assess ovarian volume, weight, and perimeter. We also analyzed the ovarian tissue’s histopathology and the metastatic findings. In addition, we also checked the liver and kidney functions. After 28 weeks of DMBA implantation, the DMBA group showed significant differences in volume, weight, and perimeter between the right ovaries implanted with DMBA compared to the left ovaries in the same group and sham group. All histopathological findings of ovarian cancer in rats induced with DMBA in this experiment were of the serous carcinoma type. Macroscopic and microscopic findings showed cancer spread to the liver, intestines, and lungs, similar to the human pattern of metastasis. Finally, DMBA implantation caused an increase in AST levels along with increased urea and creatinine levels compared to sham rats.
Keywords: Animal model, DMBA, Metastases, Ovarian cancer, Ultrasonography

Abstract
Culling is a critical step that excludes the herd’s unhealthy, low-than-average milk yield and sub-fertile cows. Heat load in the Arabian Gulf area imposes more burdens on cows’ performance. Thus, the main goal of the present study was to explore the leading causes of culling in a private dairy farm located in the Arabian Peninsula and their inherent metabolic and hormonal attributes. This study encompasses 45 Holstein cows that were sorted to be culled from the farm due to repeated abortion (n=9; 20%), general health illnesses (n=9; 20%), low milk yield (n=10, 22%), repeat breeder (n=9, 20%), and udder diseases (n=8; 18%). Results revealed an increase in the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in cows with udder illnesses; however, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) exhibited the highest activity in cows with low milk yield and general health issues and the lowest activity in cows that had abortions. Glucose concentration was higher (? 105mg/dL, P<0.05) in low milk-producing cows, cows with general health problems, and those with udder diseases than in repeated abortion and repeat breeder cows (? 75mg/dL). Plasma total protein concentration was higher in the case of the diseased udder (85.01g/L) than in aborted (64.35g/L) cows. Low milk yield- cows revealed the highest low-density lipoproteins (LDL; 151.16mg/dL) and the lowest high-density lipoproteins (HDL; 45.13mg/dL). Progesterone concentration was lower (0.54ng/mL; P<0.01) in low-milk cows compared with other categories. Luteinizing hormone (LH) concentration was highest in cows suffering from general health issues; however, other culling categories revealed low LH levels. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations were lowest in cases of low-milk yield and udder illnesses; however, other categories revealed higher levels of both hormones. In conclusion, cows suffering from reproductive inefficiency possesses lower pituitary functions, as shown by low LH. In contrast, cows suffering from udder issues and low milk yield exhibited less metabolic hormone concentrations, i.e., IGF1. Keywords: Dairy cows, Culling reasons, Metabolic parameters, Hormones, Heat stress

Abstract
This research aims to determine the quality of liquid semen of Sumba Ongole (SO) bulls during cold storage in palmyra fruit water and egg yolk-based nanoparticle diluent. The research was conducted at the Animal Husbandry Service Laboratory of East Sumba Regency. Four SO Bulls heads aged between 3 and 4 years, weighing 272 to 525kg, were used in the study. They were maintained to meet healthy body conditions and normal reproduction. Semen was collected twice a week using an artificial vagina. This research method was through an experiment in the laboratory, which consisted of four treatments and 10 replications (semen collection). The treatments are T0: CEP-3 diluent (control); T1: 90% of young palmyra fruit water (PFW)+10% of egg yolk (EY); T2: 85% PFW+15% EY; T3: 80% PFW+20% EY; T4: 25% PFW+25% EY. The PFW diluent was filtered three times using membrane filters to obtain an average particle size of 580±35 nm. The measured variables were individual motility, concentration, total motile sperm, viability, abnormalities, intact plasma membrane, and acrosomal cap. The research used a randomized block design. Duncan’s Multiple Range test was carried out to determine the difference between treatments. The results showed that the nanoparticle diluent from egg yolk and palmyra fruit water effectively maintained the quality and integrity of SO Bull’s spermatozoa membranes. In conclusion, nanoparticle-based palmyra fruit water and egg yolk diluent effectively maintain the semen quality of Sumba Ongole Bulls.
Keywords: Palmyra fruit water, Egg yolk, Nanoparticle, Liquid semen, Sumba Ongole bulls

Abstract
The paper presents the results indicating the spread of bovine sarcocystosis in the Kostanay region, Kazakhstan. Muscle samples from 358 cattle carcasses were examined for sarcocysts. The neck muscles in bulls from the eastern zone and the skeleton and diaphragm muscles in cows from the western zone were severely infected. The least infected were the neck muscles in bulls from the northern zone and the skeletal muscles in the southern zone. The extent of the infection equaled 77.4% of the studied livestock. Based on the molecular genetic analysis and comparison of cytochrome-c-oxidase (cox1) sequences, three types of bovine sarcocysts were identified for the first time in the Kostanay region: S. cruzi, S. bovifelis, and S. dehongensis. This study highlights the significant prevalence of sarcocystosis in the Kostanay region, demonstrating the utility of cox1 gene sequencing in identifying different Sarcocystis species. These findings underline the need for improved control and prevention strategies to mitigate the impact on cattle health and productivity.
Keywords: Cattle, Sarcocystosis, Muscle samples, Prevalence, Molecular genetic analysis

