Abstract
Lyophilized growth factor (LGF) is a novel advanced platelets rich protein growth factor. It has been successfully applied in various fields of regenerative medicine including management of chronic and non-healing wounds and ulcers. Our study aimed to evaluate the effect of subcutaneous infiltration of equine platelets derived lyophilized growth factors on healing of induced full thickness skin wound in dogs. Four healthy mongrel dogs of different ages were used in the current work. Three bilateral critical sized skin wounds were done on the back of each dog. After 24 hours, the right-side wounds were injected in 4 cardinal points around each wound by Saline/lidocaine (control wounds) and simultaneously reconstituted LGF was subcutaneously injected around the left side wounds (LGF treated wounds). Wound contraction was monitored physically and histopathologically. The expression of TGF-?1 and NF-?B was evaluated in wound specimens of both groups. A significant reduction in wound size was recorded in LGF treated group compared to saline treated group. The histopathological scoring of the healing progress revealed significant increase in the degree of re-epithelization bridging the wound edges and collagen deposition in LGF-treated wounds compared to control non-treated wounds along the experimental periods. Additionally, the expression of TGF-?1 and NF-?B showed significant elevation in LGF-treated wounds compared with their expression in control wounds. In conclusion, LGF therapy could be a superior candidate as a regenerative therapy in skin wounds that can positively impact healing process of the cutaneous wounds.
Keywords: Skin wound, Healing, PRP, LGF, Pathology, Dogs.

Abstract
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and economically devastating disease of cloven-hoofed animals worldwide. In the present study the therapeutic and prophylactic potential of polyclonal, polyvalent FMD virus-specific bovine antibodies has been investigated as a possible approach for rapid control, lessening of the severity of clinical signs and prophylactic protection of susceptible animals during FMD outbreaks. The prepared FMD virus-specific polyvalent immunoglobulins were concentrated, purified, filter sterilized (0.22nm) and its titer against the FMD virus serotypes, A, O and SAT2, was adjusted to 2.15, 2.25 and 2.10 log10 TCID50/ml, respectively. In an experimental FMDV induced infection, the immunoglobulin therapy was given 4 days post experimental infection. The effect of different doses of immunoglobulins (4, 6 and 8ml) the severity of the clinical signs, healing of lesions and virus shedding was determined. A dose of 8 ml (2.0 log10 TCID50/ml) of the prepared FMD virus-specific antibodies proved highly effective in reducing the severity of the clinical signs and inducing recovery within 48 – 96hrs post therapy, as compared with the control non-treated infected calves. A dose related recovery rate was recorded. Field trial was conducted and evaluated during the FMD outbreak in Egypt during 2016/2017. Significant reduction of the morbidity of the disease and 100% reduction of mortality were recorded. The prepared FMD virus-specific bovine polyvalent antibodies proved to be a drug of choice during FMD outbreaks protecting susceptible animals and inducing rapid recovery of diseased one associated with reducing clinical signs severity and reducing virus shedding.
Keywords: Foot-and-Mouth Disease; Antibodies; Immunotherapy; Virus shedding.

Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is the factor of cholera disease in human and it has been becoming a serious problem in human health. This study was conducted to identify the genetic characteristics and antibiotic resistance of V. cholerae isolated in Tra Vinh Province. From the results, twenty-five (25) Vibrio spp. were isolated, including 6 strains of Vibrio (V.) cholerae (24%), 8 strains of V. paraheamolyticus (32%), 4 strains of V. vulnificus (16%), 5 strains of V. fluvialis (20%), and 2 strains of V. alginolyticus (8%). The serogroup results showed that all the 6 V. cholerae belonged to serogroup O1, with 50% positive to serotype Inaba, and 50% positive to Ogawa. No strain belonged to serogroup O139. The results also showed that 50% of V. cholerae were resistant to streptomycin and 33% were resistant to tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Two of the 6 strains had an antibiotic resistance gene (gene tetA) encoding for a tetracycline-resistant factor. Gene blaSHV, gene aac(3)-IV and gene dhfrI encoding for ?-lactam, aminoglycoside, trimethoprim resistant factors were not detected. Additionally, the results showed that adhesion indexes of V. cholerae strains T1 and T3 in the intestinal mucosa of rabbits shared the same antigens with the bacteria used to produce cholera vaccine (mORCVAX) available in Vietnam. V. cholerae was prevalent in the environment and clams in Tra Vinh province. Information from this research may be useful for further studies.
Keywords: Vibrio, V. cholerae, Isolation and Identification, Genetic characteristics, Antibiotic resistance.

Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate the nephroprotective effect of the Myrmecodia pendans extract on Wistar rats. The nephrotoxicity of the animals was induced through intra-peritoneal administration of 100mg/kg/day of gentamicin for ten days. The effect of M. pendans extract at a dose of 250mg/kg/day was concurrently monitored in some rats by assessing their serum creatinine levels, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and the histopathological parameters. The mean of serum creatinine in control group was 1.17±0.18mg/dl and in nephrotoxic group it was 2.22±0.29 mg/dl, while in group given the extract were 1.38±0.19 and 1.27±0.15mg/dl, respectively. In that group also sequentially showed BUN levels of 24.27±2.6, 108.13±11.58, 30.70±4.23 and 27.28±2.84mg/dl, respectively. Nephrotoxicity was induced in the animals injected with gentamicin, which showed a significant (P<0.05) increase in creatinine and BUN compared with control group. The results also showed that the M. pendans ethanolic extracts significantly (P<0.05) prevented the increase in the levels of serum creatinine, BUN and reduced renal histopathological damage such as hydropic degeneration, vascular congestion and tubular necrosis. Therefore, the ethanolic extract of M. pendans exhibits a nephroprotective activity.
Keywords: BUN; Creatinine; Myrmecodia pendans; Nephroprotective.

Abstract
Toxic heavy metals particularly Cadmium (Cd) have a hazardous impact on animal health and productivity because of their ill-degradability and bio-accumulation for long periods. This study carried out on 52 Ossimi sheep belonging to Giza Governorate, including 12 sheep considered as control (kept in a private farm) and 40 sheep grazed on an area polluted with cadmium. Drinking water, animal blood and rumen fluid samples were collected from all sheep. Complete blood, rumen and serum constituents were analyzed. Iron, copper, zinc, oxidant, and antioxidant markers were evaluated and Cd levels in water, rumen fluid and serum were investigated to show the impact of Cd on those parameters. Physical examination revealed significant disturbance in health status of Cd-exposed sheep. Rumen fluid examination showed significant increase in rumen pH, significant decrease in rumen ammonia-nitrogen, TVFAs, AST, ALT, GGT, Ca and Ph. Blood constituent revealed significant alteration as significant decrease in RBCs count, Hb, PCV, MCHC and TLC as well as impaired hepatic and renal function and significant decrease of antioxidant markers. These alterations associated with strong positive correlation between these altered parameters and cadmium level in drinking water, rumen fluid and blood samples which markedly increased more than permissible limits; these results should be put in consideration in interpretation of affected animals’ status and during treatment and control of cadmium exposed sheep cases as well as consumption of such animals’ meat and offal is not recommended.
Keywords: Sheep, Cadmium, Blood, Rumen, Water, Antioxidants.

Abstract
The current study targeted to compare between the pancreas (exocrine part) of Japanese quail and Cattle egret. The pancreas was investigated in eight apparent healthy mature female Japanese quail and eight Cattle egret. Histological, histochemical, and ultrastructure studies were carried out. In both birds, the pancreas is located on the right side of the abdomen between the ascending and descending loops of the duodenum. The pancreas of the Japanese quail composed of dorsal, ventral, third, and splenic lobes, while in Cattle egret the pancreas is not lobulated. The Exocrine portion consists of serous acini and intercalated duct, intralobular duct, interlobular duct, and main duct. The duct system was similar in both birds with minor differences. The intralobular duct in the Cattle egret is characterized by the presence of serous glands within its wall. Under electron microscopy, the acinar cells were of two types, electron-dense, and electron-lucent acinar cells. Histochemically, the interlobular duct of the Cattle egret positively reacted to alcian blue (pH1) and aldehyde fuchsin stains but the interlobular duct of the Japanese quail was negatively reacted.
Keywords: Japanese quail, Cattle egret, Histology, Ultrastructure and Histochemistry.

