Abstract
Given the severe economic losses due to mastitis, the identification of a diagnostic tool that can rapidly screen cows suspected of mastitis immediately before milking would be especially advantageous for farmers owning a large number of dairy cows. It is important to detect mastitis at an early stage to ensure effective and successful prevention and management of intramammary infections. Therefore, this study evaluated utility of Infrared Thermography (IRT) as a diagnostic tool for mastitis based on the heat patterns of thermal images. We found that 49 (1–4 teats in 16 cows) of the 252 teats were suspected of mastitis and 203 teats appeared normal. Our results showed that cows suspected of mastitis presented teat skin surface temperature (TSST) values that were 5.05°C higher, on average, then those of healthy cows. Moreover, TSST values were well correlated with both high somatic cell count values (r=0.99; P<0.001) and California mastitis test scores (r=0.59; P<0.001), indicating that TSST temperature monitoring using IRT could represent an easy and reliable method for screening for mastitis in dairy cows breeding farms.
Keywords: Dairy cow, Infrared thermography, Mastitis, Milk quality, Teat skin surface temperature.

Abstract
Metabolic and reproductive disorders are pervasive all over the world. There are common causes between them as obesity, the surplus of nutrients, and reduced energy expenditure. Depending on the amount and location of body fat, obesity has severe repercussions for the reproductive system. Obesity is linked to menstruation abnormalities, infertility, miscarriage, poor pregnancy outcomes, reduced fetal well-being, and diabetes mellitus. Their consequences have an impact on a huge portion of the reproductive population. Individuals and society bear a huge social, medical, and economic burden due to reproductive and metabolic disorders. Diabetes causes multiple ranges of reproductive health disorders, like delayed puberty and menarche, menstrual cycle abnormalities, subfertility, poor pregnancy outcomes, and perhaps early menopause. Reproductive disorders are conditions that disturb the reproductive system, such as infections of the reproductive tract, congenital anomalies, reproductive system malignancies, and sexual dysfunction. Obesity, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and hypertension are examples of metabolic disorders, which are diseases characterized by metabolic malfunction and abnormal energy homeostasis. Each disease has its specific physiological and clinical signs; they share some pathological aspects as over nutrition, which is commonly exacerbated by a modern, sedentary lifestyle, causes intracellular stress and inflammation due to metabolic disruption. Because of chemical therapies’ adverse effects, natural products are becoming more popular as alternative options to chemical therapies. Nano sizing can improve the solubility, bioavailability, and effectiveness of any product. In this review, we discuss the relationship in some types of metabolic and reproductive disorders of both males and females by summarizing in vivo and in vitro studies and focusing on nano-natural products or their involvement in treatment. Suggesting further studies explaining the potential impact of some nano elements and molecular, metabolic parameters and their role in reproduction. Supplementing the female or male reproductive system would be highly advisable and valuable.
Keywords: Metabolic disorder; Reproductive disorder; Nano Formulation; Natural products.

Abstract
Ticks of Rhipicephalus species can serve as a vector for transmitting the Zoonotic Ehrlichiosis disease from dogs to humans. In Indonesia, epidemiological data on the prevalence of Ehrlichia canis are very limited. The incidence of Ehrlichiosis is usually reported based on clinical symptoms and serological results. In contrast, accurate diagnosis mainly relies on microscopic examination of a stained blood smear and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The present study was conducted to evaluate the correlations among clinical observations, hematological profile, serological testing, and molecular detection of E. canis in dogs examined at different animal clinics in Bali, Indonesia. We collected 109 samples from Ehrlichiosis suspected dogs. The disease in these dogs was confirmed through a hematological profile, serologically, and PCR test. The hematological examination was per­formed with ICUBIO iCell-800Vet. We did a serological examination with Rapid Test BioNote© E. canis. DNA extraction was carried out with DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit product Qiagen. PCR amplification was performed with Personal Thermal Cycler MJ Mini BIO-RAD. The results revealed that clinical signs such as epistaxis, fever, and pale mucous membranes were strongly associated with serological detection of E. canis. In contrast, none of these signs was significantly correlated with PCR detection of E. canis. Total erythrocytes counts were significantly associated with serologic detection. The total erythrocytes, thrombocytes, and hemoglobin levels were significantly associated with PCR detection. The 16S-rDNA, collected from PCR and amplified, showed the E. canis gene, indicating that E. canis organisms were found in Bali. E canis Bali is one cluster with clusters from South America, Europe, and Asian countries like Thailand, Taiwan, Japan, and Israel. In conclusion, E. canis infection was confirmed through clinical, serological, and molecular approaches in dogs in Bali, Indonesia.
Keywords: E. canis, clinical signs, hematology, serology, molecular detection.