Abstract
This research aimed to determine the levels of 8-hydroxy 2-deoxy guanosine (8-OH-dG), Intact Plasma Membrane (IPM), Intact Acrosome Membrane (IAM), and motility of spermatozoa diluted with SemenLife® and Alpha Tocopherol. A completely randomized design was used with eight treatment groups, including semen diluted with SemenLife® diluent stored for 0 hours (control), 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours, as well as the addition of 400 µg/mL alpha-tocopherol diluent with similar storage periods. After dilution, semen was stored in a styrofoam filled with icepack at an internal temperature range of 15-20oC. Observations were carried out on semen quality, which included 8OH-dG, IPM (%), IAM (%), and progressive motility (%), with each treatment repeated four times. The results showed that the addition of Alpha Tocopherol to SemenLife® diluent significantly (P<0.05) improved 8-OH-dG levels, IPM, IAM, and spermatozoa motility. In line with the length of storage, from 0 to 72 hours, there was a decrease in the quality of spermatozoa. Storage for 72 hours produced semen suitable for use with progressive motility of 42.50±1.29% and 48.50±1.29% for SemenLife® and SemenLife® diluent plus Alpha Tocopherol, respectively. Keywords: 8-OH-dG, IPM, IAM, Motility, Shelf life, SemenLife®, Alpha Tocopherol

Abstract
In the present study, the effect of breed, season, and their interaction on semen volume, sperm concentration, and motility was tested. Nine bulls were tested: three Braunvieh, three Simmental (B. taurus), and three Gyr (B. indicus). These bulls were managed equally in a cold semi-arid climate, divided into hot (from November to April) and cold (from May to October) for maximum and minimum temperature and relative humidity. Semen was collected twice a week for 24 consecutive months. MANOVA by ranks was used to determine significant effects; breed had a significant effect (P<0.001) on semen parameters, and seasonal variations were not significant (P>0.05). However, there was a significant effect (P<0.001) for the interaction between breed and season. To evaluate differences between breeds, we performed Tukey’s post-hoc test; all pairwise comparisons (Braunvieh-Gyr, Braunvieh-Simmental and Gyr-Simmental) showed significant differences (P<0.001). Nonparametric one-way analysis showed significantly higher B. taurus breeds’ sperm concentration and B. indicus breed’s semen volume. For interaction between breed and season, Gyr reported higher sperm volume than B. taurus breeds in both seasons (P>0.05), but B. taurus breeds had higher sperm concentration in the cold season. The findings will help management make better decisions in semen collection, especially during peak season.
Keywords: Bulls, Semen, Breed, Season, Effect

Abstract
Chronic stress exposure is detrimental to the modern poultry industry’s profitability. Stress exposure induces physiological changes that consequently impair broiler performance. The bioactive compounds found in Moringa oleifera (MO) leaf exert beneficial anti-stress and anti-inflammation properties. Thus, we examined the effects of MO supplementation on heat-stressed broilers’ performance, immunity, and stress responses. Three hundred 1-day-old Cobb 500 chicks were reared, and at day 21 of age, birds were weighed and symmetrically assigned to three experimental groups (5 replicates × 20 birds). The groups were a control group fed a basal diet under thermoneutral conditions, and two heat-stressed exposed groups received either 0 or 0.2% MO supplementation per kilogram of the basal diet. Growth was monitored during the 3rd to 6th week of age. Moreover, immune responses, stress, and pro-inflammatory markers were quantified in blood samples. In addition, relative weights of the liver and lymphoid organs were measured post-slaughter. Results revealed that heat stress negatively impacted broiler performance and immunity with substantial elevation in corticosterone and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. However, MO supplementation to heat-stressed broilers mitigated these negative impacts. MO supplementation significantly enhanced broilers’ growth performance parameters while reducing stress responses and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and demonstrated immune modulation effects. These findings confirmed that MO supplementation can improve broiler productivity and alleviate heat stress-leading damages by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.
Keywords: Broilers, Moringa oleifera, Heat stress, Growth performance, Immune responses, Stress markers

Abstract
This study investigated factors influencing the number of services per conception (NSC) in dairy cows, focusing on age at first calving (AFC), cow’s age, parity, and days in milk (DIM) at first insemination. Data from 1014 lactating Holstein cows in a commercial farm in Denmark was collected. The effects of the studied factors on NSC were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test with pairwise comparisons. The average NSC was 2.2±1.1. No significant effect of AFC on NSC at first AI was detected. However, significant associations between NSC and cow’s age (P=0.005), parity (P=0.001), and DIM (P<0.05) were found. NSC in cows at the age of <3 years (2.2±1.2), and 3-4 years (2.1±1.2) was smaller than that in cows at the age of >5 years (2.6±1.2). Cows in parity 1 exhibited a lower NSC compared to those in parities 2, 3, 4, and ?5 (2.0±1.1 vs 2.3±1.3, 2.3±1.3, 2.2±1.3, and 2.4±1.2, respectively). NSC levels in cows at ?81 DIM were higher than those at 51-80 DIM (P<0.01). These findings highlight the necessity of incorporating cow’s age, parity, and DIM into assessments of reproductive performance in dairy herds, with the potential for maximizing lifetime profit by reducing the optimal AFC to as early as 21 months. Keywords: Bulls, Semen, Breed, Season, Effect

Abstract
The use of therapeutic and prophylactic drugs based on organosilicon sorbents promotes rapid recovery by normalizing intestinal microbiocenosis, suppressing lipid peroxidation, detoxification, activation of liver function and gentle healing of ulcers, early eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Also, the use of organosilicon sorbents reduces the toxic load, leads to natural detoxification, and leads to healing in erosive and ulcerative processes of the gastrointestinal tract, in contrast to adsorbents based on coal and clay. Based on the available data, a new approach to the pharmacological assessment of enterosorbent from the point of view of their specific action – adsorption activity – has been proposed using a test drug with previously described pharmacokinetics – lornoxicam – as an analyte. In view of the best compliance with the requirements for an “ideal” enterosorbent, several experimental samples of the sorbent were selected to test the method proposed in this work. Using High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS) on Chinchilla rabbits, the bioavailability of Lornoxicam, selected as a test drug, was studied when Lornoxicam and Lornoxicam were used together with selected enterosorbent. It has been established that the bioavailability of Lornoxicam with the simultaneous use of the studied enterosorbent decreases sharply. The data obtained make it possible to judge the adsorption activity of enterosorbent and evaluate it by changes in the relative bioavailability of the test drug. Thus, as a result of the conducted research, an original method for determining the adsorption activity of enterosorbent in vivo was proposed, which claims to be a new pharmacological model.
Keywords: New pharmacological model, Determination of adsorption activity in vivo, Use of Lornoxicam as a test drug, Experimental samples of sorbent.

