Abstract
The adult worm Taenia hydatigena is a tapeworm with definitive hosts, such as canines. In contrast, the larval stage of T. hydatigena, known as the Cysticercus tenuicollis cyst, is found mainly in small and large ruminant animals and acts as an intermediate host. However, misdiagnosis and cross-reaction with other taeniasis species have prompted the use of molecular identification tactics to accurately diagnose both the metacestode (C. tenuicollis cysts) stage and the adult worm. This study addresses these concerns, which have not been previously studied at the molecular level in Egypt. C. tenuicollis cysts were collected from the general Matrouh governorate abattoir in Egypt, and adult worms were obtained from an experiment on native Egyptian dogs. The samples were molecularly identified using 12S and 18S rDNA sequences, and a phylogenetic tree was built to identify their relatives in GenBank. The study’s results showed that the 18S rDNA gene sequence of the adult worm was approximately 480 bp, similar to T. hydatigena with the GenBank accession number OL470118. The 12S rDNA sequencing of the cyst yielded an amplicon of approximately 450 bp that belongs to the T. hydatigena larval stage with the GenBank accession number OL470131. It is concluded that carnivorous animals, such as dogs, can pose a risk to small ruminant animals and have a negative impact on them. Therefore, it is recommended that periodic deworming should be performed for stray or farm dogs using different anthelmintic drugs.
Keywords: C. Tenuicollis, GenBank, T. hydatigena, 12S rDNA, 18S rDNA.

Abstract
Numerous researchers have proposed work in dromedary camel immunity. It has not before been described how autoimmune etiology is involved in cystic and inactive camel ovaries. To specifically identify ELISA technique to measure anti-ovarian antibodies (Anti-OAB) in the serum, sixty female dromedary camels with various cysts and inactive ovaries during the breeding season were used. For the first time, the values of ELISA are objectively displayed in the current study. Sex evaluations were performed on each sample using the newly designed In-House indirect ELISA. Three are related to the cutoff value, two are related to the sample’s initial dilution, and the last reading is related to the antibody index. The values of the Majaheem breed with follicular and luteal cyst were significantly greater than those of healthy she-camels in terms of serum OD of primary dilution; cut-off (antibody titer) value and calibrated antibody concentration against ovarian protein (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). Concerning antibody index, the data demonstrated a significant difference between the healthy she- camel and Majaheem breed with follicular and luteal cyst (P<0.05), Majaheem breed with hemorrhagic cyst (P<0.01) and Majaheem and Waddah breeds with inactive ovary (P<0.05). Results exhibited a significant decrease in estrogen (P<0.001) and FSH levels (P<0.05) comparing to normal control group in the serum of Majaheem breed with follicular and luteal cysts and inactive ovary. It is recommended that more study be done on the blood-follicle barrier to comprehend how abnormality develops in ovarian she-dromedaries. Keywords: Female Dromedary Camels, Anti-Ovarian Antibodies, FSH, Estrogen, ELISA.

Abstract
This study investigates anticoccidial drug resistance, coccidiosis effects on growth performance, intestinal lesions, and immunity of broiler chickens against Newcastle and infectious bursal disease. Magnesium, iron, and phosphorus blood concentration changes associated with coccidiosis were also determined. Five equal treatments were randomly assigned to 375 (Ross 308) one-day-old broiler chicks. These chicks were raised for 29 days. Each treatment was divided into three replicates with 25 birds/replicate. On day 12, groups were challenged with coccidiosis. All groups showed clinical signs of coccidiosis. A partial resistance against diclazuril and limited efficacy against a combination of Nicarbazin and Narasin was found. A significant (P<0.05) difference in production performance was found between groups. Iron, magnesium, and phosphorus concentrations in the blood were higher in the 3rd week. The highest infectious bursal disease (IBD) antibody concentrations were noticed in the negative control group, and the highest Newcastle (ND) antibody titer was noticed in TN and T+ve groups. It was concluded that resistance has developed against anticoccidial drugs. Coccidiosis affects immunity and renders mortality. Keywords: Coccidia, Immunity, Drug resistance, Minerals, Performance parameters.

Abstract
This review focuses on the principles of diagnostic ultrasound in dromedary camel medicine. The first section of the review concentrates on scanning of the abdominal cavity of both sick and sound ones including sonography of the gastrointestinal tract and physical feedbacks followed by the implementation in different belly diseases. The second part of the review will focus on hepatic scanning of both sound and unhealthy camels including hepatic sonography in camels and natural results, evaluation of the liver echotexture, size and positioning and evaluation of the hepatic veins. It will be also followed by the application of ultrasound in some hepatic disorders in camels. The third section of this review will discuss renal imaging in sound and unhealthy camels including renal sonography and detected results. Parallel, it will be followed by application in different renal disorders. The last section of this article will emphasize thoracic imaging of both sound and unhealthy ones including procedures of pulmonary ultrasonography and findings in healthy camels and echocardiographic protocol and findings. Using sonography in detecting thoracic disorders such as myocardial degeneration, pneumonia, pulmonary abscessation, pulmonary emphysema, pleural effusion, pleurisy and pleuropneumonia will be followed.
Keywords: Animals, Animal health, Diagnostic imaging, Diseases, Pathophysiology.

Abstract
This study aims to use avocado seeds and banana peels processed into rations to replace the use of corn by utilizing agricultural waste so that it can also reduce feed costs. This research consists of 3 stages of experiments, namely, experiment 1: processing avocado seed flour and banana peel flour to improve its quality. Experiment 2: the results of stage 1 research were carried out direct biological tests to livestock to see digestibility, stage 3 research: application of avocado seed and banana peel-based rations to quail. The results showed that Avocado Seed Processing (ASP) through soaking with 30% Husk Ash Water Filtrate (HAWF) for 48 hours can reduce tannin content in seeds by 42.86%, but crude protein content decreased by 37.53% and increased nitrogen retention by 57.62%. Fermentation of Banana Peel (FBP) using EM4 at a dose of 15mL/100g and fermentation duration of 6 days can reduce 15.54% of crude fiber content and increase crude protein content by 31.12% and increase crude fiber digestibility by 380%. It was concluded that the ration that gave the best response on performance and egg quality was ration C (20% FBP) and F (5% ASP + 15% FBP) so that it could reduce the use of corn by 44%.
Keywords: Quail, Avocado Seed, Banana Peel.

