Abstract
This review was written to emphasize the clinical importance of the trace elements selenium (Se), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), iodine (I), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) in farm animals especially camels, cattle, sheep and goats. The deficiency of Se can have major economic effects by lowering fertility, causing placental retentions, and increasing the risk of metritis and mastitis. Se contributes to the development and function of cytotoxic T cells, natural killer cells and helper T cells in the immune system. The Cu is a co-factor in numerous enzymatic processes that include the synthesis of collagen, maturation of red blood cells, the production of energy, the formation of hormones, and the defense against oxidative damage. When excessive amounts are present, it can be extremely risky. The Co is required for the formation of vitamin B12 by rumen microorganisms; thus, Vitamin B12 insufficiency is the result of Co deficiency. Co deficiency results in anemia that is both normochromic and normocytic, as well as anorexia, loss of body condition, and wasting of muscles. Decreased weight gain, photosensitivity and lacrimation, scaly ears, wool discoloration, cardiovascular diseases, and cerebrocortical necrosis are all indications of Co deficiency. Iodine deficiency is a common cause of disorders ranging from goiter to metabolic and neurological disorders. These disorders may occur from the embryonic stage until adolescence. Iodine deficiency in ruminants causes goiter, particularly in young animals, and consequently lowers the chance that lambs and newborns will survive. Animals may develop an iodine shortage for two reasons: low iodine intake and goiterogenic substance consumption. Fe is essential for several catalytic events, oxidative metabolism, oxygen transport, and cell proliferation. It functions as a cofactor for several proteins and enzymes required for the metabolism of oxygen and energy as well as for many of other vital functions. Zn is regarded to be necessary for the functioning of many proteins, important enzymes, and transcription factors because they bind to Zn. Mn plays a crucial role in the production and activation of several enzymes. It is involved in the metabolism of glucose and lipids, and it accelerates the synthesis of proteins, vitamin C, and vitamin B. Ultimately, even if trace elements are only needed in little quantities, their lack can result in many diseases and disorders in livestock, leading to significant financial losses Therefore, balanced diets are required to prevent such affections in camels, cattle, sheep and goats.
Keywords: Animals, Diseases, Pathophysiology, Ruminant, Trace elements.

Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the impact of different inclusion levels of a fermented mixture of palm kernel cake (PKC) and cassava byproduct (CB), combined with turmeric in feed, on broiler carcass performance, including body weight, carcass percentage, abdominal fat percentage, meat fat content, and blood cholesterol levels. The research was designed using a Completely Randomized Design with a 4×2 factorial pattern, where the first factor was the level of fermented product usage in feed (0, 10, 20, and 30%), and the second factor was the inclusion of turmeric (without and with 2.5% turmeric of total feed). The results showed an interaction effect between the level of fermented product usage and the inclusion of turmeric on blood cholesterol levels, with the combination of 30% fermented product usage and turmeric resulting in the lowest cholesterol level (110.5mg/dL). The level of fermented product usage affected body weight, abdominal fat percentage, and blood cholesterol levels but did not affect carcass percentage or meat fat content. On the other hand, including turmeric in feed reduced blood cholesterol levels and tended to increase carcass percentage. Based on these findings, it is suggested that the dosage of turmeric be increased in the feed so that the combined effect of mixed fermentation products of PKC and CB with turmeric can significantly influence all investigated variables.
Keywords: Fermentation products, Palm kernel cake, Cassava byproduct, Turmeric, Broiler carcass.

Abstract
Black Soldier Fly larvae (BSFL) are larvae of the Hermetia illucens beetle, which can serve as a protein source in poultry feed; however, their impact on production and quality remains inconsistent. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the utilization of BSFL as a protein source for laying hens in terms of production performance and egg quality. Study selection followed the PRISMA protocol. This meta-analysis retrieved 44 studies from 17 articles, utilizing Hedges’d as the effect size metric. The results indicated that the production performance of laying hens fed diets containing BSFL did not differ significantly from control diets regarding egg weight, egg mass, hen day production, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and feed intake. However, significant differences (P<0.05) were observed in all egg quality parameters except for shell thickness and cholesterol content. The inclusion of BSFL in laying hen diets significantly increased (P<0.05) Haugh Unit (HU), egg yolk color score, and level of lauric, myristic, and palmitic acids. Sub-group analysis of larvae forms revealed that non-defatted BSFL exhibited the best FCR. Meta-regression analysis identified the optimal BSFL inclusion level for laying hens as 12%. Keywords: BSF larvae, Egg, Laying hen, Meta-analysis, Production performance.

Abstract
A 10-year-old male mixed breed dog was referred for evaluation with ascites, vomiting and progressive weight loss. Following a clinical and cardiological examination, an ultrasound was performed with findings consistent with a mass at the base of the heart. Computed tomography showed that the mass involved cranial aorta, aortic arch, pulmonary artery, cranial vena cava and atrial wall, as well. Multiple pulmonary nodules and lymph node involvement were confirmed. Pericardiectomy and incisional biopsy were performed via left lateral thoracotomy. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry revealed an ectopic follicular thyroid carcinoma. Primary thyroid carcinoma was ruled out. The patient remained stable for 300 days following combined oncology therapy, which included chemotherapy and tyrosine kinase inhibitors, with no significant hemodynamic changes or respiratory failure.
Keywords: Heart, Lung, Computed tomography, Toceranib, Immunohistochemistry.