Abstract
In recent years, local cattle populations have been replaced by highly productive breeds in the Republic of Kazakhstan, which has significantly reduced the number of local breeds. Today, two cattle breeds are on the verge of extinction, one of which is the Alatau breed, which was bred in 1950 by crossing local aboriginal Kazakh cattle with Brown Swiss cattle brought in together with immigrants from Russia. In this regard, the purpose of our work is to obtain new genotypes by backcrossing, i.e., the use of sperm from purebred bulls of the Alatau breed on high-blooded animals of the Brown Swiss breed, followed by a study of the offspring obtained for development and milk productivity in comparison with the descendants of heifers from the Brown Swiss bulls. Upon completion of the research, it was established that heifers obtained from Alatau bulls in all growth periods exceeded the indicators of heifers obtained from Brown Swiss bulls by 14.9kg at 6 months, 17.3kg at 12 months, and 16.8kg at 18 months. It was also found that the daughters of the Alatau bulls were inseminated 52 days earlier than those received from the Brown Swiss bulls. As a result, they experienced their first calving 48 days, or approximately 1.6 months, earlier than their counterparts. There is no significant difference between the indicators of milk productivity of the daughters of Alatau and Brown Swiss bulls.
Keywords: Breed conservation, Biodiversity, Local cattle, Dairy productivity, Adaptability, Live weight.

Abstract
Feed additives are commonly supplemented in poultry feed to improve the animal health status and performance. Previous in vitro studies about feed additives showed that coconut shell liquid smoke (CSLS), mangosteen peel extract (MP), and clove leaf extract (CL) had a similar antibacterial activity with the AGP. According to those insights, an in vivo study was designed to explore the effect of those combinations as feed additives on the slow-growth chickens’ performances. A total of 588-one-day-old unsexed chicks were distributed into 42 pens with 14 birds/pen and reared for 84 days. They were fed each of six different diets, The formulated diets are standard diet without feed additives as Negative Control (NC); NC + Virginiamycin as Positive Control (PC); NC + CSLS; NC + mixtures of CSLS + CL; NC + mixture of CSLS, CL, and MP in low-, medium-, and high- doses. Results showed no significant effects (P>0.05) of diets on body weight gain, feed consumption, and FCR during starter and whole periods. The treatments also showed no significant (P>0.05) effects on carcass yield, liver, spleen, and thymus weight. However, supplementation of a low-dose bioactive mixture produced a higher (P<0.05) abdominal fat, and supplementation of CSLS + CL or medium doses of CSLS + CL + MP mixtures produced a heavier (P<0.05) bursa weight than other treatments. In conclusion, the low-dose mixture of CSLS, CL, and MP was recommended based on a similar effectiveness trend to AGP in potentially improving the FCR. Keywords: antibiotic growth promoters; feed additive; plants’ bioactive; sensi-1 agrinak

Abstract
Mastitis caused by methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a severe infection of milk-producing animals. Consequently, it is critical to recognize the genetic elements that contribute to methicillin resistance in S. aureus. This research was designed to evaluate the incidence of MRSA in bovine with subclinical mastitis, histopathological examination of udder tissues exhibiting mastitis, and detection of MRSA strains by Taqman probe-based real-time PCR. Additionally, our study assessed the phylogenetic relationship of MRSA strains recovered from Egypt to illuminate the potential genetic connection between isolates from other sources and locations. Based on our research, out of 62 S. aureus isolates recovered from subclinical mastitis, 39 isolates were resistant to methicillin (62.9%) phenotypically by antimicrobial susceptibility test. All 39 S. aureus isolates were confirmed genotypically by Probe-based real-time PCR. Ten positive probe-based RT-PCR samples (MRSA) were subjected to conventional PCR before being submitted to DNA sequencing. Ten PCR products were grouped into two groups (EGY-mecA 1-5 and EGY-mecA 6-10) according to the nucleotide sequence. The alignment of multiple sequences and construction of a phylogenetic tree for the mecA gene revealed a high similarity (100%) with MRSA isolates recovered from the milk of cattle and goats in Egypt. The histopathological examination of the cattle mammary glands tissue sample with mastitis shows severe destruction of secretory acini, with aggregation of mononuclear inflammatory cells infiltration among acini, mainly lymphocytes. Our investigation will help protect human and animal health by reducing instances of infection caused by S. aureus. Probe-based real-time PCR successfully identified S. aureus strains in subclinical mastitis within a few hours, demonstrating high sensitivity and specificity. This technique is helpful for effectively treating and controlling S. aureus mastitis and quickly screening MRSA isolates.
Keywords: MRSA; Mastitis; mecA; S. aureus; Subclinical mastitis; Real-Time PCR and bovine.