Abstract
The camel festival beauty show is hold annually in Saudi Arabia where camels are examined from different countries worldwide. Owing to the huge awards given to the owners of the most beautiful camels in this contest, some camel owners therefore try to alter the look of their animals through different cosmetic methods of tampering. Current review is written to focus on the topic of cosmetics in dromedary camels. It will especially focus firstly on beauty standards in camels followed by tampering in camels and methods and materials used. It will also discuss the methods for detection of tampering, especially clinical detection by ultrasound and thermography. Only experienced people can detect tampering in camels. Because there are new ways to be discovered daily for tampering with camels, discovering these methods constitute a great challenge even for experienced practitioners in this field. The visual examination is one of the most important ways to detect tampering in camels, which is later confirmed by a clinical test such as ultrasound and thermal camera examination, or by laboratory tests such as estimating the level of hormones in the blood. In recent years, cosmetic medicine has rapidly grown in camels in Saudi Arabia. Finally, it can be said that the organizers of the camel beauty festivals must set strict controls in order to combat tampering with this creature, prevent its harm, and provide a full and equal opportunity for all competitors.
Keywords: Animals, Animal health, Diagnostic imaging, Infrared devices, Diagnosis.

Abstract
Subclinical infections are common in the poultry industry such as Clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis and Marek’s disease. This study aims to determine the prevalence of subclinical necrotic enteritis caused by C. perfringens and Marek’s disease. For C. Perfringens, 100 blood samples from 20 intensive poultry broiler farms were collected from June 2020 to September 2020 and analyzed. Upon examining intestinal samples, different degrees of intestinal lesions were noticed, which varied from normal to severe necrosis based on a 0 to 3 scoring system. The blood samples were investigated using an ELISA kit to detect the presence of antibodies against C. perfringens. Non-significant difference was noticed between the different farms and different lesion scores. The prevalence of C. perfringens in chickens in North Jordan flocks is 14.8%. A significant difference using the chi-square test (P=0.004) was noted between infected and non-infected farms. Certain farms showed limited cases (1-2 cases), while others showed higher infections. The prevalence of Marek’s disease was investigated in Amman’s municipality slaughterhouse and suspected broiler farms located in the Amman region by histopathology and ELISA. For the subclinical MD investigation, a total of 100 chickens from Amman’s municipality slaughterhouse were examined where blood samples were tested for antibody presence by ELISA kit together with histopathology, for the clinical MD investigation, 100 chickens from 10 broiler farms were examined by histopathology and ELISA. Blood samples collected from clinical and subclinical cases and tested by ELISA showed a 70% prevalence of Marek’s Disease. Of the tissues collected from the slaughterhouse, 30% of the liver samples (average age of 35 days) showed pathological changes. Microscopic examination of tissues showed pleomorphic cell proliferation in the spleen (23%) and liver (20%). It was concluded that clinical and subclinical forms of C. perfringens infections and Marek’s disease is prevalent in Jordan.
Keywords: Marek’s Disease, Clostridium Perfringens, Broilers, Subclinical, Ischaitic Nerve, ELISA.

Abstract
The differences in milk composition between different parts of the same mammary gland in camel milk have been a point of interest in previous studies. Therefore, the aim of this study is to demonstrate the differences in the distribution of carbohydrates, mucins and caseins between the cranial and caudal gland of the same lactating mammary gland quarter through testing the histochemical differences by Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS), Alcian Blue (AB), and immunohistochemical differences by ? and ?-casein. The examined mammary glands samples were collected from 6 healthy mature one-humped she-camels (Camelus dromedaries) on mid of lactation just after slaughtering. Sections were fixed in 10% neutral buffer formalin then subjected to the histochemical and immunohistochemical examination. The intensity of the PAS reaction differed throughout the mammary gland; the cranial gland alveolar secretion showed more intense magenta color when compared to the caudal gland. The same lactating mammary gland quarter showed darker blue alveolar secretion in cranial gland when stained with AB in comparison with the caudal one which showed significant faint colored secretion. The alveolar secretion of the cranial gland showed stronger reaction for ?- and ?-casein than the caudal gland alveolar secretion. The positive staining of ?-casein in cranial gland was localized on the alveolar secretion as well as in most of the cells surrounding the lumen of the alveoli. In contrast, week positive staining appeared in the lumen and was not observed in alveolar cells for ?- casein in cranial gland and for ? and ? -casein in caudal gland.
Keywords: She-Camel Mammary PAS, Alcian Blue, ?-casein, ?-casein.

Abstract
This study aimed to define the active phytochemical constituents of extracted oil and, commercially available one of Coriandrum and to investigate the anthelmintic impacts of its major components against the diverse stages of Haemonchus contortus. The compositional analysis of the extracted and commercial oil of Coriandrum was carried out via GC/MS. The chromatography revealed the poor quality of commercial oil available in local markets than the extracted ones because of trace content of major component, linalool. Detection of the anthelmintic effect of crude extracted coriander essential oil, and the pure components of geraniol, linalool, and eugenol, at six concentrations (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8mg/mL) were evaluated employing egg hatch assay against H. contortus eggs. The coriander and geraniol showed higher and reproducible inhibitory egg hatching activity even at the lowest concentrations (0.25 mg/ml) up to 86 and 100%, respectively. Both essential oils exhibited a marked inhibitory activity against adult and larval motility in a dose-dependent manner. The nematocidal effect of the coriander essential oil on treated adult worms was indicated by cuticular changes induced with concentration of 4mg/mL on the histological examination compared to the untreated worms. The safety results of the body and organ weights, oxidative stress and biochemical parameters confirmed that the administration of coriander and geraniol oils (50mg/kg) is a great extent biologically safe. Our findings showed that the coriander and geraniol have potential anthelmintic activity against H. contortus and can be taken for a long time with no side effects.
Keywords: Botanicals, Coriander Essential Oil, Phytochemicals, Haemonchus Contortus, Anthelmintic, Sheep.

