Abstract
The development of vaccines against very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV) has become pertinent due to the inability of current IBD vaccines to provide full protection. This study aimed to inactivate and evaluate the efficacy and safety of inactivated vvIBDV in broiler chickens. An aliquot of the virus was inactivated by the Binary Ethylene Inime (BEI) method, checked for sterility, and stored at 4°C. Sixty-day-old commercial broiler chickens were grouped into A (non-booster), B (booster), and C (control). Groups A and B were inoculated with 107 EID50/0.2mL inactivated vvIBDV subcutaneously at day old. Group B received a booster dose on experimental day 14 while Group C was uninoculated. On day 28, challenged Groups A, B, and C were separated from Groups A, B, and C respectively, and challenged with a pathogenic vvIBDV field strain of 105 EID50/1.0mL via eye drops (0.2mL) and orally (0.8mL). No clinical manifestation was observed in all groups. Chickens in the booster group showed increased body and bursa weight; bursa: and body weight ratio post-challenge. The bursa of Fabricius for all the non-challenged groups appeared normal grossly and histologically. The challenged control group (CCH) showed moderate-severe to severe bursa lesions, indicating a positive vvIBDV infection. Bursal lesion scoring of the challenged booster group was significantly lower (P<0.05) than the other groups. The control-challenged group recorded the highest antibody titer while the booster group had the least, indicating protection. The booster group also had the least viral shedding among all challenged groups. These findings suggested that the inactivated vvIBDV vaccine candidate was safe and efficacious in chickens and could be a good vaccine candidate against vvIBDV in chickens especially when boosted after 14 days.
Keywords: Infectious bursal disease, vvIBDV, Inactivated vaccine, Efficacy, Safety, Virus shedding.

Abstract
This research aimed to determine the effect of adding garlic peel antioxidant supplementation and organic minerals to rations prepared with an RDP: RUP ratio of 60:40, on digestibility, rumen fermentation characteristics, microbial protein synthesis, protozoa population, and methane gas production. This research used an in vitro method, which used goat rumen fluid, with a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 4 replications. Treatment consisted of P0=no supplementation; P1=3% organic mineral supplementation; P2=Supplementation 3% garlic peel; P4=Supplementation 1.5% organic minerals + 1.5% garlic peel. The results show that feed supplementation using garlic peel antioxidants and organic minerals significantly affects (P<0.05) on dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility, crude fiber digestibility, and crude fat digestibility. However, there was no significant (P>0.05) effect on pH values, VFA and NH3 concentrations. Furthermore, has a real effect on reducing protozoa populations and methane gas. This research concluded that rations with the addition of 3% garlic peel antioxidant supplementation and the addition of 1.5% garlic peel supplementation and 1.5% organic minerals can improve rumen fermentation characteristics and nutrient digestibility. However, further research needs to be done on in vivo methods directly on livestock.
Keywords: Supplementation, Antioxidants, Garlic Peel, Organic Minerals, Digestibility.

Abstract
Parasitic diseases, particularly nematodes, are among the most significant pathogens affecting economically important animals such as sheep, leading to their deterioration, reduced productivity, and poor growth. Nematode infections are considered one of the most severe parasitic diseases in sheep. Therefore, this study aimed to examine fresh sheep manure samples collected from Misurata. A total of 35 samples were analyzed using two concentration methods and laboratory culture techniques. Additionally, the morphological and structural characteristics of nematode larvae were identified. Larvae were cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen with distilled water and saline solution to assess survival rates. The results indicated that the laboratory culture method yielded higher detection rates (66%) than the concentration method (31.4%). Based on morphological and structural traits, four genera of nematodes were identified. Among these, Haemonchus contortus was the most prevalent, followed by Trichostrongylus spp. and Oesophagostomum spp., with Dictyocaulus spp. (lungworms) being the least common. Cryopreservation of larvae in liquid nitrogen demonstrated a higher survival rate when distilled water was used (68%) compared to saline solution (38%), with statistically significant differences. This study highlights the importance of differentiating between the types of nematode larvae that infect sheep and small ruminants. Accurate and rapid diagnosis, as demonstrated here, is essential for epidemiological research and improving disease management strategies.
Keywords: Gastrointestinal nematodes, Concentration method, Larvae, Larval culture, Morphology, Morphometry, Cryopreservation, Sheep.