Abstract
The mutations of the growth hormone (GH) gene significantly affect the fertility traits of various cows including service per period and calving interval. Identification of GH gene polymorphism is crucial to preserve the genetic resources of Jawa-Brebes cattle. Thus, we identified the single nucleotide and genetic polymorphisms in Jawa-Brebes cattle based on intron 3 to exon 5 of the GH gene. The amplified products (1,135 bp) of the GH gene from 24 heads of Indonesian cows (Jawa-Brebes, Bali, Madura, and Peranakan Ongole [PO]) were sequenced using the 1st BASE sequencing method. Clustal W and phylogenetic analyses to detect single nucleotide polymorphism and relationship to other breeds were used in the study. A total of 13 variable sites with 10 parsimony and 3 singleton sites were detected in the GH gene within Jawa-Brebes cattle, namely 3 sites in intron 3, 6 sites in intron 4, and 4 sites in exon 5. Three Indels were detected in Jawa-Brebes cattle at the 1,540th (g.1539_1540insT), 1,549th (g.1548_1549insG), and 1,895th (g.1894_1895insC) positions. The genetic distance was 0.000 to 0.013 within Jawa-Brebes cattle. Jawa-Brebes cattle were genetically close to Indonesian local cattle (Bali, Madura, and PO cattle). In addition, Jawa-Brebes cattle had a closer relationship with Bos indicus than Bos taurus. The sequences of intron 3, intron 4, and exon 5 of GH gene were polymorphic. The study provided initial bioinformatics of GH gene sequence that might be used to preserve Jawa-Brebes cattle and as reproduction traits marker-assisted selections in further investigation.Keywords: Growth Hormone, Indonesia, Native cattle, Polymorphism.

Abstract
This study aimed to determine the efficacy of the Aeromonas veronii bv veronii BmCL-03 vaccine to control the MAS disease of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). The research used an experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD), five treatments, and three replications. The treatments consisted of T1: intramuscular (i.m) injection; T2: intraperitoneal injection (i.p); T3: oral; T4: immersion; T5: without vaccination (control). Booster vaccination was carried out one week after using the same method, except for oral vaccination, which was given during the first ten days. In the third week, each fish was given 0.1mL of A. veronii bv veronii suspension at a 107 CFU/mL dose for all treatments as part of the challenge test. Antibody titer, survival rate (SR), relative percent survival (RPS), mean time to death (MTD), and growth rate are among the research factors. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan multiple range test (DMRT) at a test level of 5%. The results showed that the A. veronii bv veronii BmCL-03 vaccine was significantly different (P<0.05) and could increase antibody titer, SR, RPS, and weight gain of African catfish but was not significantly different (P>0.05) to fish length and MTD. Vaccination does not hurt the growth of African catfish. The vaccine of A. veronii bv veronii effectively protects African catfish, and the i.m injection treatment is the most effective. The A. veronii bv veronii vaccine has good prospects as a vaccine product that can improve the immune system and protect African catfish.
Keywords: Aeromonas veronii bv veronii, African catfish, Vaccine.

Abstract
This study examined the effects of Moringa oleifera Lam leaf extract, using ethanol solvent at different doses, supplemented with additional minerals and vitamins, on the development of ovarian follicles in female Mus musculus. Thirty-six five-week-old female Mus musculus having reproduction disorder were used in the current experiment. The experimental design was a completely randomized design, with four different levels of M. oleifera Lam leaf extract (T1=4mg/kg Live weight (LW), T2=8mg/kg LW, T3=12mg/kg LW, and T4 or control=0 mg) fed to the animals. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA in SPSS and the histopathological analysis was descriptively conducted. The results indicated that treatments T1, T2, and T3 ensured adequate feed and high daily weight gain in Mus musculus. Histopathological examination of the ovaries revealed that a 4mg/kg LW dose of M. oleifera Lam leaf extract was sufficient to promote ovarian development and normalize the reproductive cycle.
Keywords: GMoringa oleifera extract, Mus musculus, Reproductive disorders.

Abstract
This study investigates the motility and viability of Kokok Balenggek chicken (KBC) spermatozoa in various commercial physiological solutions, specifically Ringer’s Lactate (RL), Sodium Chloride 0.9% (NaCl 0.9%), and Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS), all stored at 4ºC. A total of 15 KBC specimens were utilized in this research. Semen collection occurred bi-weekly at 3-day intervals, followed by a comprehensive evaluation of spermatozoa quality, encompassing volume, pH, color, consistency, mass movement, motility, concentration, and viability. The results indicated that the average volume of KBC semen was 0.35±0.16 mL, characterized by a white color, thick consistency, and a pH of 7.09±0.21. Microscopic evaluation unveiled a spermatozoa mass movement score of 3.0±0.0 (+++), spermatozoa motility of 90±0.0%, live spermatozoa percentage of 95±1.71%, and a spermatozoa concentration ranging from 2419±0.74×106 cells/mL. Moreover, a significant difference (P<0.05) in the longevity of KBC spermatozoa was observed in RL solution compared to 0.9% NaCl solution and PBS. RL diluent exhibited superior performance (P<0.05) over 0.9% NaCl solution and PBS, with the longest motility and viability persisting up to 288 hours (0.71±1.82% and 0.84±2.22%). Conversely, the 0.9% NaCl solution displayed the shortest motility and viability, lasting 72 hours (1±2% and 2±4%), while the PBS solution maintained viability up to 120 hours (0.3±1.3% and 0.5±1.9%). In conclusion, storing KBC semen at 4ºC using RL diluent resulted in superior longevity, motility, and viability of spermatozoa compared to 0.9% NaCl solution and PBS. Keywords: KBC, Semen quality, Longevity, Motility, Viability.