Abstract
Feeding on a diet that supports high calories maximized milk production in the dairy cattle industry. However, it also decreases rumen pH, leading to widespread sub-acute rumen acidosis (SARA). In the present study, we investigated a novel treatment approach based on safe, non-chemical components and evaluated the anti-SARA efficacy of “2” novel candidates, prebiotics, and spirulina, to prevent unfavorable pH decline in the rumen and hence treatment of SARA. Detailed field diagnosis and rumenocentesis were applied to 210 dairy cows. Suspected cases of SARA were further subjected to biochemical analysis. Only 73 cows were regarded as SARA positive. Thirty days treatment protocol was followed using the addition of prebiotics either alone or in combination with spirulina to diets of SARA-affected cows. The results indicated that the rumen pH, the estimated blood gas parameters (PO2, PCO2, and HCO3-), the glucose level, hepatic enzymes (ALT and AST), lipid profile, and the acute phase reactants (SAA and CRP), were significantly improved in the treated cases, when compared with the non-treated ones (P?0.05). Data of the present study have pointed to the beneficial use of prebiotics in combination with spirulina in SARA handling in the dairy cattle industry.
Keywords: Sub-acute ruminal acidosis, Treatment, Cattle, Prebiotics, Spirulina.

Abstract
In the clinical procedure, corpus luteum identification in the ovary is important to determine the reproductive status of cows. There are two methods to determine corpus luteum in live cows, rectal palpation and ultrasound examination. However, real imaging cannot be obtained by these methods. Thus, the current study aimed to describe the macroscopic feature and sonogram imaging of the corpus luteum in the bovine ovary as an ex vivo study. Twenty-eight pairs of bovine ovaries from a slaughterhouse were used in this study. Ovaries were classified based on the diameter of the corpus luteum crown into five categories (?0.5, 0.5-1, 1-1.5, >1.5cm, and none). We observed and measured the corpus luteum crown and corpus luteum tissue using a vernier calliper and ultrasound. Descriptive and statistical analyses were carried out using the SAS program. The corpus luteum crown was identified as a circular folding tissue on the ovary surface, during corpus luteum tissue as a yellowish lobed structure by macroscopic observation and hypoechoic structure by ultrasonography. Ovaries with corpus luteum crown diameter 0.5-1.0cm were dominant (41%). However, we found no correlation between the area of the corpus luteum crown with the area of corpus luteum tissue by macroscopic (P=0.121) and ultrasound observation (P=0.151). The Corpus luteum crown and corpus luteum tissue described in this study can be used as a reference by practitioners. Further correlation analysis is needed between corpus luteum crown and corpus luteum tissue in live cows.
Keywords: Cow, Crown, Correlation, Luteal tissue, Ovarium, USG.

Abstract
This study aimed to detect how supplementing olive leaves extract (OLE) and olive pomace extract (OPE) to growing rabbit diets has affected productive performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, antioxidant status, and economic efficiency. At 42 days of age, 75 APRI growing rabbits were separated into five groups, 15 rabbits each. Control (without additives), OLE1 (200ppm of OLE), OLE2 (400ppm of OLE), OPE1 (200ppm of OPE), and OPE2 (400ppm of OPE) were the experimental diets. Throughout the trial, we computed feed consumption and increase in body weight on a weekly basis. Compared to the control group, the body weight, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio of rabbits fed OLE or OPE were significantly (P<0.05). The digestibility coefficient of crude protein-enhanced significantly (P<0.05) in rabbits fed OLE or OPE than in control rabbits. In addition to using OLE or OPE, the percentage of the carcass was improved dramatically (P<0.05). Total antioxidant capacity, Superoxide dismutase, and catalase levels were significantly (P<0.05) raised with OLE or OPE, while malondialdehyde levels were lowered. In conclusion, supplementing rabbit diets with 200 or 400ppm of OLE or OPE enhanced productive performance and antioxidant status without any negative effect on their health.
Keywords: Olive leaves extract, Olive pomace extract, Growing rabbits, Productive performance, Nutrients digestibility, Antioxidants status.