Abstract
A preliminary study on the anticancer effects of Pediococcus pentosaceus SR6 against breast cancer has been carried out. A 28.4kDa protein from this strain was identified as having anticancer properties, as evidenced by morphological changes observed through double staining with Acridine Orange/Propidium Iodide (AO/PI) and DAPI. However, its quantitative efficacy as an anticancer therapy has not yet been investigated. Therefore, this study was conducted to further explore its potential. The study began with the cultivation of P. pentosaceus SR6 isolate in a sterile MRS broth medium. Protein fragments of the isolate were then analyzed using the SDS-PAGE method. A specific protein, predicted to have biological activity, was subsequently isolated, purified, and electroeluted before being tested on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Its anticancer potential was evaluated by measuring apoptosis and necrosis activity through flow cytometry. Finally, the data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 25 software. The study results demonstrated that the 28.4kDa protein from P. pentosaceus SR6 exhibited cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells, with an IC50 value of 5.42µg/mL. Its anticancer potential was confirmed by a significant reduction in cancer cell viability from 90.67±0.31% to 14.97±0.85%. Flow cytometry analysis revealed an increase in early apoptosis from 3.77±0.06% in the control group to 47.43±0.15% in the treated cells, while late apoptosis rose from 3.03±0.12% to 37.23±1.27%. Similarly, necrotic cell populations increased from 2.70±0.20% to 3.63±0.31%. In the cell cycle analysis, the number of cells in the G1 phase decreased from 47.07±1.15% to 43.40±3.84% following treatment with the 28.4kDa protein. A decline was also observed in the G2-M (division) phase, from 21.83±0.55% to 18.77±1.01%, and in the S (synthesis) phase, from 15.87±0.49% to 13.80±0.17%, corresponding to reductions of 14.05% and 13.03%, respectively. Conversely, the Sub-G1 phase, associated with apoptosis, increased by 4.72%, rising from 3.53±0.21% to 3.70±0.60%. These findings provide quantitative evidence that the 28.4kDa protein from P. pentosaceus SR6 exhibits anticancer activity in MCF-7 cells through apoptosis and necrosis. Further research, including preclinical and clinical studies, is necessary before potential therapeutic application.
Keywords: Apoptosis, Pediococcus pentosaceus SR6, MCF-7 cell line, Vero cells, IC50.

Abstract
The article provides a comprehensive review of the current state and future directions for the use of animal cell cultures in virological research. The review critically evaluates the use of animal cell cultures to enhance understanding of viral pathogenesis and improve vaccine development strategies, highlighting promising technologies in this field. It discusses technologies and tools for virus and cell visualization, bioinformatics approaches to data analysis, and the challenges and potential for future research. The review emphasizes the importance of animal cell cultures in studying viruses and developing vaccines, noting the advent of 3D cell culture technologies that enhance the translational significance of in vitro models. The adaptation of new culture media mimicking human blood plasma is expected to improve understanding of viral pathogenesis and virus propagation efficiency. The use of animal cell cultures is illustrated through the study of the lumpy skin disease virus. The application of artificial intelligence in cell and tissue cultivation research opens possibilities for modeling and analyzing viral pathogenesis. The article calls for further development in this area, emphasizing the need to establish a National Collection of Cell Cultures.
Keywords: Animal cell cultures; Virology; Vaccine development; Lumpy skin disease virus.

Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the potential of Sonia, a novel feed blend comprising BMR mutant sorghum and Tithonia diversifolia, as a sustainable alternative to conventional concentrates in ruminant diets. A Randomized Block Design (RBD) was employed in this research, incorporating four different treatment levels: 60% Sonia+40% concentrate, 70% Sonia+30% concentrate, 80% Sonia+20% concentrate, and 90% Sonia+10% concentrate. The variable determined in the present study were, hence, acid detergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), hemicellulose, crude fibre, cellulose, nitrogen-free extract (NFE), crude fat, and total gas production, microbial biomass. In the present study the findings revealed that percentage variation in the proportion of sonia did not reflect the following main nutritional parameters. From the results of the study, the fairly steady digestibility and fermentation values obtained in the various treatments suggest that Sonia can potentially be a cheap source of feed. Crude fiber, crude fat, IVNFED, IVCLD and IVHLD digestibility varies between 60.30-63.72% suggesting lower digestibility as the content increases, While IVNDFD and IVADFD levels of digestibility fall between 53.65-59.01%. Nevertheless, the total gas production and microbial biomass were also unaffected by treatments. This research can relate Sonia’s ability to improve the sustainability and effectiveness of feed in ruminant production systems. The application of Sonia can help reduce demand for traditional animal concentrates without reducing the quality of animal feed.
Keywords: Digestibility, Fermentation rumen, Microbial biomass, Sorghum, Tithonia, Total gas.

Abstract
Two sources of concentrated animal protein at 50 and 60% of the diet of high genetic value cows were evaluated on embryo production in donor cows. Twenty Braunvieh (BU), Brahman (BR), Simmental (SM), Gir (G) and Girolando (GIHO) cows were evaluated for seven months. The SM breed achieved a higher number of corpora lutea, similar to Brahman cows, but no difference was shown between the two protein rations. It was determined that using both protein sources decreases production costs per feeding, with the same results in embryo production. This study emphasizes the great importance of adequate protein nutrition in embryo transfer programs to maximize reproductive efficiency and embryo viability, taking into account the welfare of the animals subjected to these reproductive evaluations, in order to improve productivity in a center for the production and reproduction of material or germplasm of high genetic value.
Keywords: Protein, Multiovulation, Embryo viability, Donor cows.

Abstract
The Pasundan breed is native cattle from West Java, Indonesia, that the farmers keep as beef cattle. This study aimed to detect the paternal lineage of Pasundan bulls inferred from the partial sex determining region Y (SRY) gene. The blood samples of Pasundan bulls (20 heads) and frozen sperm (straw) of Ongole grade bulls (10 heads) were used for DNA extraction analysis. In the present study, Pasundan and Ongole grade bulls were kept at the breeding station. The results showed that a g.15264C>T mutation point was detected in the SRY gene of animals under study. This mutation was shown as the genetic marker to classify them into Indicine and Taurine lineages. In conclusion, Pasundan cattle in this study have two paternal lineages of Bos indicus (80%) and Bos taurus (20%).
Keywords: Paternal lineage, Mutation point, Pasundan cattle, SRY gene.

Abstract
This work aimed to improve the Holstein and Jersey cow HH2 and HJ1 fertility haplotype diagnostics, which indicate early embryonic mortality. Studies were conducted on 150 cows and 78 breeding bulls of the Holstein breed and 150 cows and 6 bulls of the Jersey breed. The Republic of Kazakhstan’s cow population had 5.4 and 3.4% haplotypes associated with cow fertility, respectively. Due to its low cost, speed, and restrictions exclusion, the Tetra-primer ARMS-PCR reaction is recommended for detecting heterozygous carriers of the HH2 fertility haplotype. The proposed real-time polymerase chain reaction method accurately and quickly distinguishes homozygous healthy Jersey cattle and heterozygous carriers of the HJ1 haplotype of fertility. The DNA content in the reaction mixture should not be below 15ng/µL for a reliable reaction. Periodically screening breeding stock and bulls for genetic anomalies can help control the spread of harmful mutations.
Keywords: Single nucleotide deletion, Point mutation, Polymerase chain reaction, Genetic monitoring, Cattle

Abstract
Body measurements are crucial indicators of growth performance and productivity in livestock. This study investigates the genetic basis of key body measurements in Saburai goats, a breed developed in Lampung Province, Indonesia, through grading up between Ettawa Grade does and Boer bucks. Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) were employed to identify genetic markers associated with shoulder height, body length, and chest girth, which are important traits for growth and meat production. Phenotypic data from 100 Saburai goats were collected, and genotyping was conducted using the Illumina Goat SNP52 BeadChip. Statistical analyses using a mixed model identified significant genetic markers, including SNPs on chromosomes 6, 14 and 19, associated with traits such as chest girth, body length, and shoulder height. Several annotated genes, such as HDAC5 and CSN1S1, were implicated, highlighting their potential roles in growth and development. The results provide valuable insights into the genetic architecture of these traits, facilitating marker-assisted selection to enhance breeding programs. This research underscores the utility of integrating phenotypic and genotypic data to accelerate genetic improvement in livestock, offering a foundation for developing more productive and resilient Saburai goats. The findings also contribute to broader genomic studies in small ruminants, emphasizing the role of GWAS in modern livestock breeding strategies.
Keywords: Genome-wide association study (GWAS), Saburai goat, Body measurements, Genetic markers, Breeding improvement.