Abstract
In this work, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the II and III exon parts of the interleukin-8 (IL-8) gene and the II exon part of IL-17 (SNP c.126G>A) were studied. The effects of IL-17A gene alleles on the reproductive ability of Holstein cows (n=164, Medeu Commerce LLP) were determined. This study revealed the absence of genetic polymorphisms at the IL-8 gene locus, where carriers of only homozygous AA genotypes for both SNPs were identified. Concerning the IL-17A gene locus (SNP c.126G>A), an excessive occurrence of the heterozygous AG genotype (+15,622 specimens) was observed. Cows successfully inseminated within 45–60 and 61–90 days after calving most often had the IL-17A gene locus with homozygous GG genotypes (50.0 and 25.0%). In this group of animals, 8.06 and 19.5% had the homozygous AA genotype, and 7.77 and 25.55% had the heterozygous AG genotype. On the basis of these results, the authors believe that the G allele positively correlates with high reproductive ability in Holstein cows. The IL-17A polymorphism (SNP c.126G>A) can be used as a DNA marker of reproductive function. In cows of the Holstein breed at Mezhdurechensk AGRO LLP (n=150) and in stud bulls of Holstein and black-and-white breeds at Asyl Tulik JSC (n=37), the prevalence of the fertility haplotype was 4.67% and 5.40%, respectively, and the complex vertebral malformation hereditary anomalies occurred in 7.33% and 8.10%, respectively. The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and real-time polymerase chain reaction methods confirmed the high diagnostic effectiveness during genetic screening. Thus, according to the existing international strategy for eliminating harmful mutations in breeding animals, examining 10–20% of livestock for carriers of genetic defects is recommended.
Keywords: Reproductive function of cows, Fertility haplotype HH6, Complex vertebral malformation, Real-time polymerase chain reaction, Genetic monitoring.

Abstract
Citronella waste (Cymbopogon nardus L. Rendle) is potentially used as a fiber source in livestock feed but contains a high lignin content. Processing through ammoniation and supplementation with probiotics and minerals is required to enhance digestibility in livestock feed. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mineral sulfur are essential probiotics and minerals for improving rumen microorganism balance and optimizing fiber-digesting microorganisms. This study aims to examine the effect of S. cerevisiae and mineral sulfur supplementation on an ammoniated Citronella waste (ACW) basal diet to optimize rumen bioprocesses, thereby enhancing intake, nutrient digestibility, milk production, and milk quality in Etawa crossbreed goats. The study employed experimental methods involving PE goats, grouped based on milk production into four groups, each receiving one of four treatments (P0, P1, P2, P3). Testing with ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) and the differences obtained from the analysis of variance for the treatments were followed by the DMRT (Duncan’s Multiple Range Test). The results indicate that supplementing S. cerevisiae and mineral sulfur supplementation on ACW had no significant effect on nutrient intake, yet it significantly improved nutrient digestibility. This combination also exhibited no significant impact on milk production and quality (protein, and lactose) but substantially affected milk fat content. In conclusion, using a combination of 0.5% S. cerevisiae and 0.3% mineral sulfur, along with including Citronella waste in the diet, can enhance the efficiency of nutrient utilization in crossbred Etawa goats.
Keywords: Etawa Crossbreed Goats; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Mineral Sulfur; Citronella waste; Nutrient digestibility; Rumen bioprocess

Abstract
The gradual increase of antibiotic resistance of E. coli has become alarming to public health; moreover, isolates have virulence genes affecting the severity of infections. Sequencing virulence genes and studying their phylogenic relations are effective for infection control. The current study aimed to determine the prevalence of E. coli isolates from horses suffering from respiratory manifestation and their antimicrobial resistance, virulence determinants, biofilm production, and phylogeny of these strains. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used to detect virulent genes such as eaeA, Iss, papC, astA, AdrA, iutA, Stx1, and Stx2. Furthermore, isolates were screened for antibiotic-resistance genes such as blaTEM and Sul1. All identified E. coli strains were positive for the following virulence genes: eaeA, Iss, papC, astA, iutA, and AdrA with 100% incidence. Shiga toxin genes (Stx1 and Stx2) were not revealed in all E. coli isolates examined. Furthermore, the examined bacterial isolates harbored the ?-lactamase resistance gene (blaTEM) and sulphonamide resistance gene (Sul1). PCR products were sequenced, and four sets of DNA sequences for E. coli isolates were produced and deposited in GenBank for ast, iss, eae, and papC gene. In the present study, virulent antibiotic-resistant strains of E. coli in equines threaten the public’s health. Phylogenic analysis of these genes exhibits an effective method for disease control.
Keywords: E. coli, Virulence, Antibiotic resistance, Equine, Egypt