Abstract
The optimum production in dairy cows aims at getting a calf per cow per year. This, however, is limited by repeat breeding syndrome (RBS), which has multiple etiologies that cause either fertilization failure or early embryonic death. This study objective was to determine the prevalence of repeat breeding syndrome in dairy cattle within the selected regions of Kenya. A cross-sectional study design was carried out in 205 smallholder dairy farms in Makueni, Kakamega and Nandi counties. A total of 553 cows/heifers were recruited and examined per rectal to determine their reproductive status. Information on the breeding history of the cow and heifer was acquired at the farm. The results revealed that cross bred cattle were most affected by RBS at 38.9% followed by Jersey, Guernsey Ayrshire and least in Frisians at 21.1, 16.7, 25 and 14%, respectively. The overall animal level prevalence of RBS in cattle in the three counties was at 18.4%, while the overall farm-level prevalence was 58.3%. However, per county prevalence’s were different with animal level prevalence at 31.9, 20.9 and 12.5% in Makueni, Kakamega and Nandi, respectively. The farm-level prevalence’s at the counties were 75.4, 58.3 and 48.4% in Makueni, Kakamega and Nandi counties, respectively. Cattle kept in the zero-grazing/intensive system had the highest level of RBS at 30.1% compared to semi-intensive and extensive farming systems. The prevalence of RBS was also higher in multipara at 76% in comparison to primipara cows. Finally cows over four years which were in third or more parities had the highest prevalence of RBS, accounting for 65%) of the cases. In conclusion, the prevalence of RBS is significantly high in the Kenyan smallholder dairy farms. Further research should be undertaken to identify risk factors and appropriate intervention approaches for RBS to enhance its management.
Keywords: Kenyan, Exotic, Cattle, Repeat-breeding, Prevalence.

Abstract
The pharmacokinetic features of tildipirosin were explored following a single dose of 4 mg/kg in healthy and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (M. gallisepticum) infected chickens. Eighteen healthy chickens (400-500g) were allocated into 3 groups (n=6); group I and II were received tildipirosin by intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) routes, respectively. Group III was experimentally infected with M. gallisepticum and injected IM with tildipirosin after confirming the infection (9-10 days after inoculation of M. gallisepticum). Plasma samples were harvested at different time points until 14 days after tildipirosin injection to measure its concentrations using HPLC. After IM administration of tildipirosin in healthy chickens, the maximum concentration in plasma (Cmax), time to achieve Cmax (Tmax), area under the plasma concentration time curve from 0 to last time (AUC0-last), clearance (Cl-F-obs) and the absolute bioavailability were recorded to be 403.76ng/ml, 0.25 hr, 6.82 µg.hr/ml, 0.56L/hr/kg, and 103.50% respectively. Cmax and AUC0-last, were significantly lower in infected than healthy chickens, while Cl-F-obs was significantly higher in infected than healthy chickens. Therefore, M. gallispeticum infection produced significant changes in some of the pharmacokinetic parameters of tildipirosin in chickens. Further studies are warranted to assess pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic profile of tildipirosin against M. gallisepticum in chickens and to gain deeper insight into its safety utilization in chickens.
Keywords: Chickens, HPLC, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Pharmacokinetics, Tildipirosin.

Abstract
Development and standardize of PCR for diagnose of most common equine dermatophytes was carried out. We used one reference strain and four isolates characterized by routinely methods from clinical samples. Sabouraud broth was used to obtain the fungal mass by long 8 days incubation. Once the mass was dried, it was pulverized with liquid nitrogen in a mortar and deposited in tubes to obtained DNA by phenolic extraction. NCBI GenBank data were used for the primer design, the sequences were aligned manually and once the initiators were selected, they were placed in the DNAMAN program, in order to differentiate the five species involved. We diagnosed successfully common dermatophytes in Equidae by standardized PCR test. A total of 50 samples were used for the challenge test, 22 have been declared positive by conventional diagnostic methods, and the remaining samples were selected randomly the obtained results were similar compared with conventional test. M. canis primers were highly sensitive. For the others species we need more samples to corroborate the usefulness of the test.
Keywords: Equines, Dermatophytosis, Dermatophytes, Molecular diagnosis, PCR.