Abstract
The aim of our study was to determine clinical and pathological characteristics of aeromonosis in sturgeon fish in the conditions of recirculating aquaculture systems and to study the therapeutic effect of bitter wormwood. Fish with clinical signs of the disease were studied, external lesions, behaviour, and reactions were examined, pathological and anatomical analysis was performed, and the degree of lesions was assessed. To investigate the therapeutic properties, 5 experimental groups (n=20) were created. For group 1, an aqueous infusion of wormwood herb was used in the form of therapeutic baths. For group 2, an aqueous wormwood herb infusion was administered orally in therapeutic baths. Group 3 was a complex preparation. For group 4, antibiotics were administered. For group 5, table salt was used. It has been established that at recirculating aquaculture systems, aeromonosis runs in acute and subacute form with clinical signs of bacterial-hemorrhagic septicemia. More than 70% of morbidity in acute form was found mainly in fry and yearlings. In the subacute form, fish over a year old and older, less frequently fried and yearlings were predominantly affected. The study of therapeutic properties showed that a low mortality rate was observed in the 1st and 3rd groups. No fish mortality was observed in group 2. The survival rate of fish in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd groups was higher (from 90%) than in the 4th (75%) and 5th (60%). No side effects, irritation, or recurrence were observed with wormwood infusion. The results of studies may be helpful for researchers and specialists in fish farming and aquaculture.
Keywords: Aeromonas hydrophila, sturgeons, pathology, clinical sign, Artemisia absinthium L.

Abstract
The equidae distal limb represents a challenge for clinicians during the diagnosis of lameness associated with this region. Diagnostic imaging modalities are essential in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of many different causes of lameness in the distal limb of equidae. Because each type of imaging technique is superior in imaging such tissues and has its unique strengths and weaknesses, synergism between these various imaging techniques makes diagnosing distal limb lameness easier and more accurate. Moreover, the use of many imaging modalities has also enabled the equine clinician to evaluate therapy response, guide rehabilitation recommendations, and more precisely guide treatment. There are several techniques used for the diagnosis of distal limb affections in equidae such as Radiography, Ultrasonography (US), Computed tomography (CT), Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and Positron emission tomography (PET) scan. The present review briefly gives an update on the diagnostic imaging techniques used to diagnose the distal limb affections in equidae.
Keywords: Computed tomography, distal limb, Equidae, Magnetic resonance imaging, Positron Emission Tomography, Radiography, Ultrasonography.

Abstract
Poultry farming is key to providing the population with high-quality, affordable products. The successful development of this industry is directly dependent on the rational use of available feed resources. The study aims to explore the influence of different concentrations of activated Shungite as part of compound feed on the productivity of quail and the quality and chemical composition of quail eggs. The experiment was conducted on a quail farm owned by the SalemQus LLC in Almaty region, Kazakhstan. The study subjects were three groups of quail of the meat breed Texas, 50 animals each, selected by random sampling. The control group received a standard diet without additives, while groups 2 and 3 were supplemented with activated Shungite in doses of 3 and 5%, respectively. After 120 days of the experiment, the influence of activated Shungite on the egg productivity of laying quail hens produced a significant difference. Adding activated Shungite into the diet of laying hens in 5% of their main feed improved their egg-laying indicators, increasing gross egg production by 2.82% and egg-laying rate by 98.8%. The average egg weight increased by 6.50% and egg mass yield by 9.48%. An improvement was also observed in the morphometric parameters of eggs. The phosphorus and iron content in the eggs rose by 5.1 and 7.25%. This study confirms the effectiveness of activated Shungite in poultry feeding and substantiates the need for further research to optimize the dosages and study long-term effects.
Keywords: Feed additives, Shungite, Quail, Productivity, Quality assessment, Mineral composition