Abstract
This study examines the photoperiodic effect on growth and immune responses of the pearl Guinea fowl. Keets used for this investigation were subjected to different photoperiod levels: 12HL:12HD, 14HL:10HD, 16HL: 8HD, and 18HL:6HD using a white bright LED Energy saving bulbs of 120 watts with light intensity of 5.60 lux and kept from day-old to eight weeks in a completely randomized design. Findings from this study showed that, at starter and grower phases the weight of the birds and feed consumed increased (P<0.05) with increasing levels of photoperiod. Birds subjected to 12HL: 12HD had the poorest (P<0.05) feed conversion ratio as compared to all the other treatment groups at all stages of growth. Birds subjected to 18HL: 6HD had the lowest (P<0.05) mortality rate followed by 16HL: 8HD and 14HL:10HD, while birds on the 12HL:12HD treatment recorded the highest (P<0.05) percentage mortality rate. Basophil level was highest (P<0.05) among birds subjected to 12HL: 12HD and lowest among all the other treatment levels which had similar mean values. Birds subjected to 16HL: 8HD and 12HL: 12HD recorded the highest (P<0.05) monocyte levels in the blood. The levels of PCV, RBC, WBC, albumin, cholesterol, globin, and total serum protein in the blood increased (P<0.05) with increasing levels of photoperiod. As the levels of photoperiod increased, blood pH, Cl- and K+ also increased. In conclusion, increasing photoperiodic levels up to 18HL: 6HD promotes rapid growth, ensures better feed utilization, reduces mortality rate and maintains good health in Guinea fowls.Keywords: Photoperiod, survivability, mortality, growth performance, immune responses

Abstract
The aim of this research was to examine the effect of the inclusion of carrot leaf flour in concentrate in grass-based rations on carcass, cholesterol and intestinal pathogenic bacteria. This study used 120 local male rabbits aged 8 weeks, divided into four treatment groups and 6 replications. The four treatments were: rabbits fed a grass-based diet supplemented with concentrate without carrot leaf meal as a control (Group CLF0), concentrate with 10% carrot leaf meal (CLF1); concentrate with 20% carrot leaf flour (CLF2); and concentrate with 30% carrot leaf flour (CLF3). Concentrate was given as much as 40g/head/day, while grass was ad libitum. The results showed that slaughter weight, carcass, carcass percentage, carcass meat, carcass bone, and meat bone ratio (MBR) in the CLF2 and CLF3 rabbit groups were higher (P<0.05) than those in CLF0 group. Likewise, the villus height and crypt depth of the jejunum in Groups CLF2 and CLF3 were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the control group (CLF0). Giving 20 and 30% carrot leaf flour in concentrate significantly (P<0.05) reduced total blood cholesterol, total Escherichia coli and Coliform bacteria in the intestines of rabbits. It was concluded that the inclusion of 20-30% carrot leaf flour (Daucus carota) in the concentrate could increase the carcass percentage, the amount of carcass meat, and the meat bone ratio (MBR). On the other hand, it can reduce cholesterol and the number of pathogenic bacteria in the rabbit’s intestines. Keywords: Carcass, Carrot leaves, Cholesterol, Concentrate, Rabbit.

Abstract
Strangles is an infectious disease of horses caused by Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus equi, characterized by an abscess of the submandibular and pharyngeal lymph nodes and leading to obstruction of the respiratory tract. The disease has economic consequences for horse farms and significantly reduces their productivity. The study aimed to monitor the spread of beta-hemolytic streptococcus infection in horses in eight regions of Kazakhstan, isolate S. equi strains, and establish their genetic characteristics. To achieve this goal, 687 samples of swabs and blood sera from horses with clinical signs of streptococcal infection were collected. The research methods included bacteriological examination, cultivation of isolates on various nutrient media, polymerase chain reaction analysis to confirm molecular genetic characteristics, and a study of the virulence of isolates in white mice. As a result of the study, 619 positive samples out of 687 were identified, with the highest prevalence of infection in the Ulytau and Kostanay regions. Genetic analysis showed that the obtained isolates corresponded to S. equi. Thus, the conducted analysis contributes to regular monitoring and identification of persistent carriers of infection. Such control is key for effective monitoring and prevention of strangles, which will reduce economic losses and improve the productivity of horse farms.Keywords: Horses, Strangles, Strain, Streptococcus equi, Monitoring, Epizootological situation

Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the Ovsynch program in Arabian mares compared to ovulation synchronization using progesterone. Twenty cyclic Arabian mares, averaging 5.9 years of age, were assigned for this study. Mares were randomly divided into two groups. The first group (GPG, n=10) received an IM injection of 40µg GnRH agonist at the beginning of the protocol and 250µg PGF2? analog on Day 7. Mares in this group were further assigned into two subgroups, G-PG-G(D9) (n=5, second GnRH agonist by Day 9) and G-PG-G(D12) (n=5, second GnRH by Day 12). The second group (G-P-PG-H(D19), n=10) was treated with oral progesterone for 14 days, 250µg PGF2? analog on Day 9, and 2500 hCG on Day 19. All animals were subjected to daily ultrasonographic examination. All animals were inseminated 24 hrs after the second GnRH (GPG) and hCG [G-P-PG-H(D19)] injections. Mares were bled at specific landmarks of the experiment, and sera were collected for progesterone and estradiol-17? assay. Compared to G-P-PG-H(D19)-treated mares, GPG group mares had longer estrus duration, larger DF, longer GnRH-ovulation, and longer AI-ovulation intervals. The conception rate was significantly lower (10%) for GPG compared to the G-P-PG-H(D19) (50%) groups. It can be concluded that factors like unreadiness of a considerable number of predestined ovulatory follicles for ovulation at the time of second GnRH administration, inordinate ovulation in response to second GnRH, and the long interval between insemination and ovulation are probably the reasons behind the low efficiency of this protocol in the Arabian mares.
Keywords: Arabian mare; Ovulation synchronization; ultrasound; Conception.

Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of Gem Premier 3000 (GEM) and Edan i15 Vet (EDAN) for hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia by the analysis of blood glucose concentration (BGC) compared to the reference method (RM) with conventional statistics and using a new method (reversed multiple cut-off points: RMC). BGC was analysed with whole blood at GEM, EDAN and serum at RM in 123 Holsteins in different stages of lactation (DSL). Increasing cut-off points (ICP) (BGC ?40, ?45, ?50, ?55, ?60 and ?65mg/dL) and decreasing cut-off points (DCP) (BGC <40, <45, <50, <55, <60 and <65mg/dL) were defined for the RMC method. Excellent to low limits of agreement with RM (±1 to ±15% deviations) were determined for BGC analysis, differences of absolute and true positive prevalence (APP, TPP) and area under the curve (AUC). Passing-Bablok regression and Bland-Altman plots showed inconsistencies and large deviations for GEM/EDAN in DSL. Sensitivities and specificities were low and different for GEM/EDAN in hypoglycemia/hyperglycemia in receiver operating characteristic. RMC showed that APP and AUC differences were outside the limits for DCP and ICP for GEM and EDAN, also for DSL. The differences in BGC and TPP were outside the limits in DCP for GEM and in DCP and ICP for EDAN. To summarise, BGC in DSL influenced the results of conventional statistics. GEM/EDAN were not accurate for BGC analysis in Holsteins according to conventional statistics, which was also confirmed by the new RMC method in high and low BGC and in DSL. A higher probability of false-identification of hypoglycemia by EDAN and hyperglycemia by GEM according to RMC was observed.Keywords: Diagnostic Accuracy, Edan, Gem, Blood Glucose, Holstein, RMC

Abstract
This report describes the clinical, hematological, biochemical, sonographic, and pathologic findings in a female camel with disseminated pyogranuloma. A 6-year-old, non-lactating and non-pregnant female dromedary camel was presented due to progressive weight loss during the last 5 months. The presenting complains in the case under investigation consisted of progressive weight loss with a body condition score of 2.0. Hematobiochemical panels indicated severe bacterial infection, hypoalbuminemia, hypoproteinemia, hyperglobulinemia, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia and renal impairment in the form of increased blood urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations. Transabdominal sonography showed a large area of heterogenous echogenicity between the intestinal loops on the right abdomen; some parts were anechoic. There was no evidence of vascularization. Other areas were homogenously isoechoic compared to echogenic intestines. Spots of calcification were imaged within the lesions. Similar areas of dissemination were imaged withing the right renal parenchyma. Histopathological examination of the abdominal lesion revealed massive, disseminated pyogranulomas composed of chronic suppurative inflammation, including bacterial colonies and exudate rich in neutrophils, macrophages, and plasma cells. In conclusion, transabdominal sonography was valuable for localization, scanning and verification of pyogranuloma and its intra-abdominal dissemination. Histopathological examination of the biopsy specimen, however, is still the final diagnostic tool for disseminating pyogranulomas in camels.
Keywords: Camel, Diagnostic imaging, Pathology, Pyogranuloma, Ultrasound.

Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the clinical, ultrasonographic, hematobiochemical, and necropsy findings in sheep and goats with pregnancy toxemia (PT). Forty-eight animals with PT were enrolled. Clinical examination of the diseased animals included hypothermia in 36 animals, 12 with normal rectal temperature, bradycardia in 29, tachycardia in 19, polypnea in 32, and decreased respiratory rate in 16 animals. Thirty animals were presented in sternal position and conscious; of them, 18 were in sternal position but unconscious, and 12 were blind. Seven of the animals in sternal recumbency had nervous symptoms, including opisthotonus, convulsions, and stargazing posture, and 8 were blind. The remaining 18 animals were presented in lateral recumbency with a decreased consciousness. Hepatic sonography showed an overall increased echogenicity and brightness of the liver parenchyma. At postmortem examination, 12 animals had four neonates, two had three and two had two fetuses. The liver was enlarged, yellow and friable. Compared to controls, total leukocytic count and lymphocytes were significantly low. The serum activities of alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase were significantly lower than controls. Similar, serum concentrations of albumin, calcium and sodium were significantly lowered versus controls. Contrary, serum concentrations of globulin, total bilirubin, glucose, ?-hydroxybutyric acid and activity of amylase were significantly higher in diseased compared to controls. In conclusion, this study summarizes the clinical signs as well as sonographic, hematobiochemical and pathologic findings in sheep and goats with PT. We hope our findings will assist in understanding deeply the pathophysiology of PT in these species.
Keywords: Goat, Pregnancy toxemia, Sheep, Small ruminants, Ultrasound.

Abstract
Brucellosis is one of the most dangerous infectious diseases of humans and animals. Therefore, monitoring the epidemiological situation in Kazakhstan and identifying sources of population infection make such studies a priority. The study aims to investigate brucellosis’s phenotypic and genotypic diversity, which caused the disease in the population and animals on the country’s territory. Serological methods were used in the study – immunoenzyme analysis using commercial test kit Ingezim Brucella Compac 2.0, microbiological methods – cultivation and microscopy of microorganisms isolated from pathological material, and polymerase chain reaction with multiplex procedure according to Bruce-Ladder method using commercial kit INgene Bruce-ladder V. As a result of the study, 48 animals with high antibody titers were selected from 990 animals, of which there were 413 cows and heifers, 552 goats and sheep and 25 animals of other farm animal species for sampling for microbiological culturing. As a result of culturing, microbiological culture growth was obtained in 28 samples. Microscopic examination of colonies on nutrient media and microorganisms did not reveal significant differences between pathogens from different disease foci. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) typing revealed that in 70% of cases of the population, the source of the disease was Brucella melitensis, which was detected by PCR. In the other 30%, the causative agent was identified as type B. abortus, which was isolated mainly from the country’s northern regions. The studies that were conducted allowed us to clarify the circulation regions of different types of pathological brucellosis in Kazakhstan and to improve some methodological approaches in an epizootic survey of infection foci.
Keywords: Immunoassay, Bacteriological tests, Polymerase chain reaction, Antibody titer, Test system.