Abstract
Most cases of mastitis are caused by bacteria that infect the udder through the milk ducts causing inflammation. The objective of this study was to identify the bacteria that cause mastitis in farms that apply different milking management. Mastitis testing using the California Mastitis Test (CMT) was conducted on 132 quarters of milk samples from 33 cows in three farms with different milking management practices. The 3 positive samples from each farm were taken and analyzed for metagenomics in the laboratory. The V1-V9 regions of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene were amplified using primers 27F and 1492R under specific polymerase chain reaction conditions for bacterial identification. DNA concentration was determined using both NanoDrop spectrophotometers and Qubit fluorometer. Library preparations were conducted using Kits from Oxford Nanopore Technology. Primary data were obtained using MinKNOW version 23.04.5. The results of metagenomic analysis of mastitis cow milk samples from farms with different milking management were dominated by bacteria from the Firmicutes and Proteobacteria phylum. Streptococcus agalactiae was the dominant bacteria causing mastitis in Kemiri farm and UPTD BPBPTDK, while Lactococcus lactis was the dominant bacteria causing mastitis in UPT farm. Kemiri farm had the highest diversity of bacteria in milk compared to the other two farms. The same 56 bacterial species were found on all three farms. Different milking management practices on the three farms showed different bacterial diversity and causes of mastitis.
Keywords: Lactococcus lactis, Mastitis, Milking management, Streptococcus agalactiae

Abstract
The study provides evidence of a high prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites in fecal samples from beef and dairy cattle in a central area of northeastern Thailand. This finding is particularly significant given the lack of previously reported data on potential zoonotic intestinal parasites in cattle from this region. In total, 78 and 79 fecal samples from beef cattle and dairy cattle were collected directly from fresh stool and then processed using fecal floatation and fecal sedimentation techniques to examine for intestinal protozoa and nemathelminths, respectively. In this study, 71.79% of fecal samples from beef cattle were infected with at least one parasite. In beef cattle, five groups of parasites were strongyles (51.28%), Strongyloides spp. (8.97%), Trichuris spp. (1.28%), Moniezia spp. (1.28%) and Eimeria spp. (8.97%). In dairy cattle, 84.81% (67/79) of samples showed positive with infection. Seven species of potentially zoonotic parasites are strongyles (64.56%), Strongyloides spp. (1.27%), Trichuris spp. (2.5%), Cappillaria spp. (2.5%), Toxocara spp. (5.06%), Eimeria spp. (10.13%) and Balantidium spp. (1.27%). This study provides crucial information needed to design effective strategies for the prevention and control of the parasitic zoonoses.
Keywords: Beef cattle, Dairy cattle, Intestinal parasites, Northeastern Thailand, Zoonoses

Abstract
As an integral and important part of the livestock industry, interest in dairy goat farming has been growing steadily in recent years. At the same time, the milk productivity of goats is largely determined by the balance and completeness of the diet. Our study aimed to determine the effect of adding chlorella suspension in combination with a probiotic to the diet of Saanen goats on the quality characteristics of the milk obtained during the milking process. The material base for the experimental study was the goat breeding farm of the Lukoz agricultural holding in the Sernursky district of the Republic of Mari El, where, according to the principle of analogs, dairy goats at the stage of the second lactation were divided into 3 groups of 20 heads each. The control group was kept on a normal diet. Goats belonging to the experimental groups received chlorella suspension daily with water at the rate of 40ml per animal. The second experimental group additionally received the probiotic Bacillus subtilis at 10g per animal. Every 10 days, milk productivity was analyzed through control milking, and blood and milk samples were taken for laboratory analysis. The study showed a significant increase in the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin levels in the blood of the experimental groups of animals. In addition, an increase in the concentration of glucose, total protein, albumin, and globulins in the blood serum was observed, which indicates the activation of metabolic processes, including carbohydrate metabolism. Adding chlorella suspension to animals’ diets benefits the functioning of the body’s immune system. The phagocytic activity of neutrophils in the body indicates the animal’s immune status. The use of chlorella suspension in goat diets helps not only strengthen the immune system but also increases the milk yield of animals. With these supplements, goats produce more milk, and also the total protein, casein, fat, and mineral content of the milk are increased. This is an important factor for dairy producers, as it improves the quality and value of the resulting product.
Keywords: Bacillus subtilis, Milk production, Diet, Supplements, Immune system, Alternatives

Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the effects of saponins derived from Chenopodium quinoa by-products on methane (CH4) production in a ruminal fermentation system under in vitro conditions. Additionally, the study included the analysis of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and true dry matter digestibility (TDMD). The saponin extracts obtained from three quinoa varieties were Altiplano (AS), Quillahuaman (QS), and Salcedo (SS), and were tested at six different doses (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0mg/mL) each. Rumen fluid was obtained from two fistulated Junín breed sheep, with alfalfa hay (AH) and a 1:1 mixture of maize and bran (MB) was used as basal substrates. The data were processed in a completely randomized design and replicated three times. The CH4 per dry matter (mL/g DM), after 24h of incubation significantly decreased, acetate molar concentration decreased (p<0.05) with AS (3.6%) and QS (6.4%), propionate values increased (P<0.05) to 14.4% (AS), 15.7% (QS), and 15.5% (SS), the acetate-to-propionate ratio decreased (P<0.05) across all saponins treatments compared to the control and irrespective the substrates. The CH4 to TDMD ratio decreased (P<0.05) with all saponins. Methane inhibition (mL CH4/100mgTDMD) was higher by up 25.7% in the presence of AS, followed by QS at 18.7% and SS at 14.6%. The results indicate that saponins extracted from quinoa possess significant potential as feed additives for ruminants. Their application could contribute to the reduction of methane production, which would be advantageous for both livestock efficiency and environmental sustainability.
Keywords: Extracts; Quinoa; CH4; Ruminal fermentation; Substrates

Abstract
Stem cell therapy is one of the most promising fields of biomedical research, as enthusiasm for its applications and effectiveness have been proven in different therapeutic approaches. Therefore, we aimed to appraise the therapeutic role of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AT-MSCs) in mitigating cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced infertility in a rat model. The study included three experimental groups: control, CTX, and stem cell treatment groups. Testes were collected for histopathological analysis and gene expression assessment of protamine, prohibitin, and StAR genes. The results showed that cyclophosphamide impaired spermatogenesis and caused testicular damage. However, the transplantation of AT-MSCs facilitated the restoration of the seminiferous epithelium and enhanced the regeneration of spermatogenesis. The expression of protamine, prohibitin, and StAR genes was upregulated in the AT-MSCs group compared to the CTX group. This study provides further evidence for the relationship between the expression of protamine and prohibitin genes and male infertility. In conclusion, AT-MSCs were able to recover the spermatogenesis process and regenerate the damaged testicular elements in cyclophosphamide-treated rats.
Keywords: Stem cells, Cyclophosphamide, Infertility, Spermatogenesis, Gene expression

Abstract
Veterinary forensics is essential for investigating animal abuse and inadequate welfare, which encompass both physical abuse such as blunt force, sharp force, or penetrating trauma in addition to psychological abuse, including confinement with incompatible or unfamiliar animals. The nature of abuse and welfare inadequacies varies by region. This study analyses data from veterinary clinics in the Thonburi district of Thailand from 2018 to 2023, involving a total of 1,910 animals. Of these, 65 dogs and 114 cats met the study criteria. The average ages of the affected dogs and cats were 3.79±3.26 years and 2.76±2.26 years, respectively. Significant correlations were found between animal abuse, inadequate welfare, and factors such as gender, husbandry system, and breed (P<0.05). Animal hoarding was identified as the most prevalent form of abuse, followed by poisoning cases. The findings underscore the need for improved strategies and practices in animal welfare management. Enhancing these measures is crucial to ensure more effective protection and care for animals.
Keywords: Animal, Cat, Cruelty, Dog, Welfare

Abstract
The low efficiency of brucellosis eradication efforts is primarily due to the low performance of conventional serological tests. This is because both traditional and modern tests use the whole cell of the pathogen or its lipopolysaccharides as an antigen, which can lead not only to false-positive results due to antibodies against related bacteria but also to a decrease in the sensitivity of the analysis. The world of veterinary sciences has been actively involved in the search for an immuno-reactive non-polysaccharide antigen specific for Brucella spp. that may hold the key to a promising diagnostic test. This study evaluated the serological potential of Brucella combined recombinant periplasmic proteins BP26 and superoxide dismutase (SOD) as antigens using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA (i-ELISA). The combined antigen was specific for Brucella spp., was not recognized by antisera against closely related bacteria, including Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 and did not bind to antibodies from negative bovine sera. Blood sera from brucellosis-positive cattle (n=1541), healthy cows (n=608) and brucellosis-free calves (n=46) were used. The efficacy of the combined antigen-based i-ELISA was evaluated by comparing its diagnostic performance with those of the rose Bengal plate test (RBPT), complement fixation test (CFT) and tube agglutination test (TAT). The i-ELISA/BP26+SOD demonstrated the following: sensitivity, 91.6%; specificity, 98.8%; accuracy, 93.6%; positive likelihood ratio, 76.3%; negative likelihood ratio, 0.08%; positive predictive value, 99.5%; and negative predictive value, 82.3%. The kappa coefficient between the serological tests was 0.85, indicating excellent agreement. i-ELISA/BP26 + SOD may be recommended as a supplementary test for brucellosis diagnosis.
Keywords: Cattle; Brucellosis; Diagnosis; Recombinant periplasmic proteins; Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Conventional serological tests