Abstract
Beef is meat from cattle that is highly perishable if not stored or treated properly. Rhodotorula glutinis has antimicrobial properties, and if used with whey protein could potentially produce a coating material to preserve the beef. This research aims to determine the effect of coating materials using the antimicrobial component Rhodotorula glutinis in whey on the physicochemical, microbiological and organoleptic properties of beef. Four treatments (T0 = 100% whey, T1 = 25% whey: 75% Rhodotorula glutinis, T2 = 50% whey 50% Rhodotorula glutinis, T3 = 75% whey 25% Rhodotorula glutinis) were prepared. The cooking loss, water holding capacity, tenderness, fat, protein, moisture, initial spoilage, total plate count, resistance, and organoleptic properties analyses were carried out. The use of whey and the antimicrobial component Rhodotorula glutinis as an edible coating did not affect physical quality, chemical quality, microbiological quality and organoleptic except for T1 which had a significant effect on the tenderness value after 5 hours (63.28%), protein content (22.02%), fat content (7.99%), and initial spoilage (681min). In conclusion, using 25% whey and 75% Rhodotorula glutinis is the best concentration as a coating for beef preservation.
Keywords: Beef, Coating, Rhodotorula glutinis, quality, Whey.

Abstract
The present study is a retrospective analysis of the bovine leukemia epizootic situation in the Republic of Kazakhstan from 2019 to 2023. The study examines trends in the spread of the disease, its geographical distribution, and the effectiveness of existing control measures in Kazakhstan. The study aims to conduct a retrospective analysis of the bovine leukemia epizootic situation in Kazakhstan from 2019 to 2023, identify trends in the spread of the disease, and propose measures for its control and prevention. The work uses data from official veterinary reports and the results of serological blood tests run by local veterinary inspections covering various administrative regions of Kazakhstan. The obtained data show that, despite the preventive measures being implemented, in several regions, such as North and East Kazakhstan, the rate of leukemia infection remains higher than in others. This highlights the need for enhanced measures in high-risk areas. There was also a tendency for the infection rate to fluctuate with peaks in morbidity and subsequent decreases after recreational activities. Despite current preventive measures, bovine leukemia remains a serious problem for the Kazakh livestock industry. The study points to the need to improve the interaction between veterinary services, farm managers, and local governments to optimize disease control strategies. The importance of continuous monitoring and targeted interventions in high-morbidity areas is emphasized. The results provide valuable data for future programs to eradicate leukemia and preserve animal genetic stock and productivity.
Keywords: Leukemia, Cattle, Retrospective analysis, Republic of Kazakhstan, Epizootic situation.

Abstract
Taenia taeniaformis is a unique tapeworm found in cats. However, limited information on this worm isolated from domestic cats has been documented, including morphological and molecular data on its adult stage. This study aimed to describe the morphological characteristics of T. taeniaformis and molecularly identify this tapeworm based on mitochondrial markers. Sixty-one intact adult worms were selected for measurement, specimen preparation, and subsequent observation of morphological characteristics of the scolex, neck, and proglottids. All tapeworms were then subjected to PCR assays to amplify partial cox1 and 12S rRNA genes. Sequencing techniques were used to sequence the two PCR products amplified from each marker. In results, the mean length of adult tapeworms was 10.57cm, with widths ranging from 0.2 to 0.45cm. The scolex possessed a rostellum armed with double rows of hooks ranging from 32 to 48. The highest frequency was observed in tapeworms, with 38 hooks, constituting 32.79%. The neck was short, the immature proglottids were narrow and elongated, the testes were scattered throughout the proglottids, the ovary and vitelline gland were bilobed, the genital pores opened unilaterally on both sides, and the gravid proglottids consisted solely of a branched uterus. Molecular analysis classified this tapeworm as T. taeniaformis. This study represents the first examination of the morphology of adult T. taeniaformis, with particular emphasis on the variation in rostellum hook numbers (32-48). Further research is necessary to assess intraspecific variation in T. taeniaformis concerning this difference.
Keywords: 12S rRNA, cox1, Domestic cat, Rostellum hooks, Taenia taeniaformis