Abstract
One-day-old chicks were separately allocated to two groups, indigenous and commercial strains of chickens. Each strain was divided into fifteen replicates of six chicks per replicate: a total of 90 chicks per strain. An experimental medication-free diet, primarily composed of corn-soybean meal, was given to the chicks. Blood samples were collected at 1, 3, and 5 weeks of age for hematological, serum biochemistry and morphometry assessment of blood cells of both breeds. Hematological analysis involved some parameters for red blood cells and different white blood cells. For serum chemistry, total protein, certain enzymes, electrolytes, urea, and glucose were assessed. It was noted that age and breed influenced hematological values in the two breeds. In contrast to Cobb 500, local breed had values in an increasing trend with age, specifically for RBCs, Hb, and PCV. As for WBC, both breeds had an increasing trend in heterophils count with age but not for monocytes or lymphocytes which tended to decrease. The two breeds did not differ much in serum biochemistry as they both showed a trend for increase in aspartate aminotransferase and CK level with age. Moreover, both age and breed had a significant effect on the length, width, and area of erythrocyte and thrombocyte. This study revealed a significant impact of age on all hematological parameters in both local Omani and Cobb 500 broiler chickens and could furnish markers suggesting the health status of these breeds.
Keywords: Chickens, Age, Blood, Cells, Morphology, Oman, Cobb 500.

Abstract
The current investigation was conducted to assess the potential impact of chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs) with the antimalarial mefloquine (Mef) and the anti-schistosomal praziquantel (PZQ) on some biochemical and immunological responses induced in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni by measuring AST, ALT, ALP enzymes, TP, and IL-10. One hundred and twelve mice were grouped into fourteen separated collections with eight mice in each group. G1 (uninfected controls) and G2 (positive untreated control). At the 7th day post infection (PI), the groups were divided into the following groups: G3 (Mef dosage 400mg/kg), G4 (500mg/kg of CS-NPs), G5 (400mg/kg Mef with 500mg/kg CS-NPs), G6 (500mg/kg PZQ with 200mg/kg Mef), and G7 (500mg/kg CS-NPs accompanied with 200mg/kg Mef and 500mg/kg PZQ). At the 21st day PI, the groups from G8-G12 were treated with the same previous doses respectively. At the 35th day PI, the groups were as follows: G13 (a PZQ dosage of 1000mg/kg), and G14 (1000mg/kg PZQ with 500mg/kg CS-NPs). All the animals were sacrificed on the 56th day PI. Treatment with Mef accompanied with PZQ and CS-NPs at 7- and 21-days PI markedly reduced AST and ALT more than the other treated groups in comparison to the untreated positive mice. Accompanying Mef, PZQ and CS-NPs showed a synergistic effect on immunological response in schistosomiasis treatment as expressed in elevated levels of IL-10 when compared with uninfected control group. This represents an aid in improving the usage of drugs against schistosomiasis.
Keywords: S. mansoni; Mefloquine; Praziquantel; Nanoparticle.

Abstract
Different new potential biologic agents have recently been studied to control knee joint osteoarthritis (KOA). Hence, animal models are one of the most important foundations studies to assess early safety and efficacy before human clinical trials. This study aimed to evaluate the radiographic progression of stifle joint osteoarthritis (OA) after lateral meniscectomy. A total of 14 skeletally matured sheep (Ovis aries) were subjected to total lateral meniscectomy and evaluated for radiographic cranio-caudal and mediolateral projections at the 6th and 12th week after surgery. Low grade OA was seen radiologically by osteophyte formation at the 6th week, followed by intra-articular mineralization and subchondral sclerosis at the 12th week after meniscectomy. There was statistically non-significant difference in the radiographic scores between 6th and 12th week after meniscectomy. In conclusion, total lateral meniscectomy in the ovine stifle joint could create low grade OA as early as 6 weeks, confirmed radiologically by osteophyte formation. Further studies are needed to evaluate the correlation between radiological and clinical findings.
Keywords: Stifle Joint, Ovis aries, Lateral Meniscectomy, Radiographic Score.

Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the effects of the probiotic consortium (Lactobacillus parabuchneri, Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus harbinensis, Schieferilactobacillus harbinensis and Lentilactobacillus parabuchner) isolated from fermented fish (budu) in Padang Pariaman Regency on the performance (weight gain, consumption of ration and ration conversion ratio) and carcass quality (carcass presented, crude fat, crude protein, cholesterol and cooking loss in meat) of broilers. Completely Randomized Design with 4 replications and 4 treatments was applied using 80 DOC (day-old-chicks). These chicks were divided into 16 cages, each cage having five chicks. The treatments in this study were: PO: control; P1: 0.5mL/L probiotic consortium in drinking water: P2: 1.0mL/L probiotic consortium in drinking water; P3: 1.5ml/L probiotic consortium in drinking water. The amount of probiotics of the consortium applied was 108 CFU/mL. The results revealed that broilers given probiotic consortium in drinking water exhibited significant differences (P<0.01) in their production performance and carcass quality compared to control. Based on these experiments, it was found that the use of 1.0ml/L (P2) of probiotic consortium in drinking water gave better results in terms of feed consumption (693.01g/head/week), body weight gain (409.21g/head/week), feed conversion ratio (1.69), carcass percentage (83.52%), meat fat (11.43%), meat proteins (25.69%), meat cholesterol (16.50mg/dL) and meat cooking loss (30.48%) than other treatments. In conclusion, the probiotic consortium (Lactobacillus parabuchneri, Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus harbinensis, Schieferilactobacillus harbinensis, and Lentilactobacillus parabuchneri) isolated from fermented fish (Budu), which contained 1x108 CFU/mL bacteria in the supplementation of 1.0mL/L in drinking water can improve the production performance and carcass quality of broiler chickens. Keywords: Broiler, Carcass, Meat Quality, Performance, Probiotic Consortium.

Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have the potential to be used as probiotics for broilers because they have the ability to release enzymes, one of those is cellulase enzyme. However, the lactic acid bacteria are still unknown; thus, they need to be found. This study aims to find cellulolytic LAB from soymilk waste as a probiotic candidate for broiler chickens. This research was conducted through several stages, those were isolation of LAB, LAB bacteria were then tested for their ability to produce cellulase enzyme. After that, the isolates were tested for their enzyme activity and the isolates obtained were then selected for their morphological characters. The results showed that the isolates found namely F4, F6, F9 and F11 were cellulolytic lactic acid bacteria. These four isolates are classified as gram-positive bacteria and are aerobic. The cellulase activities of isolates F4, F6, F9 and F11 were 17.69, 20.67, 14.72 and 13.13U/mL, respectively. Based on the characterization of the bacteria, isolates F4 and F6 were categorized as Lactobacillus sp.1, isolate F9 was marked as Lactobacillus sp.2 and isolate F11 was characterized as Lactobacillus sp.3.
Keywords: Isolation, Characterization, Cellulolytic, Lactic Acid Bacteria.