Abstract
Gumboro disease or infectious bursal disease (IBD), caused by IBDV agents, leads to significant economic losses due to its acute and contagious nature, affecting chickens aged three to six weeks, resulting in immunosuppression with high morbidity and mortality rates. Despite preventive measures, including vaccination, outbreaks of IBD still occur. Variations in antigenic relatedness between vaccine strains and field viruses can affect vaccination efficacy. This study aimed to assess the antigenic relatedness between the Lukert strain and vvIBD through homologous and heterologous cross-neutralization tests using chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cultures. Twenty-five serum samples from five chicken groups were tested. The control group remained unvaccinated, while the first and second groups received a single dose of the Lukert strain or vvIBD vaccine at two weeks of age. The third and fourth groups were revaccinated twice with the Lukert strain or vvIBD vaccine. Neutralization test results and antigenic relatedness was determined using the Archeti and Horsfall formula. Virus re-identification was performed using PCR and sequencing. The neutralization test revealed an antigenic relatedness of 11.14% between the Lukert and vvIBD, indicating they belong to the same serotype with major differences in subtypes. Consequently, there is a low indication of cross-protection between the two strains. There was a significant (P<0.05) difference between the test group of viruses and serum sample antibodies. Given the low antigenic relationship, reference is needed for the development of vaccines homologous to field virus strains. Keywords: Antigenic relatedness; Cross-neutralization test; Infectious Bursal Disease.; Lukert strain; vvIBD strain.

Abstract
This review was written to emphasize the clinical importance of the trace elements selenium (Se), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), iodine (I), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) in farm animals especially camels, cattle, sheep and goats. The deficiency of Se can have major economic effects by lowering fertility, causing placental retentions, and increasing the risk of metritis and mastitis. Se contributes to the development and function of cytotoxic T cells, natural killer cells and helper T cells in the immune system. The Cu is a co-factor in numerous enzymatic processes that include the synthesis of collagen, maturation of red blood cells, the production of energy, the formation of hormones, and the defense against oxidative damage. When excessive amounts are present, it can be extremely risky. The Co is required for the formation of vitamin B12 by rumen microorganisms; thus, Vitamin B12 insufficiency is the result of Co deficiency. Co deficiency results in anemia that is both normochromic and normocytic, as well as anorexia, loss of body condition, and wasting of muscles. Decreased weight gain, photosensitivity and lacrimation, scaly ears, wool discoloration, cardiovascular diseases, and cerebrocortical necrosis are all indications of Co deficiency. Iodine deficiency is a common cause of disorders ranging from goiter to metabolic and neurological disorders. These disorders may occur from the embryonic stage until adolescence. Iodine deficiency in ruminants causes goiter, particularly in young animals, and consequently lowers the chance that lambs and newborns will survive. Animals may develop an iodine shortage for two reasons: low iodine intake and goiterogenic substance consumption. Fe is essential for several catalytic events, oxidative metabolism, oxygen transport, and cell proliferation. It functions as a cofactor for several proteins and enzymes required for the metabolism of oxygen and energy as well as for many of other vital functions. Zn is regarded to be necessary for the functioning of many proteins, important enzymes, and transcription factors because they bind to Zn. Mn plays a crucial role in the production and activation of several enzymes. It is involved in the metabolism of glucose and lipids, and it accelerates the synthesis of proteins, vitamin C, and vitamin B. Ultimately, even if trace elements are only needed in little quantities, their lack can result in many diseases and disorders in livestock, leading to significant financial losses Therefore, balanced diets are required to prevent such affections in camels, cattle, sheep and goats.
Keywords: Animals, Diseases, Pathophysiology, Ruminant, Trace elements.

Abstract
Antibiotics are used to treat mastitis in dairy cows in Thailand’s dairy industry. As a result, some antibiotics may persist in the milk. Furthermore, the usage of antibiotics may result in resistance to certain strains. As a result, the treatment’s effectiveness is diminished, resulting in long-term health consequences for milk users. Nature’s active substances have been explored to treat and prevent mastitis. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity of Spondias pinnata fruit extracts against antibiotic-resistant mastitis. The ripened S. pinnata fruits were collected and extracted using the orderly polarity solvent hexane, ethyl acetate, isopropanol, and ethanol. The isopropanol (6) and ethanol (7) crude extracts were separated into two layers by liquid-liquid extraction (Hexane: Methanol: H2O) combining ultrasonic. The Methanol: H2O layer was named 6A* and 7A*, while 6B* and 7B* were the separating parts of hexane. The antibiotics and partial extracts were investigated for antimicrobial activity using a disc diffusion assay. Gas column chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) analyzed the phytochemical profile. The results showed that the % yield of 6A*, 6B*, 7A*, and 7B* were 47.77, 1.01, 54.83, and 2.10%, respectively. Ciprofloxacin, amikacin, doxycycline and both extracts (6A* and 7A*) expressed the inhibiting growth of mostly mastitis-causing bacteria Staphylococcus aureus M007012, Escherichia coli M225012, Staphylococcus epidermidis M236021, Mycoplasma pneumoniae A2466, and Enterococcus faecalis A0522. Antimicrobial properties were identified as being associated with phytochemical types in 6A* and 7A*. Therefore, the dairy industry may develop or combine ripened S. pinnata fruit extract to prevent mastitis-causing bacteria.
Keywords: Spondias pinnata, biological activity, antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, mastitis, antimicrobial.