Abstract
This study aimed to determine the level of rice straw and concentrate feed composted from agricultural by-products to improve the productive performance of Bali and Madura cattle. Two experiments were conducted parallelly in the Indonesian Beef Cattle Research Station at Grati, East Java. In each experiment, 28 bulls were used (Bali bulls>18 months; 312±15kg; LW sem; Madura bulls>18 months; 213±8kg). The experimental design in each experiment was a randomized complete block design with four treatments and seven replicates. The feed provided was rice straw and the concentrate feed that was offered at 3.5% live weight on a DM basis. The treatments were A: 20% rice straw (RS) + 80% concentrate (Conc.), B: 40% RS+60% Conc., C: 60% RS+40% Conc., and D: 80% RS + 20% Conc. The total DM intakes were not different between treatments. The DM digestibility tended to be higher (52 and 73% for Bali and Madura bulls, each) in groups eating high levels of rice straw. The high LW gain (0.6kg and 0.53kg in Bali and Madura cattle, respectively) was in the groups that ate 60-80% of concentrate feed. Bali bulls performed highly when they ate around 7kg DM/d of concentrate feed and 3.5kg DM of rice straw. Madura bulls need around 5kg DM each for rice straw and concentrate feed to support rapid growth.
Keywords: Agricultural by-products, Bali, Bulls, Feed sources, Growth, Madura

Abstract
Yeast probiotics which adsorb molecules into the cell walls of microorganisms have the benefit of degrading and preventing the negative effects of mycotoxin toxicity, especially aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The research used five types of probiotic yeast (Pichia kudriavzevii strain B-5P, Pichia kudriavzevii strain CBS 5147, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC1), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC2), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC3) to degrade aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The qualitative selection used coumarin as a carbon source and using supernatants and non-viable cells and then tested their ability to degrade AFB1. The second selection was carried out quantitatively using HPLC to obtain the final result and find the best yeast probiotic for degrading AFB1 in vitro. The research results showed that five yeast probiotics could degrade AFB1 using coumarin as a carbon source. The next selection was to use supernatant and non-viable cells in degrading AFB1. The non-viable cells provide the highest degradation for P. kudriavzevii strain B-5P, P. kudriavzevii strain CBS 5147 and S. cerevisiae (SC1). Both supernatant and viable cells were almost the same in their ability to degrade AFB1 in S. cerevisiae (SC2), on the contrary, S. cerevisiae (SC3) had a higher ability in supernatant than viable cells. Gastrointestinal quantitative selection obtained that P. kudriavzevii CBS 5147 has the highest degradation of AFB1 was 69.35%. Meanwhile, P. kudriavzevii B-5P has the highest qualitative degradation of AFB1 (78.83%) and quantitative degraded AFB1 in the digestive tract including isolates treatments non-viable (81.69%), viable (89.26%), and supernatant (77.54%). Based on the research results, P. kudriavzevii B-5P is an attractive candidate to be selected for the biological detoxification (biodetoxification) of AFB1 in vitro.
Keywords: In-vitro; Mycotoxin; Pichia kudriavzevii; Qualitative; Quantitative; Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (I. multifiliis) is a harmful parasite with a negative impact on the health of freshwater fish. This research was operated to identify the chemical compound in the extracted oil Zingiber officinale Roscoe (RO) rhizomes using gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and also to determine the antiparasitic efficacy against I. multifiliis isolated from goldfish (Carassius auratus). The toxicity of ZO was investigated via a zebrafish (Danio rerio) model. The results from GC-MS revealed three main compounds in the oil extracted, namely E-citral, Zingiberene, and Z-citral, respectively. Antiparasitic efficacy against I. multifiliis theronts was detected in concentrations of 10, 30, and 50mg/L of ZO. Moreover, after one hour of exposure to treatment, 62.2 and 73.9% mortality was observed in I. multifiliis theronts at concentrations of 30 and 50mg/L of ZO, respectively. However, antiparasitic efficacy against I. multifiliis protomonts was not detected in all concentrations of ZO treatment. In the cases of 100 and 200mg/L of ZO, 100% mortality was found in zebrafish embryos after one hour of exposure. In addition, after treatment with concentrations of 12.5, 25 and 50mg/L, no coagulation was detected in the embryo, but observed abnormalities included heart oedema, no circulation and yolk abnormalities during the 96-hour test. The results of the present study indicate that the major active compounds in ZO have the potential to eliminate I. multifiliis theronts isolated from goldfish. However, further study should be undertaken to determine the appropriate dose of ZO for safe application.
Keywords: Antiparasitic; Zingiber officinale Roscoe; Essential oil; Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

Abstract
Efforts to increase the physiological productivity of livestock are one of the problems in responding to the increasing demand for livestock meat in Indonesia. A study was done to investigate the effects of adding coconut pulp to a supplemental diet on the productivity and physiological responses of female Kacang goats. A 2 x 3 factorial design was used in which the first factor was two levels of coconut pulp treatments (A1=non-fermented, A2=fermented), and the second factor was three levels of coconut pulp in the supplement (L0=0%, L1=10%, L2=20%). Five animals were used for each treatment. An analysis of variance showed that adding fermented or non-fermented coconut pulp at various levels did not affect weight gain significantly (P>0.05), dry matter intake, feed efficiency, physiological measures (body temperature, respiratory and pulse rates), or hematological parameters (white/red blood cell counts, hemoglobin, hematocrit). Additionally, no significant effects (P>0.05) were observed on slaughter weight, carcass metrics, or non-carcass components. However, the amount of coconut pulp significantly affected (P<0.05) certain parameters: white blood cell count, carcass weight, carcass percentage, and specific non-carcass weight measures, including internal, external, and edible components. Overall, coconut pulp inclusion in the supplemental diet, regardless of fermentation, did not notably influence most productivity and physiological measures, though the level of inclusion impacted specific non-carcass and blood parameters.
Keywords: Kacang Goat, Coconut Pulp, Feirmeintation, Productivity, Physiological Condition and Carcass.