Abstract
Pyometra is a common disease of female cats (queens) characterized by endometrial hyperplasia with cystic dilation of endometrial glands and accumulation of the neutrophil-rich exudate in the uterine lumen. In this study, 20 queens with the age range of 10 to 108 months (average 26 months) and diagnosed with pyometra (open and closed) between January 2019 and January 2021 were divided into four groups A, B, C and D, with five queens in each group. A first dose of Alizin® was given at 10mg/kg (S/C) to animals of groups A, B and C. In group A, the second dose of Alizin® was given 24hrs later while monitoring for vaginal discharge. In group B, upon notice of vaginal discharge at 24hrs, a dose of PGF2? was given at 1.0mcg/kg BW (S/C) which eventually stopped the discharge. In group C, upon notice of vaginal discharge at 24hrs, a dose of Cytotec® was given intravaginally as 100mcg/cat. Group D was subjected to ovariohysterectomy and no complication was noted for 7 days post operation; on the 14th day, sutures were removed, and the surgical site healed completely. Vaginal discharge was noticed post Alizin® administration in groups A, B and C. Responses in three groups were observed 24 and 48hrs post treatment. In groups B and C, there was evidence of higher evacuated uterine pus compared to group A. Group C was better with no evidence of rapid respiration compared to groups B and A. There was evidence of general health response with the maximum resumption of feeding in groups B and C. In conclusion, the current study elucidated a different dimension for treating pyometra with an advantage of recovery and complete healing coupled with the response of maximum feeding for groups treated with Alizin in combination with PGF2? or Misoprostol.
Keywords: Pyometra, Aglepristone, PGF2?, Cytotec, Ovariohysterectomy.

Abstract
Red Sokoto goats are well known for their susceptibility to mastitis, but the economic role they play in the provision of regular income and outstanding high-quality hide and skin make it very important to care for their healthy well-being to ensure continuous production. Gangrenous mastitis is the form where the udder undergoes necrosis as a result of the effects of the toxin produced by the virulent microorganisms causing the condition and death can ensue from resulting toxemia. Total or unilateral mastectomy is the best management of gangrenous mastitis, especially where the teats are also affected. We present here a report of a conservative approach to management of a craniolateral focal gangrenous mastitis in a 1½-year old lactating doe by debulking of the gangrenous tissue, debriding, antibiosis and management as an open wound. The outcome was good and resulted in a spared teat with possibility of lactation in subsequent kidding.
Keywords: Conservative management, Gangrenous mastitis, Goat, Mastectomy.

Abstract
This experiment was aimed to document the effect of dystocia in female camels on acid-base elements and blood gas parameters alongside the hemato-biochemical profiles compared to those with eutocia. Eighteen dystotic female dromedary camels were examined. Animals were received within 24, 48, 72, and >72h of birth. Signs included depression, anorexia, distress, colic, straining, and exhaustion. Ten eutocic females were used as controls. Compared to a mean value of 7.37±0.01in the control group, the blood pH in dystotic females was 7.32±0.13. The PO2 was lower in dystotic females than in controls (61±58mmHg/L versus 183±15mmHg/L). The BE was also lower in dystotic females than controls (-8.8±6.0mmol/L versus -3.7±1.2mmol/L). The HCO3 was lower in dystotic females than the controls (18±5mmol/L versus 21.4±1.5 mmol/L). The TCO2 was also lower in dystotic females than in controls (19±5.0mmol/L versus 22.6±1.7mmol/L). The SO2 decreased significantly in dystotic females than in controls. The PCO2 and lactate concentrations did not change in a significant manner between the 2 groups. It is concluded that female camels with dystocia have metabolic acidosis compared to those with normal parturition. Changes in blood gases were remarkable that included significant decreases in PO2, TCO2, and SO2 values when compared to eutocic camels.
Keywords: Animals; Biomarkers; Blood; Pathophysiology; Ruminant.

Abstract
Mycoplasma is a member of the Mollicutes group and is the smallest bacteria, which leads to mastitis, arthritis, pneumonia, and reproductive disorders in animals. The major etiological agent behind the scenes is Mycoplasma bovis, which is more prevalent and results in major losses but is the least noticeable due to its subclinical infection. The main source of Mycoplasma transmission is contaminated milking or the introduction of sub-clinically infected animals in the herd. Mycoplasma is found all over the world and is also reported from Pakistan. Mycoplasma is one of the mega problems due to its resistance to antibiotics so once the animal gets infection it is very difficult to get rid of it. It can be easily diagnosed by observing the clinical signs or by culturing the bacteria (fastidious or time-consuming). In this study, we collected 384 milk samples and performed Surf Field Mastitis Test (SFMT) to check the presence of mastitis. All these samples were further evaluated for Mycoplasma bovis by ELISA (ID Screen® Mycoplasma bovis Indirect). Along with this, we targeted the uvrC gene of the Mycoplasma bovis through PCR and LAMP for the rapid diagnosis of Mycoplasma. It was observed that 45.57% of animals were positive for mastitis through SFMT and 20.83% prevalence was recorded through ELISA. Only three samples were confirmed for Mycoplasma from all the ELISA-positive animals by LAMP assay. None of the samples was positive for PCR. IL-6 levels were significantly higher in the SFMT and ELISA-positive animals as compared to the healthy ones.
Keywords: Mycoplasma, Mastitis, IL-6, Marker, LAMP, Cattle.