Abstract
Livestock productivity can decrease due to paramphistomosis caused by Paramphistomum spp. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of the disease, analyze the risk factors, and present a distribution map of paramphistomosis in beef cattle in Manokwari Regency, West Papua. Using simple random sampling, a total of 1336 beef cattle fecal samples were collected from 206 smallholder farms in seven districts in Manokwari Regency from December 2023 to February 2024. Risk factor analysis was conducted to see associations with disease incidence and GIS maps were created to visualize the prevalence distribution of paramphistomosis in Manokwari regions. The overall prevalence of paramphistomosis was 45.56%, while at the farm level, it was 75.73%. The sampling location, livestock origin, feeding method, drinking water sources, and farmers’ education level were risk factors that correlated (P<0.05) with the prevalence of Paramphistomum spp. infection in beef cattle. Manokwari Selatan District was detected as an area with a high prevalence of paramphistomosis. Based on the epidemiological data, it can be concluded that the level of endemism of paramphistomosis is quite high in Manokwari Regency, West Papua. The results of this study reveal the role of livestock management systems and farmer education factors in influencing the geographic heterogeneity of the prevalence of beef cattle paramphistomosis. These risk factors can be used to develop paramphistomosis control strategies, farmers are adequately educated about health problems of livestock that these parasitic infections cause to their livestock productivity.Keywords: Beef cattle, Distribution, Epidemiology, Manokwari, Paramphistomosis.

Abstract
Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic (NAR) is a region known for its rich biodiversity and traditional use of herbal medicine for animal health. Ethnobotanical studies were conducted in seven districts, and interviews with 162 farmers (108 females and 54 males) documented the traditional use of 14 medicinal plants for the treatment of various animal diseases. The findings highlight the wound-healing and antiparasitic effects of Achillea millefolium (yarrow), the antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties of Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort), and the widespread veterinary applications of Plantago major (plantain) for respiratory and digestive disorders. Artemisia absinthium (wormwood) and Equisetum arvense (horsetail) were also identified for their antiparasitic and diuretic properties, respectively. Modern pharmacological studies confirm the presence of bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and essential oils that support many traditional uses. The results highlight the therapeutic potential of these plants by establishing a strong link between ethnoveterinary knowledge and scientific evidence. However, this study also highlights the need for further scientific validation, including phytochemical analyses and clinical trials, to standardize dosages and ensure safe veterinary practices. Bridging traditional knowledge with modern science, this research highlights the potential of the NAR flora in developing sustainable veterinary treatments.
Keywords: Ethnobotany, Medicinal plants, Animal health, Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic flora

Abstract
Long bones injuries and fractures are common orthopedic problems occur in sheep and goats. This study aimed to evaluate fractures of the metacarpal and metatarsal bones in sheep and goats (clinical study) and to describe the accelerating action of silver nanoparticles Thymus vulgaris (Ag-NPs-THV) on healing process of fracture in goats (experimental study). AgNPs were reduced using THV to form AgNPs-THV. The formulated AgNPs-THV was characterized for size, charge, morphology, and the drug content of THV was determined for further experiments. Twenty-four adult male Barbary goats were randomly assigned into two equal groups. A cortical bone defect 3.5mm diameter was made at the middle third of the right metacarpal bone in each goat. Group 1 (THV Extract) and Group 2 (AgNPs-THV) were injected with THV extract liquid, and AgNPs-THV at the bone defect, respectively. The healing process was evaluated for eight weeks after surgery depending on the radiological, turnover biomarkers of bone, and histopathological assessment. Additionally, 49 sheep and goats with metacarpal and metatarsal bone fractures were included in this study on the basis of clinical, and radiographical examinations. The formulated AgNPs-THV was oval and formed as cluster. The size was in nano range, while the charge was -18.1±1.74mV. Furthermore, the recorded wavelength was 388.5?2.2nm, and THV was recorded in AgNPs-THV as 5765.336µg/mL. The radiographic union scale was significantly affected by treatment and time, P<0.001. AgNPs-THV significantly provided better radiographic union scale than that provided by THV Extract at 2,5 and 8 weeks post treatment. Histopathologically, at 5 weeks post-operative, Ag-NPs-THV treated group showed a significant decrease of fracture gap that filled with woven bone beside lamellar bone in comparison with THV Extract group (P<0.01) that still had wider gap filled with granulation tissue and limited woven bone. At 8 weeks post-treatment, 100% of cases treated with Ag-NPs-THV showed complete healing with lamellar bone compared with 50% of THV extract treated group. Ag-NPs-THV colloidal nano-formulation could be used as a promising formulation to speed up healing process of tibial bone fracture in rabbit.Keywords: Diagnostic imaging; Pathophysiology; Ruminant; Thymus vulgaris, Nanomanufacturing, Green Technology.