Abstract
One of the most challenges facing the poultry industry in Egypt is the early mortality among broiler chicks during the first ten days of the rearing cycle, especially which caused by antimicrobial resistant Gram-negative bacteria. This study was conducted for the determination of the prevalence of Gram-negative bacteria involved in early mortality among broiler chicks. Antibiogram profile and antibiotic and disinfectant resistance genes were also performed. Five hundred samples (liver, yolk sac, cecum, spleen, and heart) from freshly dead affected chicks were cultured on different media for isolation of causative agents.by conventional and serological methods. PCR was used for detection of resistance genes. The Bacteriological examination revealed the presence of Salmonella spp., E. coli, and P. aeruginosa in the percentages of 23, 25 and 8%, respectively. Single and mixed infections were observed as 41, and 7%, respectively. 86.9% of Salmonella serovars were resistant to colistin sulphate, 48% of E. coli strains showed resistance against norfloxacin, and 87.5% of P. aeruginosa showed resistance against florfenicol. The mcr1 gene was found in 86.9% of all Salmonella serovar, qnrS gene was detected in 16% of E. coli, and floR gene was present in 100% of P. aeruginosa isolates. PCR screening for qacED1 revealed that all bacterial isolates under test were positive. It was concluded that results of current study assert the existence mcr1, qnrS, floR, and qacED1 genes among (Salmonella spp., E. coli, and P. aeruginosa) which were isolated from early aged broiler dead chicks; that represents a high risk on the poultry industry in Egypt.
Keywords: Dead broiler chicks Salmonella serovars, E. coli serotypes, P. aeruginosa, mcr1, qnrS, floR, qacED1.

Abstract
Pneumonic pasteurellosis is a common and economically important type of ovine pneumonia. No previous study about the disease in Al Madinah Region, Saudi Arabia. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the association rate of Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida with pneumonia in sheep and to update data about their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. A total of 100 samples (57 nasal swabs and 43 lung tissues) were collected from diseased and animals suspected to have died of pneumonia. Samples were subjected to bacteriological examination, biochemical identification of isolates by VITEK2 system, direct molecular identification by real-time PCR (RT-PCR), and antibiotic sensitivity testing of isolates. The results showed an overall detection rate of 31% for M. haemolytica (25%) and P. multocida (6%). Only 6% isolates were confirmed by VITEK 2 as M. haemolytica, with probability reached 99%. While, direct molecular method revealed that 20.2% samples were positive for M. haemolytica and 6.4% for P. multocida specific 16S rRNA genes. M. haemolytica isolates were found sensitive to oxytetracycline, nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, imipenem, and tigecycline, in order. While, they were found completely resistant to cloxacillin, streptomycin, and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. In conclusion, the detection rate of M. haemolytica emphasized its role as a major cause of ovine pneumonia. Besides, our results invigorated the role of direct molecular detection and recommend it for laboratory differential diagnosis. The isolates were resistant to limited antimicrobial agents, nevertheless, the antimicrobial susceptibility test is important for proper treatment.
Keywords: Sheep, Pneumonic pasteurellosis, VITEK2, Antimicrobial, PCR, Al Madinah Region.