Abstract
Poultry production is facing severe losses due to the development of resistance against most of the available antimicrobials in treating various diseases. Moreover, social stigma against the use of antibiotics is also there. As, the welfare of animals, the environment, food safety and hygiene are also important factors. Something is needed that would meet all these stigmas and still be able to provide the best growth, immunity against diseases, peak production, disease treatment and reduce economic pressure. In the recent era, the use of biological products to replace synthetic products is highly recommended i.e., probiotics. Probiotics provide all the necessary activity needed to enhance the production and performance of poultry. Moreover, probiotics meet all the food safety and eco-friendly parameters. Probiotics enhance the gut flora, improve immunity, increase the activity of digestive enzymes by decreasing the production of ammonia, bind with enterotoxins & neutralizing them and as a result improve feed intake which directly affects the performance and production of the poultry. The purpose of this article is to review the performance of probiotics as a better alternative to antibiotics in the production of poultry.
Keywords: Probiotics, Alternatives, Antibiotics, Poultry, Growth.

Abstract
In current study a total of 153 tuberculous lesion samples collected from cattle after PM examination (69 from El-Menufia, 47 from El-Sharkia and 37 from El-Qaliobia governorates) were subjected to bacteriological examination. Eighty-three samples showed the AF bacilli in direct smears stained by ZN stain at a percentage of 54.2% while by the culture method, M. bovis was isolated from 100 (65.4%) samples. Sixty-five isolates, confirmed to be M. bovis by conventional PCR targeting Mpb70, were tested for the sensitivity to anti-tuberculous drugs and 25 isolates showed resistance to at least one tested drug. The overall resistance to EMB was 3.1% and resistance to STR, INH and RIF were 20, 30.8 and 32.3% respectively. MDR was detected in 14 (21.5%) isolates. For DNA sequencing, PCR targeting rpoB gene, conferring rifampicin resistance, was performed on selected 6 isolates and identified three mutations designated as H526Y (4/6), S531L (1/6) and D516V (1/6) and the sequences were submitted to the NCBI GenBank with the accession numbers (OM448574, OM448575, OM448576, OM448577, OM448578 and OM448579). The obtained results are epidemiologically significant and augment the necessity of further investigation on ante-mortem identification of M. bovis infection in cattle to minimize public risk.
Keywords: Bovine tuberculosis, Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, Sequencing, Anti-tuberculous drugs, Mycobacterial culture.

Abstract
This study is providing new techniques for diagnosis of bovine mastitis using multiplex real-time PCR and detection of some inflammatory markers at an early stage of infection. The consequences of bacterial culture and PCR for the identification of the 8 etiological agents of mastitis clinical or subclinical were demonstrated. Some pathogens recognized by conventional culture techniques were confirmed by PCR. Corynebacterium and mycoplasma were only distinguished by PCR. These data indicated moderate accord among the positive results of bacterial culture and PCR. Mixed infection of 2 or more mastitic bacterial agents were also identified more frequently by PCR while the measured blood and milk indices could separate healthy from mastitis and subclinical mastitic animals, it could not do so either between mastitis and subclinical mastitis or between single and mixed infection. Regarding inflammatory markers, most blood indices differed significantly between healthy vs mastitis animals, except for monocyte. Haptoglobin expression in milk varied significantly altering on mastitis circumstances and type of infection with mean fold change values of 1.87 in negative cases, 7.26 in single infected, and 10.64 in mixed infection. Also, a highly significant between the type of infection and immune- histocompatibility was detected. As immune histocompatibility was strongly expressed with mixed infection and wasn’t detected in negative cases. From a diagnostic point of view, TLC, lymphocyte, and neutrophil were considered good biomarkers for mastitis (Area under curve >0.9), and haptoglobin was the best biomarker for subclinical mastitis (AUC>0.9). Haptoglobin and basophils were the only markers having high AUC (being 0.6 and 0.7, respectively) discriminating single from mixed infection. Therefore, our diagnostic strategy has been deservedly proved its effectiveness as a rapid, complementary, and sensitive substitute to traditional techniques.
Keywords: Bovine mastitis, Biomarkers, Haptoglobin, Etiological agents, Multiplex real-time PCR.