Abstract
This study aims to obtain the chemical composition, RDP-RUP content, and digestibility of tropical legumes from two different regions using the in-vitro method. The legumes used included: A. hypogea, A. pintoi, C. calothyrsus, C. mucunoides, G. sepium, I. zollingeriana, L. leucocephala, M. oleifera and S. grandiflora. The chemical composition of feed ingredients was determined using proximate and van soest analysis. Dry Matter Digestibility (DMD) and Organic Matter Digestibility (OMD) were measured using the in vitro Tiley and Terry method. The research design used was a randomized block design with areas (Luak and dramaga) as treatment then repeated three times. Research data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with SPSS software version 25. The results obtained from this study were not significant differences (P>0.05) between treatments for each parameter observed. I. zoliingeriana was the legume with the highest CP (30.40%) content among all the legumes observed. DMD ranged from 58.03% (A. pintoi) – 72.68% (I. zollingeriana). The highest RDP content was found in I. zollingeiana (71.28%). The highest RUP content was found in C. mucunoides (46.94%). The conclusion from this study is that tropical legumes of the same type but grown in areas with different environmental conditions tend to have almost the same quality. The database of feed nutrient content is very useful in formulating livestock rations. A good ration formulation is based on the ratio of RDP and RUP so that the needs of rumen microbes and host livestock are met. This research is highly useful to help formulate ruminant livestock rations based on the ratio of RDP and RUP, due to limited information from previous studies.
Keywords: Tropical legumes, RDP, RUP, nutrients, digestibility

Abstract
An accurate sexing process is crucial for preserving the purity of Pesisir cattle bulls and enhancing their productivity to meet the increasing beef demand in Indonesia. Therefore, this study aims to verify the separation of spermatozoa carrying X and Y chromosomes molecularly, using the Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) column. The spin-column method was employed to isolate the separated X and Y spermatozoa. Amplification through PCR was performed using two sets of primers targeting the Sex-determining Region Y (SRY) gene, located on the Y chromosome, and the Ausal Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene on the X chromosome. The assessment of spermatozoa quality in coastal cattle bulls showed an average fresh semen volume, and sperm concentration to be 3±0.7mL, and 1.58±1.05×106/mL, respectively. While the other parameters of assessment of spermatozoa quality including average motility, spermatozoa survival, sperm abnormalities, and mean progressive motility (MPU) were to be 80±10, 85.83±7.59, 6.36±3.50, and 79.81±5.97%, respectively. The quality evaluation after sexing included the average motility of spermatozoa with X at 56.66±11.54 and Y at 66.66±11.54%, as well as their average intact plasma membrane (IPM) being 55.58±1.01 and 59.35±7.78%, respectively. The quality of spermatozoa decreased by 20-30% after sexing. The results of spermatozoa separation with the 5% BSA column confirmed one GAPDH band (415bp), indicating the content to be X. In contrast, the 10% BSA column and the non-sexed spermatozoa exhibited two bands, SRY (318bp) and GAPDH (415bp), indicating a higher proportion of Y in the 10% BSA column. These demonstrated molecular verification of sexed spermatozoa using the 5 and 10% BSA column, enabling the separation of those carrying X and Y chromosomes in Pesisir bulls through the duplex PCR method.
Keywords: Spermatozoa Sexing, Molecular Verification, BSA Column, Pesisir Cattle, Spermatozoa Separation

Abstract
Control fish catches in the reservoirs of the Ural-Kushum water-irrigation system and the Derkul, Ankaty, Shiderta, Buldyrty, Utva, and Rubezhka rivers allowed the establishment of the extensiveness and intensity of infestation by the main helminth species among fish and the studied reservoirs. Ligulosis pathogens had the highest prevalence in the territory of West Kazakhstan region, found in 5 of 9 surveyed reservoirs, and postodiplostomosis in 4 of 9. Diseases were registered predominantly among carp family fish, and the extensiveness of infestation was 4.1 and 3.2%, respectively, of the total number of fish. The main species in which helminths have been detected are redfin, roach, and goose. Among anthropozoonotic diseases, in which fish are intermediate hosts, individuals with opistorchosis metacercariae were found in Derkul and Rubezhka rivers. The extensiveness of infestation was 16% of the carp population, which was significantly lower than the results of earlier studies. Of the other diseases dangerous to humans, no anisacid larvae were detected, which also did not agree with literature sources. Parallel to the parasitological examinations of fish, an examination of caught crayfish was carried out to determine the number of diseased crayfish. The survey revealed that about 20% of the river crayfish caught in the reservoirs had signs of rust-stain disease.
Keywords: Control catch, Opisthorchiasis, Postodiplostomosis, Ligulosis, Anazakidosis, Metacercariasis, Rust-staining crayfish disease.

Abstract
This study was conducted to understand the effects of substrate composition and length of fermentation for improving the content and quality of soybean milk waste as poultry feed. The materials used in this study were soybean milk waste (SMW), rice bran, Indigofera leaf flour (ILF), and Bacillus subtilis. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used with a factorial pattern (3 x 3) and 3 replications. Factor A was the composition of the substrate, (A1) 100% SMW, (A2) 80% SMW + 20% rice bran, and (C) 80% SMW + 20% ILF. Factor B was the length of fermentation that consisted of (B1) 2 days, (B2) 4 days, (B3), and 6 days. Parameters measured were phytase activity (PA), crude protein (CP), nitrogen retention (NR), crude fiber (CF), crude fiber digestibility (CFD), and metabolic energy (ME) of SMW fermented with B. Subtilis. There was an interaction (P<0.05) between substrate composition and fermentation time of SMW fermented with Bacillus subtilis on phytase enzyme activity, crude protein, and nitrogen retention. Substrate composition of 80% SMW + 20% ILF and 6 days of fermentation time was the best result which was able to increase phytase enzyme activity (6.71U/mL), crude protein content (41.82%), and nitrogen retention (61.41%) of fermented soybean milk waste. There was an alleviate in crude fiber content (10.49%), an increase in crude fiber digestibility (57.29%), and metabolic energy (2199.80kcal/kg) of SMW fermented with B subtilis. Keywords: Substrate composition, Fermentation time, Soybean milk waste, Bacillus subtilis, Phytase.

Abstract
Nutrient metabolism in the liver is greatly influenced by essential metal contents such as iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn), which serve as enzyme cofactors. The liver of cattle and goats is beneficial for the metabolism of consumers’ bodies since they are widely consumed by the public. Therefore, this research aims to compare essential metal contents such as Fe, Mg, Ca, Zn, Cu, and Mn in the liver of cattle and goats. A total of 30 liver samples were obtained from slaughterhouses in Denpasar City, Bali Province of Indonesia. All cattle liver samples were collected from Bali cattle, while that of goats were a mixture of several breeds. Liver tissue was extracted, and the essential metals were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The average essential metal contents in cattle were Fe=79.18±53.96ppm, Mg=86.29±68.05ppm, Ca=80.45±77.87ppm, Zn=53.64±4.92ppm, Cu=24.13±16.87ppm, and Mn=1.29±0.48ppm. Meanwhile, the average results in goats were Fe=57.1718±18.32ppm, Mg=33.81±2.49ppm, Ca=33.77±2.21ppm, and Mn=2.22±0.49ppm. Zn and Cu were not detected in any of the 30 goat liver samples examined. It was discovered that Fe, Mg, Ca, Zn, and Cu in cattle liver are higher than in goat liver, except for Mn. Therefore, it can be concluded that the quality of Bali cattle liver is higher than that of the goat in terms of Fe, Mg, Ca, Zn, and Cu, while the quality of goat liver is better in terms of Mn content.
Keywords: Liver, Essential metals, Cattle, Goat.