Abstract
Acetaminophen is known to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis and activate the endocannabinoid system, thereby has been linked to the regulation of mammalian reproductive processes through the same. Growing evidence tends to link acetaminophen reproductive effects in the regulation of ovulation and/or implantation. To provide further evidence, this study was designed to determine the effect of acetaminophen on ovulation and/or implantation. Female Swiss white mice were randomly divided into two experiments, one testing effects on ovulation and the other testing effects on implantation. The two groups were further sub-divided into treatment and control groups, each having N=5 mice. The mice in the treatment groups (TG1 and TG2) received 200mg/kg of acetaminophen while those in the control groups (CG1 and CG2) received the same quantities of normal saline. Mice in experiment group one (TG1, CG1) received acetaminophen/placebo before mating. Those in experiment group two (TG2, CG2) received acetaminophen/placebo for seven days post-mating. The presence of a vaginal plug confirmed mating success. The mice were sacrificed on the 7th day of pregnancy, the uterus harvested and all observed implantation sites counted and recorded. In both treatment groups (TG1 and TG2), a significant reduction in the number of implantation sites (P?0.05) was observed when compared with the respective control group (CG1 and CG2). The observation points towards a role of acetaminophen in the regulation of ovulation and implantation in female mice reproduction.
Keywords: Acetaminophen, Ovulation, Implantation, Mice, Reproduction.

Abstract
A 7-year-old dog, Shih Tzu breed, intact male, came to an animal hospital in Thonburi area, Bangkok Province, Thailand with symptom of licking the left forefoot. Small lumps about 1×1×1cm (w×l×h) were found to be protruding around the left front toe. Surgical excision to remove the mass and subsequent histological examination identified the mass as sebaceous adenoma. After surgery and follow-up at 12 months, there were no obvious complications. Reports of this type concerning tumors in the paws tend to be rare. Furthermore, reports of tumor findings in this area remain unclear.
Keywords: Sebaceous adenoma, Dog, Histological examination.

Abstract
An adult Friesian Holstein cow raised in a zero-grazing system was presented with a history of being off feed, respiratory distress and no defecation since 04/09/2018. She had been treated without any significant improvement. There was improvement with subsequence treatment. A week later, the cow became off feed and abscess developed on the right ventrolateral aspect of the thoracic region filled with purulent pus. General examination revealed good body condition, dullness and depression, grunting and grinding of teeth. Physical examination revealed normal respiratory and heart rate, temperature of 38.4°C, ruminal atony and no eructation. Hematological analysis revealed septicemia evident by neutrophilia. The animal was managed with 20% Oxytetracycline 15mg/kg given intramuscularly and multivitamins given via intramuscular route. Surgical management of the abscess was managed by lancing and draining the pus and a long wire was incidentally recovered, then lavaged with hydrogen peroxide, normal salt and povidone iodine, and antibiosis for three 3 days. The cow fully recovered. This communication reports a case of traumatic reticulo-peritonitis (TRP) caused by a long wire (10.1cm long). The wire penetrating through the reticulo-ruminal wall, abdominal cavity and the thoracic wall, and sequela to an abscess and localized peritonitis. Therefore, dairy cattle with signs of constipation, ruminal stasis, ruminal impaction, abscess and more than seven months pregnant, one should consider traumatic reticulo-peritonitis as differential diagnosis.
Keywords: Abscess, Cattle, Management and Traumatic Reticulo-Peritonitis (TRP).

Abstract
A case of comminuted fracture palm of the left hand on one female moor macaque (Macaca maura) that was attacked by a Sun Bear (Helarctos malayanus) at Distrik Somba Opu Gowa and its successful surgical removal had been recorded. The female moor macaque was 2 years-old and weighing 10.5kg. Upon physical examination, the macaque was bleeding on the left hand and fractured at os metacarpale sinistra. The aim of the amputation was to save the life of the valuable animal that is protected by the law in Indonesia especially Ministry of Environment and Forestry regarding endangered species of plants and animals in addition to detracting morbidity (necrosis and gangrene) after the treatment. General anesthesia was administered to the female moor macaque and the amputation of the os metacarpale sinistra was performed. The moor macaque was completely recovered within two months after surgery. This is the first report describing the performance of comminuted fractures amputation in moor macaque which can be used further as a reference on proper urgent treatment of similar case to avoid worse condition that can be occure in the absence of immediate treatment.
Keywords: Amputation, Os metacarpale sinistra, Moor macaque (Macaca maura).