Abstract
Enterotoxemia caused by Clostridium perfringens is an important disease in rabbits. Clostridium perfringens type A induces severe diarrhea, bloat, and high mortalities, especially among weaned rabbits. This study investigated the potency of inactivated vaccine formulations that protect rabbits against Clostridium perfringens type A by preparing two monovalent vaccines with different adjuvants (Montanide gel 01TM and aluminum hydroxide gel). Three groups of rabbits consisted of a control group that received 2mL phosphate buffer saline subcutaneously and two groups injected with 2mL of the prepared monovalent vaccines subcutaneously in 2 doses at three weeks intervals with two different adjuvants (Montanide gel and aluminum hydroxide gel). Antibody titers of the vaccinated rabbits were determined up to 11 months using ELISA and serum neutralization tests. The aluminum hydroxide gel vaccine was protected till 6 months with a protection rate of 80%, and the Montanide gel 01 TM vaccine was protected till 10 months with a protection rate of 90%. It is concluded that the Montanide gel adjuvant vaccine has a longer-lasting immunity than the aluminum hydroxide gel vaccine.
Keywords: Aluminum hydroxide gel, Clostridium perfringens type A, Montanide gel, Serum neutralization test, ELISA

Abstract
This study aimed to examine the prevalence of bacterial diseases in cattle within the Sherpur district, Bangladesh, analyzing 986 recorded cases. Our study highlighted that mastitis emerged as the most prevalent disease, affecting 20.28% of the cattle population, followed by blackleg (16.73%) and calf scour (15.21%). In contrast, diseases like anthrax (0.75%) and tuberculosis (2.21%) had lower prevalence, while foot rot (11.15%) and wooden tongue (10.14%) were also common. Breed-wise analysis showed that the incidence of diseases in crossbred cattle was higher (59.23%) than in non-descriptive breeds (40.77%), with mastitis being the most common disease in both breeds. The sex-wise comparison revealed that mastitis was more prevalent in females (32.52%), while blackleg was more common in males (24.80%). Season-wise analysis revealed that the summer and monsoon seasons were the most common times for bacterial diseases, with mastitis peaking during these times. On the other hand, anthrax was primarily prevalent during the monsoon season and nonexistent in the winter, whereas tuberculosis and brucellosis increased in winter. The results of this study provide information about the burden of bacterial diseases and assist in making decisions and taking the required actions to control the diseases in the study area.
Keywords: Prevalence, bacterial diseases, mastitis, crossbred, Sherpur

Abstract
This study aimed to determine the virulence and prevalence of Aeromonas hydrophila in Nile tilapia farms in the Kafrelsheikh governorate. Random samples were collected from 11 fish farms, including water, sediment, and fish. A total of 45 A. hydrophila isolates were presumptively identified using morph-chemical conventional tests. The virulence of the retrieved isolates was assessed through the detection and quantitative estimation of lipase activity. A total of 42 A. hydrophila isolates proved to be lipase producers. A variation among fish farms in the physicochemical parameters of the water was recorded. In conclusion, the screened lipase activity of the retrieved isolates points to the characteristic ulcerative/ hemorrhagic clinical profile of the retrieved A. hydrophila in mortal and moribund Nile tilapias collected from mass mortalities episodes in Kafrelsheikh. It’s essential to monitor and control the physicochemical parameters of water to decrease the stressors on fish and avoid the virulence of A. hydrophila.
Keywords: Freshwater aquaculture; Nile tilapia; Aeromonas hydrophila; Lipase activity; Disease prevalence

Abstract
Polled Bali cattle are a species of Bali cattle that are naturally hornless and whose productivity can be increased by artificial insemination (AI) using sexing semen so that the sex of the calf can be controlled according to the breeder’s wishes. This research used sexed spermatozoa from polled Bali cattle originating from three bulls. Motility and kinematics of spermatozoa were evaluated by computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA), viability and abnormalities were evaluated by eosin-nigrosine staining, intact plasma membrane (IPM) by HOS Test, acrosome status by FITC-PNA-PI, DNA fragmentation by AO Fluorescence, and molecular weight by SDS-PAGE. The results showed that motility, viability, and IPM between the upper and lower fractions were significantly different (P<0.05), while abnormalities, acrosome integrity, and DNA fragmentation were not significantly different (P>0.05). The results of linearity analysis showed that several protein bands in X and Y spermatozoa in the range 12-70 kDa had a positive correlation between protein molecular weight and motility, viability, abnormalities and IPM but negatively correlated with acrosome integrity and DNA fragmentation. The decrease in spermatozoa quality was thought to be caused by physical injury to spermatozoa due to the sexing process. It can be concluded that the protein bands of X and Y spermatozoa of polled Bali bulls were positively correlated with motility, viability, abnormalities and IPM, but negatively correlated with acrosome integrity and DNA fragmentation.
Keywords: Bali cattle, Polled bull, Protein molecular weight, Sexing spermatozoa, Quality of spermatozoa