Abstract
Ticks of Rhipicephalus species can serve as a vector for transmitting the Zoonotic Ehrlichiosis disease from dogs to humans. In Indonesia, epidemiological data on the prevalence of Ehrlichia canis are very limited. The incidence of Ehrlichiosis is usually reported based on clinical symptoms and serological results. In contrast, accurate diagnosis mainly relies on microscopic examination of a stained blood smear and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The present study was conducted to evaluate the correlations among clinical observations, hematological profile, serological testing, and molecular detection of E. canis in dogs examined at different animal clinics in Bali, Indonesia. We collected 109 samples from Ehrlichiosis suspected dogs. The disease in these dogs was confirmed through a hematological profile, serologically, and PCR test. The hematological examination was per­formed with ICUBIO iCell-800Vet. We did a serological examination with Rapid Test BioNote© E. canis. DNA extraction was carried out with DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit product Qiagen. PCR amplification was performed with Personal Thermal Cycler MJ Mini BIO-RAD. The results revealed that clinical signs such as epistaxis, fever, and pale mucous membranes were strongly associated with serological detection of E. canis. In contrast, none of these signs was significantly correlated with PCR detection of E. canis. Total erythrocytes counts were significantly associated with serologic detection. The total erythrocytes, thrombocytes, and hemoglobin levels were significantly associated with PCR detection. The 16S-rDNA, collected from PCR and amplified, showed the E. canis gene, indicating that E. canis organisms were found in Bali. E canis Bali is one cluster with clusters from South America, Europe, and Asian countries like Thailand, Taiwan, Japan, and Israel. In conclusion, E. canis infection was confirmed through clinical, serological, and molecular approaches in dogs in Bali, Indonesia.
Keywords: E. canis, clinical signs, haematology, serology, molecular detection.

Abstract
Fasciola hepatica, a parasitic trematode, affects cattle and many mammals, including humans. The present study was carried out in Assuit governate, Egypt, over one year from 2018 to 2019, to assess the prevalence of fascioliasis in cattle and sheep. We clinically examined 835 animals (303 cattle and 532 sheep) from different private farms. We performed the fecal examination through a direct smear and did a sedimentation technique. The results demonstrated that fascioliasis was present in 20.8% of cattle and 17.1% of sheep, and the overall prevalence was 18.4%. After assessing associated risk factors, there was a significant association only between sex and infection rate (P<0.05). Other assessed risk factors (species, water, and feeding source) did not affect the infection level (P>0.05). By calculating the odds ratio, the sex was considered as a risk factor as odds ratio (OR) =5.879, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.699-9.449. Categorized the animals into six groups. We treated each group with either albendazole, triclabendazole, superzole, clorsulon, or rafoxanide. NC group received no treatment. Animals were subjected to clinical and laboratory examination after the second dose’s third and sixth week. The recovery percentage in animals treated with albendazole, triclabendazole, and Superzole was 84%, while 84% and 96% in animals treated with clorsulon and rafoxanide, respectively. All the drugs were effective (P<0.05); nonetheless, rafoxanide demonstrated the best recovery percentage (area under curve =0.605 in cattle and =0.615 in sheep).
Keywords: Fascioliasis, Cattle, Sheep, Prevalence, Sex, Fasciolicides.