Abstract
In modern practical disinfection science, it is asserted that ideal chemical agents, besides having high antimicrobial activity and certain other properties, should also be environmentally safe, have minimal toxic effects on humans and animals, and be easy to dispose of after use. Our research aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial, cumulative, toxicological, and allergenic properties of anolyte, ozone, Shungite, propolis, and their complexes shozan, prozan, and shuprosan. To study the antimicrobial properties of the substances above and their complexes in vitro, we used the method of microbial culture growth inhibition in meat-peptone broth (MPB) and the disk diffusion method on meat-peptone agar (MPA) with test microbes – gram-positive cocci Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative rods Escherichia coli. The results of the experiments were evaluated based on turbidity standards and the determination of the lysis zone. The toxicological properties of the substances were determined in white mice by intraperitoneal injection of the said substances. Our study’s results indicate that ozone, anolyte, Shungite infusion, and propolis infusion while demonstrating the antimicrobial activity of classical antiseptics, their complexes – shodan, frozen, and shuprosan – exhibit antimicrobial activity comparable to classical antiseptics such as ethanol and hydrogen peroxide against S. aureus and E. coli. Importantly, these complexes of natural origin antiseptics have been found to be safe, not showing toxicological, cumulative, or allergenic effects on laboratory animals, and meeting the required standards. This provides a strong basis for their potential use as antiseptic agents in medicine and veterinary practice.
Keywords: Anolyte, Ozone, Shungite, Propolis, Antimicrobial activity, Cumulative.

Abstract
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a rapidly spreading and severe disease. A high mortality rate also characterizes the disease, which is caused by a virus of the genus Morbillivirus, the family Paramyxoviridae. This study aimed to detect peste des petits ruminants (PPRV) antibodies in sheep herds located in Hama governorate, Syria. The study was conducted on 400 blood samples collected from sheep with clinical signs of PPR in herds. The serological investigation was carried out using ELISA. Based on cELISA, 28% (112/400) samples were PPR-positive (95% CI: 23.59-32.41). The seropositivity of PPR was significantly (P<0.001) higher in the Alhamra district (60%; 42/70) as compared to other districts. Similarly, seropositivity was higher in less than 6 months age (50.59%; 43/85), followed by market sheep, farming as rearing system and install feeding (47.5%, 19/40), desert (32%; 103/350) than in other ecological zones, and in female sheep (31.53%, 99/314). It was concluded that PPR is an imminent threat to sheep herds and index to an upcoming epizootic in Syria. Keywords: Sheep, Peste des Petits Ruminants, Seroepidemiology, Hama Governorate, Syria.

Abstract
Horse health and welfare can be negatively impacted by skin diseases, which can be made worse by delays in diagnosis and initiation of appropriate treatment plans. Clinical signs of the diseases can often be similar even though the underlying causes can be different, either infectious or non-infectious. Bacteria, parasites, and fungi can all cause infectious skin diseases. Widespread internal infections can also lead to fungal-related skin infections. Accurate identification of the fungal species and a detailed description of the clinical signs are essential for a successful fungal diagnosis. Fungal ribosomal DNA (rDNA) Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) regions were employed; these highly variable sequences are crucial for differentiating between fungal species through PCR analysis. In this study, 50 hair samples were collected from Egyptian horses showing clinical signs of dermatophytosis, out of which 28 were positive fungal cultures. While PCR amplification of the ITS regions method showed that 24 amplification-positive samples (16 samples of Arthroderma sp. and 8 samples of Chrysosporium sp.) were present out of 28 positive cultures. The PCR results indicated amplification in (580 bp) Following a BLASTn alignment with sequences of those closely related species in the same taxa in the GenBank database. All results of the sequences of ITS1-5.8S-ITS4 regions showed similarity to all isolates of amplified sequences. This was confirmed for two types of fungi: Chrysosporium zonatum (2 samples) and Arthroderma multifidum (6 samples). A bootstrap of 1000 replications for every fungal isolate was also displayed on the phylogenetic tree, along with varying percentage rates among the fungal isolates. This study demonstrated that the obtained isolates’ sequences had (100%) similarity with the sequences of numerous species that had previously been identified as Chrysosporium zonatum (PP085497 and PP086050) and Arthroderma multifidum (PP085493, PP085494, PP085495, PP085496, PP086051, and PP086052). These results indicate that these two fungal species are highly prevalent in Egyptian horse’s skin.
Keywords: Dermatophytosis, Arthroderma multifidum, Chrysosporium, Horse, Fungal, Sequencing and phylogenetic tree.

Abstract
Turtles are recognized as reservoirs for a diverse array of Salmonella serovars, and understanding their role as potential sources of Salmonella outbreaks in humans is crucial. In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to identify the serovars and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella infections in free-living turtles. Out of 325 cloacal swabs obtained from these turtles, 25 distinct Salmonella serovars were identified, with the ten most prevalent serovars being S. Derby, S. Enteritidis, S. Weltevreden, S. Stanley, S. Bredeney, S. Cerro, S. Brunei, S. Mountpleasant, S. Risen, and S. Agona. Ampicillin, tetracycline, and sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim resistance was frequently observed among the isolated Salmonella strains. However, none of the isolates displayed resistance to ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, amikacin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefotaxime, cefepime, and meropenem. Importantly, the identified serovars, such as S. Enteritidis, S. Weltevreden, S. Stanley, S. Bredeney, S. Risen, and S. Agona, are consistently among the ten most frequently isolated serovars in patients in Thailand. The detection of Salmonella in free-living turtles confirms that these species are potential carriers of the bacteria. Additionally, the observed concurrence in serovars and antimicrobial resistance patterns between turtles and humans suggests the circulation of multidrug-resistant Salmonella serovars across diverse hosts within the study area.
Keywords: Antimicrobial resistance, Salmonella, Serovars, Turtles.