Abstract
The antimicrobial resistance issue has been raised as a global concern. This condition was triggered by the inappropriate usage of some antibiotics related to knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP). A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Districts of Boyolali and Malang, Indonesia. This study aimed to assess farmer’s KAP on antibiotic usage in dairy farms and investigate the presence of antibiotic residues in fresh dairy milk samples. Forty-nine dairy farmers were interviewed to assess the KAP on antibiotic usage. One hundred and twelve (112) milk samples were collected from the farm and examined for antibiotic residue (enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and doxycycline) using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The interview revealed that 32.65% of the farmers were concerned about the withdrawal period and acknowledged commonly using antibiotics for sickness treatment or prevention. Farmers did not purchase antibiotics but obtained them from veterinarians/para-veterinary field staff, and the most used antibiotics were tetracycline (32.2%), sulfonamides (20.8%), and fluoroquinolones (9.8%). The residues of enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and doxycycline were detected in 4.46, 8.93, and 33.03%, respectively, in the concentration range of 22.4 to 662.2, 15.0 to 38.6, and 44.8 to 557.2ng/g. The doxycycline mean concentration was 84.72ng/g, and 27 of these samples exceeded 100ng/g. This study revealed significant concerns regarding doxycycline residue. These findings contribute to improving knowledge about the use of antibiotics and the presence of residues in dairy products and suggest practical measures to reduce the associated risks.
Keywords: Antibiotics, Usage, Dairy farmers, KAP, Milk, Residue

Abstract
Babesiosis is a disease caused by Babesia sp. and transmitted by a tick vector from the Ixodidae family. The report on cattle babesiosis occurrence in Central Java (Yogyakarta), which was related to clinical findings and laboratory examination, had not been published. This study aimed to obtain data on clinical and laboratory assessments of cattle babesiosis. The method was initiated by taking the history and physical examination of the cattle, laboratory examination used blood smear with Giemsa 10% staining, hematology, urinalysis, and nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) based on Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS1-5.8s) sequences. The obtained sequences were analyzed with MEGA software. The microscopic result showed that 2.2% of samples were positive with Babesia sp. and 13.3% positive with Babesia naoakii by nested PCR method. The clinical findings of cattle babesiosis in this study showed a significant increase in temperature (33%), heart rate (30%), and respiration rate (16.5%). All the samples were pale in membrane mucous, and hemoglobinuria was absent. The hematology results showed 33.3% hypochromic normocytic anemia, 16.6% normochromic macrocytic anemia, 50% thrombocytopenia, 50% monocytosis, and 16.6% leucopenia. Phylogenetic analyses showed cattle babesiosis in this study was 98.82% similar to B naoakii sequences from Sri Lanka. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive clinical study of the impact of B. naoakii infection in farmed cattle.
Keywords: Babesiosis, Babesia, Cattle, ITS, Yogyakarta

Abstract
The study aims to identify the species and serotypes of pasteurellosis pathogen isolates in cattle and saigas and to distinguish different species within this genus by analyzing their cultural, biological, and biochemical features. A commercial PCR kit was used to identify and confirm the pathogen Pasteurella multocida. Pasteurellosis pathogen isolates were fully adapted on nutrient agar and broth with 10% cattle blood serum. The isolates showed no motility in the experiments, which is characteristic of the pasteurellosis pathogen. The biochemical features of microorganisms were studied using Hiss’s medium. Cultures were grown according to the generally accepted methodology. After 16 and 24 hours of incubation in the thermostat, the results of carbohydrate fermentation were recorded based on changes in the color of the nutrient medium and the formation of gaseous substances. After examining the cultural and biochemical properties of the two isolates, PCR was conducted to re-confirm the results. The studies demonstrated that both pasteurellosis pathogen isolates belonged to P. multocida.
Keywords: Saiga, Cattle, Pasteurellosis, Identification, Differentiation, Biochemical features

Abstract
The Kazakh horse, an ancient breed native to Central Asia, holds cultural and historical significance in Kazakhstan. This study aimed to assess intestinal microbiota diversity in Kazakh horses, considering factors such as age, breed, and pasture type. The study was conducted in autumn-winter 2023, the research involved 24 horses aged 3-8 years from Pavlodar, Zhetysu, and Mangystau regions, grazing on natural grasslands. The study found that non-dominant bacteria, such as Tenericutes and Proteobacteria, were more abundant in horses from Pavlodar and Zhetysu. At the same time, the Mangystau region had higher levels of anaerobic cellulolytic and proteolytic bacteria. Horses on grazing had a more diverse microbiome than those on a high-protein diet. A link between lifestyle and microbiome adaptation was suggested, with 24-hour grazing promoting a richer microbiome. The microbiota in different regions revealed significant differences, with the Mangystau and Zhetysu regions showing highly diverse microbial communities. Horses from these areas even hosted unique bacteria associated with marine environments, likely due to the influence of seawater. In contrast, Pavlodar horses showed lower species diversity. The study highlights the importance of preserving the genetic traits of local horse breeds and suggests that gut microbiota plays a role in the growth and development of horses. Further research will focus on the resistome, metabolome, and the search for pharmabiotics to support the conservation and productivity of these breeds.
Keywords: Equine, 16S rRNA sequencing, Fecal microbiota, Intestinal microorganisms, Microbial community diversity