Abstract
The proteins of acute phase response are sensitive markers of ongoing inflammatory processes also in dogs with increased production in many infections and organ diseases. However, the magnitude and intensity of increase in their concentrations may differ according to the type of injury or the causative agent of the disease which is not completely understood. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine major acute phase proteins (APP) concentrations in dogs with selected diseases and to compare the values among the various groups of dogs. The study was conducted on serum samples from 89 client-owned dogs with the following diseases: dogs with parvoviral enteritis (n=14), pyometra (n=21), acute pancreatitis (n=14), and babesiosis (n=39). Clinically healthy dogs (n=23) without any abnormal clinical conditions were also included in the study. The concentrations of serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were analysed in blood serum. The concentrations of all the evaluated APPs differed significantly between the groups of dogs (P<0.001). Although the average concentrations of all parameters were higher in diseased dogs compared to healthy animals, the magnitude of increase differed among the disease groups. Canine parvoviral enteritis and pyometra induced the most marked inflammatory response with the highest mean concentrations of SAA, Hp, and CRP. On the other hand, canine babesiosis was associated with less marked alterations among the evaluated diseases of dogs. The obtained data indicated that the investigated canine disorders were associated with different inflammatory responses, characterized by marked and significant differences in the assessed acute phase reactants.
Keywords: Dogs, C-reactive Protein, Haptoglobin, Serum amyloid A, Pyometra, Enteritis.

Abstract
Antibiotics growth promoters (AGPs) have been used in poultry feed to improve gut health and growth performance for a long time. Increasing concerns about the negative impact of AGPs have led to research on the use of natural feed additives in poultry feed to ascertain better performance and safety in the food chain. Herbs and substances of plant origin (garlic, oregano, thyme, anise, rosemary, and cinnamon) are defined as phytogenics, phytobiotics or botanical natural feed additives. Numerous studies on such substances in poultry production have shown more beneficial effects such as antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, enhancing gut function, etc. These substances have several advantages over commonly used as growth promoters; they are residue-free and safe. Phytogenic substances gained much attention to be ideal growth promoters in poultry nutrition. However, evaluation methods of their effects and interactions with other medical treatments have to be improved. In general, phytogenic substances could be natural and safe growth promoters in animal and poultry feeds.
Keywords: Phytogenic, Growth promoters, Poultry, Gut health, Growth performance.

Abstract
Avian Influenza (AI) and Newcastle Disease (ND) are viral infections that attack poultry worldwide. AI outbreaks in Indonesia were first reported in 2003, which led to the death of millions of birds, while ND is an endemic disease. Vaccination control of these diseases has been carried out, but cases are still being reported in poultry. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of age and the presence of maternal antibodies on the success of vaccination using the AI H5N1 and the ND vaccine. It was conducted using a tiered randomized block design with 3 treatments group and 10 replicates. The tiered pattern of antibody examination was carried out at pre-vaccination, followed by 7, 14, and 21 days after vaccination. Furthermore, antibody measurements were carried out using the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. The results showed that age had no significant effect as demonstrated by P>0.05 on antibody titer after AI vaccination, given that the chickens at the time of vaccination had unprotected maternal antibodies. Meanwhile, age affected the ND antibody titers because the chickens with maternal protective antibodies at the time of vaccination showed lower ND antibody titers (P<0.05). AI vaccination in broilers without maternal antibodies showed a good response to antibody development, while protective maternal ND antibodies interfered with the formation of ND antibodies caused by vaccination. Based on the results, the age at vaccination and the presence of maternal antibodies greatly affects the antibody titers produced by the vaccine. Therefore, it is important to consider the timing of vaccination when maternal antibodies level decreased then vaccine should be administered to avoid neutralization.
Keywords: Age, antibody, Avian Influenza, broiler, maternal antibody, Newcastle Disease.

Abstract
Low-quality drinking water (DW) has a negative impact on poultry immunity raising the risk of emerging infections. The current trial used experimentally contaminated broilers’ DW to study its effect on humoral immunity compared to 2 control groups. A total of 450 unsexed 1-day-old Cobb chickens were randomly allocated into 6 groups (75 birds in 5 replicates per group). DW of (T1) had 24 ppm chemical oxygen demand (COD), (T2) 12 ppm COD, (T3) 15 ppm total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), (T4) 5 ppm TAN, (T5) normal tap water (TW), (T6) TW with immunostimulant (IMU FORT®) a day before and after vaccination. Birds were subjected to the NDV DW vaccination program, serum was collected weekly, antibody (Ab) titers were measured along 6 weeks, lymphoid organs somatic indices (OSI) were evaluated after carcass evisceration at the end of the trial (42nd day), and Postmortem lesions were examined. Groups showed differences in Ab titers however, the 3rd and 6th weeks showed significant differences (p?0.05), at the 3rd week T3 titers were significantly higher than T1, T2 but lower than T4, T6, and at the 6th week T6 titers were significantly higher than T1, T3, T4 but T5 was significantly lower than T3. The lowest OSI was in T3 which records 0.475, 0.133, 0.101 for thymus, bursa, and spleen, respectively while T6 was the highest. Broilers’ DW which has a high organic load (COD) and TAN, significantly decreases Ab titers and OSI. Both good quality DW and immunostimulant supplementation have a positive effect on NDV vaccines’ immune response.
Keywords: Water quality, Chemical contaminants, Humoral immunity, Somatic indices, Poultry vaccination.