Abstract
The relationships of fungi and bacteria can take the form of partnership (mutualism) or, conversely, antagonism. Our aim was to study interspecific interaction between microorganisms isolated from animals including fungi Candida albicans, C. famata, C. krusei, C. lipolytica, C. parapsilosis, C. guilliermondii, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Aureobasidium pullulans, Trichosporon asahii, Malassezia pachydermatis and bacteria Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, S. pseudintermedius, Enterococcus faecalis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The presence of antagonism and mixed-species biofilm formation were studied in 60 combinations of fungi and bacteria. Antagonistic activity was found in only 5 out of 60 fungal-bacterial combinations. P. aeruginosa was the most active and showed antagonism towards fungi A. pullulans, T. asahii, and M. pachydermatis. Biofilm formation in monocultures of yeast fungi was most active in C. parapsilosis, C. lipolytica and T. asahii. When C. albicans was co-cultivated with bacteria, E. coli and S. aureus strongly stimulated biofilm formation. Out of 60 pairs, mutual fungal-bacterial enhancement of biofilm formation was observed in 9 cases and was most pronounced in combinations of E. coli with C. krusei, C. famata and C. lipolytica; S. aureus with C. famata and R. mucilaginosa; and E. faecalis with C. famata and C. lipolytica. However, in 31 out of 60 combinations, bacteria did not stimulate but inhibited biofilm formation by fungi. S. pseudintermedius and S. aureus showed the highest inhibitory activity.
Keywords: Fungal-bacterial interaction, Fungal-bacterial biofilms, Antagonism, Biofilms, Veterinary significant microorganisms.

Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the impact of different inclusion levels of a fermented mixture of palm kernel cake (PKC) and cassava byproduct (CB), combined with turmeric in feed, on broiler carcass performance, including body weight, carcass percentage, abdominal fat percentage, meat fat content, and blood cholesterol levels. The research was designed using a Completely Randomized Design with a 4×2 factorial pattern, where the first factor was the level of fermented product usage in feed (0, 10, 20, and 30%), and the second factor was the inclusion of turmeric (without and with 2.5% turmeric of total feed). The results showed an interaction effect between the level of fermented product usage and the inclusion of turmeric on blood cholesterol levels, with the combination of 30% fermented product usage and turmeric resulting in the lowest cholesterol level (110.5mg/dL). The level of fermented product usage affected body weight, abdominal fat percentage, and blood cholesterol levels but did not affect carcass percentage or meat fat content. On the other hand, including turmeric in feed reduced blood cholesterol levels and tended to increase carcass percentage. Based on these findings, it is suggested that the dosage of turmeric be increased in the feed so that the combined effect of mixed fermentation products of PKC and CB with turmeric can significantly influence all investigated variables.
Keywords: Fermentation products, Palm kernel cake, Cassava byproduct, Turmeric, Broiler carcass.

Abstract
Selection of beef breeds of cattle increases the probability of autosomal recessive diseases, which together with the lack of control over the importation of genetic material and outdated methods of detection of carriers of undesirable mutations causes economic losses of farms in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The aim of this study is to improve the available methods of detection of genetic mutations associated with Arachnomelia syndrome, Developmental Duplication and Arthrogriposis multiplex, as well as to supplement the statistics on detection of these syndromes in farms of the Republic. Thus, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), polymerase chain reaction-polymorphism of length of restriction fragments (PCR-PLRF) and Real-time PCR methods were applied for identification of target fragments and optimal conditions for each stage of the diagnostic process were determined. 360 samples of genetic material from 120 animals each of Aberdeen-Angus, Hereford and Kazakh white-headed breeds were analysed for disease carriers. As a result, clear instructions for the diagnosis of the syndromes considered were obtained. The Real-time PCR method and allelic discrimination charts were successfully applied for the detection of disease carriers. The results of screening revealed 13 cases of mutations in loci of target genes in animals of Aberdeen-Angus and Hereford breeds. Animals of the Aberdeen-Angus breed was the most prone to mutations, animals of the Kazakh white-headed breed were the least prone – no cases of mutations. According to the results of genotyping, the frequency of genetic anomalies Arachnomelia syndrome, Developmental Duplication, Arthrogriposis multiplex in the Angus breed was 4.1, 1.66 and 5%, respectively. Heterozygous carriers of only two genetic defects, Arachnomelia syndrome and Arthrogriposis multiplex, were found in the Hereford breed, with the prevalence of 2.5 and 1.66%. Timely and quality diagnosis of mutant gene carriers can help to remove these animals from the chain of genetic material transmission and reduce farm losses from the birth of sick or non-viable animals.
Keywords: Autosomal recessive diseases, Polymerase chain reaction, Real-time polymerase chain reaction, Beef cattle breeds, Genetic diseases.

Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to assess the impact of primary and active Shungite in the diet of Arbor Acres cross broilers on the quality of feed, eggs, and meat. A total of 180 chickens aged 21 weeks were used in the experiment and randomly divided into three groups of 60 chickens each. The first (control) group was fed the basic diet. The second group received the basic diet with 5% primary Shungite in powder. The third group received the basic diet with 5% active Shungite. Sample collection and laboratory analysis were carried out following regulatory documents. Based on the results, the authors determined the positive effects of primary and active Shungite on the total content of mineral elements in feed, meat, and eggs. Based on the analysis of meat, the protein content in the eggs from the third group significantly increased (by 8.3%) compared to the control group. The difference between the second and third groups was insignificant. The ash content increased in the muscles and eggs in the experimental groups, leading to a higher content of mineral elements. Including active Shungite in the diet of Arbor Acres cross broilers has significantly enhanced the quality of meat and eggs. This improvement was marked by increased protein and ash content and higher levels of essential macro- and microelements, demonstrating the potential of Shungite as a valuable dietary supplement for poultry.
Keywords: Broiler, Chemical composition, Feed additive, Macroelements, Microelements, Veterinary and sanitary assessment.