Abstract
This study aims to address the lack of comprehensive epidemiological data on Equine Rhinopneumonitis in Kazakhstan by providing a detailed analysis of the disease’s prevalence and distribution from 2021 to 2022. The purpose was to diagnose horses for the disease and implement measures for its treatment and prevention. To investigate the epidemiological situation of equine rhinopneumonitis in Kazakhstan, we collected data from three stud farms located in different regions of the country over the years 2021-2022. The sample included clinical, laboratory, and molecular-genetic data from horses exhibiting symptoms of the disease. During the period under review, the incidence of equine rhinopneumonitis increased, with five epidemiologically affected regions identified in Kazakhstan. The study found statistically significant differences in symptom prevalence among groups of horses with nasal discharge, coughing, fever, and apathy (F (3, 396) = 6.23, P=0.001). Analysis of age groups showed significant variations in morbidity rates (F(2, 297)=3.91, P=0.02). In 2022, the mean number of equine rhinopneumonitis cases was 15±5, while in 2023, it increased to 20±7. Additionally, the study revealed that the prevalence of the disease was higher in the North Kazakhstan region than in other regions. Analysis of phylogenetic data aids in understanding the virus’s origin and its relationship with other strains, which can be instrumental in developing effective strategies for controlling and preventing Equine Rhinopneumonitis.
Keywords: Buffer zone, Equine Rhinopneumonitis, Foals, Herpesviridae, Herpesviruses, Horses, Viral abortion, Viruses.

Abstract
Postoperative wound care generally uses synthetic drugs that can cause antibiotic resistance, so a safer and more effective alternative is needed. Corn hair (Zea mays L.) is an abundant waste and rich in phenolic compounds that have anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities. This study aims to develop and evaluate ointment from corn hair extract as an anti-inflammatory and wound-healing agent. Corn hair extract ointment concentrations of 5, 7, and 9% were tested in vivo using a cut wound model in mice (Mus musculus) to determine the wound healing process. In addition, hematology tests and histopathology tests of mice were conducted to see the healing response of corn hair ointment. Data were analyzed using One Way ANOVA with the IBM SPSS® 25 program. The test results showed that corn hair extract ointment with a concentration of 7% has great potential as an effective and safe natural alternative for postoperative wound care, with significant anti-inflammatory and wound healing abilities.Keywords: Anti-inflammatory, Corn Silk, Ointment, Wound Healing.

Abstract
This study aimed to determine prevalence of nasopharyngeal myiasis among camels and evaluate the variation of Mentha longifolia oil yield, components, antioxidant activity, and larvicidal effect against Cephalopina titillator during three cuts (28th of April, 4th of June, and 22nd of July). Clinical and post-mortem examinations of 300 dromedary camels slaughtered in Giza province, Egypt showed a high prevalence of nasopharyngeal myiasis (58%). Risk factors linked to high infestation were being more than 3 years old (70.8%) and cooler seasons (74%); where it reached 81.3% in Winter. The highest oil yield was obtained on the 22nd of July. The relative percentages of the main constituents (pulegone, followed by eucalyptol, then I-menthone) showed variation in all three cuts. The highest percentage of pulegone (63.79%) was on the 28th of April, followed by 62.41% on the 4th of June, and decreased to 55.25% on the 22nd of July. In contrast, the 3rd cut produced the highest Eucalyptol (18.26%) and I-menthone (9.83%). M. longifolia oil at 200mg/mL caused 100% mortality of 2nd and 3rd larvae within 2 and 8h, respectively. Essential oil of the 2nd cut showed superior efficacy compared to ivermectin-treated larvae, with lower LC50 and LC90 values. Light and scanning electron microscopy revealed significant damage to the oil treated larvae, including swelling, degeneration, and atrophy of the cuticle, the mouthparts and antennal lobes. These findings highlighted the danger of nasopharyngeal myiasis, effect of cut dates on M. longifolia oil yield and constituents, and its potent anti-C. titillator.
Keywords: Camel nasopharyngeal myiasis, Cephalopina titillator, Mentha longifolia, Pulegone, Cuts dates.