Abstract
Goats are important livestock species for meat and milk production. Meeting goat nutritional requirements is essential in maintaining goat health and the quality of derived food products. Dietary supplementation with certain bioactive compounds can improve the quality of diet and help to create a productive and economical nutrition program. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of several feed additives on the milk productivity of Saanen goats. According to the method of pairs of analogues, 72 dairy goats were distributed into four groups (18 goats/group): the control (CG) – the conventional diet with no additives: the experimental groups 1 (EG1) – the diet with 10% extract of balsamic poplar buds; the experimental groups 2 (EG2) – the diet with vegetable protein hydrolysate; the experimental groups 3 (EG3) – the diet with 10% extract of balsamic poplar buds with activated charcoal (EG3). Supplementation of feed with balsamic poplar buds increased goat’s milk productivity by 34.2% without compromising milk quality, which was evaluated by the amount of milk and contents of milk fat and protein. Supplementation of feed with balsamic poplar bud extract and activated carbon contributed to an increase in milk yield by 25%. Such, using phytobiotic feed additives is a promising method in animal husbandry.
Keywords: Feed additives, Goats, Milk production, Phitobiotic’s, Saanen breed.

Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate the effect of some medicinal herbs on ewes and their lambs performance represented in blood parameters, rumen liquor parameters, growth performance, and digestibility. In a factorial experiment with repeated measurements, 11 ewes in the second parturition and eight lambs with three months of age with an average bwt 19.03kg were divided into six groups. The experimental diets were: T1 fed Control, T2 fed T1 plus garlic powder (1gm/kg DM), T3 fed T1 with garlic powder (1.4gm/kg DM), T4 fed T1 plus fennel seed powder 1.2gm/kg DM, T5 fed T1 plus dill (0.8gm/Kg DM) and T6 fed T1 in addition to marjoram leaves powder (1gm/kg DM). We weighed the experimental animals fortnightly. We took blood and rumen liquor monthly for the six months of the experimental period. The use of medicinal herbs as feed additive by lambs showed a significant (P?0.05) increase in DMI and average daily gain, especially with the use of fennel, leading to an increase in average daily gain by 161.11gm/day versus 121.11gm/day for the control group. Ewes fed experimental rations didn’t affect rumen pH, but the use of fennel, dill, and marjoram increased significantly (P?0.05) TVFA?s produced from rumen fermentation. All treatments improved blood parameters, especially total protein and globulin, and increased total weight gain (P?0.05) during the experimental period against the control group.
Keywords: Medicinal Herbs, Sheep, Blood Parameters, Rumen Fermentation, Digestibility, Growth Parameters.

Abstract
Organs of mammals are affected negatively by dexamethasone under the effect of different factors, which medicinal herbs can repair because of their unique properties as a rich source of bioactive phytochemicals that ?could lead to the creation of new medications. Most phytochemicals derived from ?plants are antioxidant agents that have improved health disorders. The objective of ?the current study is to detect the action of ethanol extract of three combination herbs (Hibiscus sabdariffa, Portulaca oleracea, and Eruca sativa) on the skeletal muscle liver, and testes of ?mice affected by dexamethasone drug. Eighteen white male mice equally divided into three groups. The first group received dexamethasone intramuscularly (IM) for 21 days. The second group was injected with dexamethasone IM and herbs mixture extract orally after one hour for 21 days. While the third group, which served as the ?control group, was injected with normal saline IM. The specimens were fixed and processed to ?evaluate the histological changes. Necrosis and degeneration appeared in the ?skeletal muscle and liver sections, while no histological changes observed in the dexamethasone-treated group’s testes. We observed regeneration and repairing action in the organs studied of the herb in ?the combination-treated group. It was concluded that a combination of herbs extract plays a significant repairing action of organs affected by dexamethasone.
Keywords: Polyhedral extract, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Portulaca oleracea, Eruca sativa, Dexamethasone.

Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious viral disease that affects domestic and wild pigs. The disease is of serious economic importance as outbreaks lead to the culling of millions of pigs in Africa, Eastern Europe and some parts of Asia. The present study evaluated the histopathological changes in some visceral organs in nursery pigs infected with ASF virus. The pigs were euthanized in carbon dioxide chamber and necropsied. Tissue samples were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, routinely processed, sectioned at 5µm thickness and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Results showed petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages grossly on the skin and in the lungs, heart, spleen, lymph nodes, and kidneys. In the heart, there was hydropericardium and the pericardial sac was cloudy. The liver was also enlarged and mottled. Microscopically, hemorrhages were present in the lungs, heart, lymph nodes, and kidneys. There was interstitial pneumonia and necrosis of renal tubules. Severe lymphoid necrosis occurred in the spleen. It was concluded that the disease involved a moderately pathogenic isolate of ASF virus and that hemorrhages in visceral organs and destruction of lymphoid tissues remained the major findings in sub-acute ASF infection.
Keywords: African swine fever, Haemorrhages, Mortality, Histopathology, Visceral organs.

Abstract
This research identified the performance of colostrum of Friesian Holstein (FH) dairy cows Immunoglobulin M (IgM) in different lactation periods. This research was conducted with observational and laboratory analysis of Dairy Farmers Cooperative (KPSP) Setia Kawan Nongkojajar, Pasuruan, East Java. The purposive sampling of 15 lactating dairy cows’s colostrum was used in varied lactation periods (lactation 1-5) for 5 days with sampling time at 5 AM and 3 PM Indonesian Time. ELISA analyzed the IgM from the colostrum sample. The IgM levels were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA test at a 95% confidence interval followed by Tukey’s HSD test. This study suggested that IgM levels in the colostrum affected by lactation periods and milking days. Research results show that the lactation period of Friesian Holstein dairy cows did not significantly increase the colostrum’s IgM level. However, based on the day of milking, the second day of milking had the best performance and signification for colostrum IgM levels with an average IgM value of 2.359±0.688mg/mL.
Keywords: IgM, Colostrum, Dairy cows, Friesian Holstein.

Abstract
There have been few reports on the generalized tinea caused by mixed infection and its treatment. The article describes a case of combined tiger dermatophytosis caused by Microsporum canis and opportunistic skin mycosis associated with mixed aspergillosis infection. The infected hair was affected by fungal elements, confirmed by Wood’s lamp and cultural and morphological studies. Cultural and morphological diagnostics were carried out by inoculation of biomaterial on differential Sabouraud media with cycloheximide. The causative agent of classic dermatomycosis Microsporum canis and the causative agents of opportunistic mycoses fungi of the genus Aspergillus were isolated and identified from the affected foci on the skin of a tiger cub. Dermatosis of combined etiology was diagnosed. The preparations were selected and treated for the generalized mycosis of the tiger cub. Itraconazole was effective for treatment. There have been few reports on the generalized tinea caused by mixed infection and its treatment. The article describes a case of combined tiger dermatophytosis caused by Microsporum canis and opportunistic skin mycosis associated with mixed aspergillosis infection. The infected hair was affected by fungal elements, confirmed by Wood’s lamp and cultural and morphological studies. Cultural and morphological diagnostics were carried out by inoculation of biomaterial on differential Sabouraud media with cycloheximide. The causative agent of classic dermatomycosis Microsporum canis and the causative agents of opportunistic mycoses fungi of the genus Aspergillus were isolated and identified from the affected foci on the skin of a tiger cub. Dermatosis of combined etiology was diagnosed. The preparations were selected and treated for the generalized mycosis of the tiger cub. Itraconazole was effective for treatment.
Keywords: Panthera tigris altaica, Microsporum canis, Aspergillus, tinea of carnivores, ITS2.