Abstract
Tropical theileriosis, which is caused by Theileria annulata, is considered as a serious illness that impairs animal fertility and production in the world’s tropical and subtropical regions. This study investigates bovine tropical theileriosis in Blue Nile State, Sudan. A total of 472 blood samples were collected from six localities namely Al Damazine, Geissan, Alrosires, Altadamon, Baw, and Wadalmahi from Kenana and Umbararo cattle breeds of different age groups: calves under two years old, heifers and steers between two and four years old, and cows and bulls above four years old. Out of 472 peripheral blood smears, 20 (4.2%, 95% CI: 2.6-6.5%) were Theileria piroplasm’s positive with the highest prevalence in Al Damazine and the lowest prevalence in Altadamon. The prevalence reported by PCR was 8.2% (4/49 blood spots, 95% CI: 2.3-19.6%), where heifers and steers showed a higher prevalence rate compared with other age categories. Microscopic analysis and PCR revealed that Kenana cattle had a high prevalence when compared to Umbararo animals. T. annulata seroprevalence was 42.8% (202/472, 95% CI: 38.3-47.4%) by immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT). Alrosires had the highest seroprevalence, and Baw had the lowest. Heifers and steers had a significantly high association with the T. annulata seroprevalence compared to other age groups. The odds ratio of T. annulata seropositive in Kenana cattle was 1.6 times more likely than Umbararo cattle. In Blue Nile State, where the management program needs to be strengthened, T. annulata is rapidly expanding and poses a threat to the health of cattle.
Keywords: Tropical theileriosis; Risk factors; Cattle; Immunofluorescence antibody test; Theileria annulata; Sudan.

Abstract
One of the significant hurdles in the 21st century is the contamination of dairy products with pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms that convey antimicrobial-resistant genes (AMR). Therefore, this study examined the dominance of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli in 60 samples of white soft cheese and Baladi yoghurt (30 of each). Phenotypic resistance to ten antimicrobials was assessed with molecular characterization of mecA and blaIMP genes in S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, respectively. Additionally, slt1, slt2, and eaeA virulence genes were ascertained in the identified E. coli isolates. S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli were present in 19, 15%; 51, 40%; and 1, 3% of the isolated strains in white soft cheese and Baladi yoghurt, respectively. S. aureus (n=34) isolated strains were insensitive phenotypically to methicillin, yet only 77% carried the mecA gene. While the identified P. aeruginosa strains were unsusceptible to the studied antibiotics except for meropenem, and the blaIMP gene was found in the molecularly identified strains. The molecularly identified E. coli (n=3) were sensitive to imipenem and meropenem. Additionally, Slt1 and Slt2 virulence genes were present in all E. coli isolates, whereas 66% of them possessed the eaeA gene. The application of systems of food safety and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) is essential to ensure the safety and quality of commercial dairy products.
Keywords: Antimicrobial resistance, Methicillin, Virulence genes, S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Dairy products.

Abstract
The physiological status of the reproductive life of females is controlled ?by ?several ?hormones which are affected by numerous factors that can be classified into ?intrinsic ?and ?extrinsic ones. ? This study aimed to detect the level of estrogen hormone, the impact of ?parity ? number and kind and sex of lambs on its level in three physiological ?statuses ??(third trimester of pregnancy, parturition, ?and postpartum period), which was ?achieved by ?estimation of plasma estrogen level of 24 pregnant ewes through ELISA technique. A significant difference between primiparous (50.60) and multiparous (???64.78) ewes ?on ?the ?level ?of estrogen hormone on week 18 of gestation was observed. Estrogen levels ?on the day of parturition were 51.48 and 70.50 ?for the primiparous and multiparous groups, respectively. Furthermore, the sex ?of lambs also varied ?significantly between the two parity groups under study. Additionally, the ?type of birth ??(single or twins) had a significant ?effect on the level of estrogen in ?multiparous ewes only. It was concluded that parity number has a significant effect on the level of ?estrogen at the end ?of ?the ?gestation period and during parturition. The sex of lambs in ?both parity groups ?affected ?the level of estrogen significantly. Nevertheless, the type of birth significantly affected the level of estrogen in ?multiparous ewes.
Keywords: Estrogen, Parity, Pregnancy, Parturition, Postpartum.

Abstract
Current diagnostic methods for clinical and subclinical mastitis typically involve a bacterial culture phase, which can be time-consuming and requires specialized laboratory facilities. To overcome these limitations, our study optimized a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the detection of pathogens causing mastitis, including Escherichia coli (E. coli), Salmonella species, and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), in milk samples collected from ruminants. Detection of S. aureus, Strep. agalactiae, and E. coli in milk samples by multiplex PCR was 97(22.6%), 54(12. 6%), and 69(16.1%), respectively. Results showed that the LAMP reaction was completed within 30min at 65°C. The positive reaction showed a green color, and the negative reaction remained unchanged under UV light. The sensitivity of multiplex PCR assay showed a high sensitivity for most pathogens, ranging from 86.9 to 98.1%, nearly similar to the LAMP assay, which ranged from 89.7 to 97.03%. The specificity of multiplex PCR and LAMP assays ranged from 92.7 to 98.7%. In conclusion, the LAMP assay is a promising method for fast on-site assays that are simple, high sensitivity, high specificity, and rapid for detecting mastitis-causing bacteria.
Keywords: Loop-mediated isothermal amplification, Mastitis, E. coli, Salmonella Species, Staphylococcus aureus, PCR.

Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate how Zn, Se, and Vit E treatment affected the oxidant-antioxidant status of serum and seminal plasma from infertile male dromedary camels. Catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in serum and seminal plasma were all measured before and after treatment. The treatment increased CAT and TAC expression while decreasing MDA activity in serum and seminal plasma. In conclusion, Zn, Se, and Vit E treatments improve the antioxidant status of infertile camel serum and seminal plasma, implying that trace element supplementation may be effective in treating camel infertility. This program may benefit male dromedaries suffering from idiopathic infertility.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Male camels; Infertility; Trace elements; Vitamin E.

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the most suitable breeding seasons for Awassi ewes in the central region of Saudi Arabia. To achieve this, two experiments were conducted. The first experiment measured and counted luteal and follicular structures in the different breeding seasons of the year. The second experiment focused on collecting reproduction data such as lambing, twining, and lamb mortality rates. The data obtained was then analyzed. The results revealed that the number of corpora lutea was greater in autumn and summer than in winter and spring (P<0.05). Ewes had more small, medium, and large follicles in summer than in other seasons (P<0.05). Lambing rates were significantly higher in summer and autumn-mated ewes than in winter and spring-mated ewes (P<0.05). Twining rates in autumn-mated ewes were greater than in other seasons (P<0.05). Lambing rates were higher on farms that used one breeding season per year than on farms that used two breeding seasons per year (P<0.05). Lamb mortality rates did not differ between seasons. In conclusion, summer and autumn provide the optimal environmental conditions for successful mating for Awassi ewes in the Saudi Arabian central region. With this knowledge, farmers in the region can plan and ensure maximum productivity. Keywords: Season; Ovarian activity; Reproductive performance; Awassi sheep; Subtopics

Abstract
This case report describes the remission of the fibrovascular corneal lesions in both eyes after bilateral superficial keratectomy combined with medical treatment in a German Shepherd dog. A completely blind German Shepherd dog diagnosed with chronic superficial keratitis (CSK, pannus) underwent bilateral superficial keratectomy along with subconjunctival administration of 0.1 mL of bevacizumab and mitomycin C, which where topically applied over the degenerated area of the cornea. Following the surgical procedure, cyclosporine topical ointment was given daily as life-long therapy. Notable improvements in behavior and physical activity were evident in the patient three to four weeks after the treatment. During a follow-up period over 24 months, complete remission of the fibrovascular corneal lesions was observed in both eyes, with minor seasonal conjunctival hyperemia successfully managed by administering dexamethasone and mitomycin C eye drops. This is the first report of using this specific combination of drugs during and after keratectomy in the dog, resulting in remission of CSK with no reported side effects. Superficial keratectomy, along with the administration of bevacizumab via subconjunctival injection, may present a novel approach for addressing superficial corneal neovascularization in dogs.
Keywords: Chronic Superficial Keratitis, Pannus, Mitomycin C, Bevacizumab, Keratectomy, German Shepherd.

Abstract
Cattle pasteurellosis is a dangerous infectious disease that leads to the death of farm animals just within a few days. This disease also spreads to many other wild animals, birds, and humans. Therefore, it is extremely important to understand the main manifestations of this disease and take timely measures to eliminate it. The study aimed to determine the strategy of veterinary and sanitary measures in the Republic of Kazakhstan for the prevention of pasteurellosis infection, based on the determination of zones by cattle pasteurellosis spread and the compilation of visualization maps using the results of the 2013-2021 monitoring. A clinical examination of cattle was carried out in the context of epizootological units within Kazakh economic entities and biomaterial for laboratory tests for pasteurellosis was selected. Pasteurella multocida isolates and strains were used in the experiments, and their cultural and morphological properties were studied. The obtained data from studies of the properties of isolated cultures in comparison with the characteristics of the reference strains gave grounds to attribute them to the Pasteurella genus. Based on the conducted study, epizootic visualization maps for cattle pasteurellosis for 2021 were developed.
Keywords: Pasteurellosis, Epizootic situation, Distribution, Isolate, Pasteurella multocida, Visualization map.

Abstract
Tetanus is a rare cat disease that usually has predominantly localized clinical signs. This case report describes a 10-year-old female DSH cat that presented to the Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Kamphaeng Saen campus. Cat has an ulcerative tumor in the mammary glands and persistent involuntary muscle rigidity in the pelvic limbs, which later progressed to the thoracic limbs. This cat was diagnosed with tetanus based on the clinical history, presence of a wound, and clinical signs. The treatment was symptomatic (antitoxin, metronidazole, diazepam, etc.) and supportive, resulting in rigidity improvement within one month.
Keywords: Cat, Localized, Tetanus, Therapeutic.

Abstract
Increased emissions of methane gas (CH4) have an effect on global warming and are predicted to continue to increase in line with increasing livestock productivity. This research aimed to obtain the optimum level of using feed additive essential oil (EO) and to know the effect of EO to increase feed efficiency so as to reduce methane gas emissions. The addition of EO to cattle rations was tested experimentally in vitro. This research used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with five treatments and three replications. The treatments were 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200µL citronella oil/200mL of buffered rumen fluid. The variables observed were methane gas production, protozoa population, microbial protein synthesis, rumen fluid characteristics (pH, NH3, VFA), digestibility of dry matter (DMD), organic matter (OMD), crude protein (CPD) and fiber fractions (Neutral Detergent Fiber, Acid Detergent Fiber, cellulose, and hemicellulose). The results showed that supplementation of citronella oil in rations in vitro had no significant differences (P>0.05) in ruminal pH, significant differences (P<0.05) on VFA, NH3, NDF, ADF, cellulose, hemicellulose, had a highly significant difference (P<0.01) on methane production, protozoa population, DMD, OMD, CPD. Based on the results of the study it was concluded that the addition of essential oil, 50 µL citronella/200 mL buffered rumen fluid (P2), can be used as a rumen modification to reduce methane production and protozoa populations and to increase digestibility in vitro. Keywords: Methane, Essential oil, Citronella, Rumen fermentation, In vitro.

Abstract
The goal of this study was to detect Fusobacterium spp. in apparently healthy dromedary camels using qPCR and Microseq 500 sequencing. Six pregnant dromedary camels were swabbed for vaginal, rectal, nasal, and ocular discharges. Genomic DNA was extracted. qPCR followed by microseq 500 was used for the detection of Fusobacterium spp. The purity of the extracted DNA from various swabs ranged from 1.5 to 2.1. Detection of Fusobacteria using qPCR indicated their presence in 91.7% of the collected swabs. Fusobacterium spp. was found in all vaginal, ocular, and fecal swabs, but in 66.7% of nasal swabs. The Fusobacterium gene was abundant in vaginal swabs. The isolate was identified by 16S rRNA sequence as Fusobacterum gastrosuis CAMSA16 OQ824900. In conclusion, this study sheds light on some naturally occurring microbes in camels that, under specific circumstances, can cause serious diseases. F. gastrosuis may have zoonotic potential.
Keywords: Female camels, Fusobacterium, qPCR, Microseq 500.

Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) causes the death and premature culling of animals, resulting in great economic losses in animal husbandry practice. The primary methods for preventing its spread are the vaccination of susceptible livestock and timely and accurate diagnoses. Considering the high risk of LSD virus (LSDV) spread in Kazakhstan, the development of a sensitive and specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) would be crucial in ensuring the veterinary safety of the country. Thus, in this study, we developed an indirect ELISA based on the P32 antigen of LSDV for the serological diagnosis of cattle and evaluated its effectiveness. In this indirect ELISA, recombinant P32 (rP32) protein was used, which was produced using the DNA of an LSDV isolated from Kazakhstan. The protein was purified using metal affinity chromatography and examined using a mass spectrometer. The optimal concentrations of rP32 for immobilization on the plate were observed to be 0.6 and 0.3µg/mL. The serum dilutions with the lowest background values were 1:400 and 1:200. As a blocking buffer, 3% skimmed milk in phosphate-buffered saline-Tween (pH 7.4) was used. Secondary antibodies were used at a dilution of 1:20,000. In studies using an in-house P32/ELISA, 71% of bovine serum samples that were collected 28d after vaccination tested positive. Overall, the indirect ELISA showed high potential for epizootological monitoring and mass screening of animals vaccinated with a domestic vaccine. However, to obtain more reliable results, continuing this study using a larger number of serum samples from vaccinated cows is necessary.
Keywords: Lumpy Skin Disease, Recombinant Antigen, Indirect ELISA, Antibodies, Vaccination.

Abstract
Small ruminant infections with Eimeria spp. cause acute or chronic intestinal problems and significant global economic losses. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of Eimeria spp. infection in goats in Prafi district, Manokwari regency, West Papua province, Indonesia. Fecal samples (n=207) were obtained from 17 farms in Prafi district and evaluated for the existence of oocysts by the Whitlock technique. The overall prevalence of coccidiosis was 90.34% (187/207) and was significantly influenced by the age of the goats with a higher prevalence in young animals under 12 months than in adult animals (>12 months). Five Eimeria spp. were identified such as Eimeria hirci, E. parva, E. christenseni, E. arloingi, and E. alijevi. The univariate analysis result of risk factors indicated that age, rearing system, type of pen, light intensity, and period of cleaning pen were associated with Eimeria spp. infection (P?0.05). The results of multivariate analysis had three variables associated with infection such as type of pen, light intensity, and rearing system with the highest (OR=45.11) in the type of pen variable. Additionally, to prevent infection, effective management and hygiene procedures must be used based on the risk factors. Understanding these epidemiological infections can help with developing preventative measures, which will lessen the financial impact that these protozoa have on the production of goats.
Keywords: Prevalence, Risk factors, Eimeria, Coccidiosis, Goat, Indonesia.

Abstract
Rats have been identified as carriers of various zoonotic parasites and pathogens that can pose a serious threat to human health. This research aimed to identify species of zoonotic parasites and their prevalence in wild rats in Jeddah province, Saudi Arabia. For this purpose, 405 wild rats were collected, including two species of rats: Rattus norvegicus (94%) and Rattus rattus (6%), from different regions of the city of Jeddah. Ectoparasites were picked, and the gastrointestinal tract, internal organs, and gut contents were examined. The internal parasites were recovered and examined by stereo and light microscope. An examination of the liver was carried out to determine the presence of parasite cysts. The flotation technique was used to examine the fecal samples. Also, stained blood samples were examined with an optical microscope with 100x magnification for blood parasites. The results revealed that the overall prevalence of parasite infestation was 51%, and it was higher in Rattus norvegicus (52.2%) than in Rattus rattus (37.5%). Eleven species of parasites were recovered: three ectoparasites (Xenopsylla cheopis, Ctenocephalides felis and Ornithonyssus bacoti) and seven endoparasites (Cysticercus fasciolaris, Hymenolepis nana, Hymenolepis diminuta, Syphacia muris, Syphacia obvelata, Ascaris lumbercoides, and Entamoeba histolytica cyst) and one parasite in the blood (Trypanosoma spp.) The dominant ectoparasite was Xenopsylla cheopis while that of endoparasite was Cysticercus fasciolaris.
Keywords: Rats, Zoonotic, Ectoparasites, Endoparasites, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Abstract
Aedes aegypti is considered a major dengue virus transmitter in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The present study was performed to investigate the prevalence of Ae. aegypti aquatic larvae in Jazan Governorate, KSA, as well as the influence of breeding water temperature and potential hydrogen (pH) on its abundance. Six locations in Jazan Governorate were surveyed monthly from January to December 2021. According to the data collected, the highest numbers of collected Ae. aegypti larvae (185 and 183) were recorded in January and December from Jizan city, and the lowest numbers of collected larvae (31 and 32) were recorded in May and April from Damad and Ahad Almsarehah cities, respectively. The period from March to June showed the lowest recorded prevalence all over the studied sites. Overall, Ae. aegypti larvae recorded the highest prevalence in Jizan city during all months of the study, as compared with other surveyed locations. On the other hand, the lowest water temperature recorded in Jizan City was 24.3±0.4°C in January month. The highest water temperature recorded in Abu Arish city (30.2±0.2°C) was in May, respectively. While in Sabya City, the water temperature varied from 25.3±0.4 to 30.3±0.6°C during the entire study period. Damad City recorded water temperatures at 25.3±0.5 and 29.5±0.3°C in January and July. In addition, the highest water temperature recorded in Ahad EL Masarihah city (31.8±0.1°C) was in July. Moreover, no major differences were found (P>0.05) in the recorded pH values among different months of the study for all surveyed locations. Generally, Ae. aegypti has a remarkable prevalence in Jazan Governorate, KSA, throughout all months of the year, and temperature is a reliable factor in its abundance.
Keywords: Aquatic Larvae, Aedes aegypti, Abundance, Prevalence, Dengue.