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of microencapsulating plant-derived essential oils (EOs) that are rich in total polyphenolic content (TPC), flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity. Specifically, the microencapsulated garlic essential oil (mGEO) and microencapsulated lemongrass essential oil (mLEO) formulated with black soldier fly-based protein (BSF) extract in oil phase solution using spray-drying technique. The results demonstrated the encapsulation process positively influenced the phytochemical characteristics, particle size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index (PDI) of the microcapsules, resulting in an encapsulation efficiency of 84.7 and 20.2%, respectively. The mGEO microcapsules had the highest TPC released in vitro after 24h in simulated rumen pH 5.6 (45.0%) and small intestine pH 7.4 (93.3%) buffers when compared with the mLEO microcapsules, which were 50.0 and 77.8%, respectively. Additionally, the released TPC from EO capsules demonstrated in vitro antimicrobial activity, particularly the mGEO microcapsules, which exhibited the antimicrobial efficacy against animal pathogens, specifically mastitis-causing bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Shigella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus. The result of this investigation indicated that the MIC and MBC values were below 100µg/mL, comparable to the concentration of the positive control (e.g., monensin). Moreover, active substance as allicin was predicted and confirmed in terms of bioactive molecule, eco-friendly, in silico pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties. This study suggests that microencapsulation technology of phytochemical-derived EOs has a promising future as feed additive for controlling release and combat animal pathogens.Keywords: Microencapsulated additive; Essential oils-feeding; In vitro release; In vitro antimicrobials; In silico ADME, Molecular docking

Abstract
The potential therapeutic application of natural compounds, particularly aromatase blockers, in hormone-related conditions has garnered significant interest due to their ability to reduce aromatase activity with minimal adverse effects. Cruciferous vegetables produce indole-3-carbinol (I3C), an estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist and natural preventive. In particular, I3C’s role in reproductive testosterone regulation is unknown. This study examined how I3C affects male rat reproductive hormones (estrogen and testosterone). Adult male rats received oral I3C at human therapeutic levels for four weeks. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to assess hormone levels and receptor expression post-treatment. The I3C therapy lowered testes estrogen receptor alpha (ER-?) expression, increased testosterone receptor abundance during spermatogenesis, and boosted testosterone levels. This study shows that I3C ingestion raises testosterone levels and receptor expression, regulating testosterone. Although the findings were insignificant, they suggest an interaction between testosterone and I3C. Testosterone receptors, along with ER-? levels, vary significantly across treatment groups. For testosterone receptors, the values were: Aquadest 49.60±4.85; letrozole 55.28±3.95; dose 1 44.34±2.50; dose 2 66.31±16.39; dose 3 79.49±9.00. For ER-?, the levels were: letrozole 163.63±38.85; dose 1 217.63±30.04; dose 2 180.50±51.83; dose 3 61.25±22.30. We found that broccoli powder with an I3C component may influence male animals’ reproductive systems for the first time. Further research, including clinical trials, is needed to understand how I3C regulates reproductive hormones and its molecular pathways.
Keywords: Aromatase blocker, Testosterone and Estrogen, Indole-3-carbinol, Receptors, Reproductive hormones, Rats.

Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of adding seaweed meal (Gracilaria sp.) and gambir leaf extract (Uncaria gambir) as feed additives on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation products, and microbial population in vitro. Treatments comprised three levels of seaweed addition (0, 5, 10%) and three levels of gambir leaf extract (0, 0.7, 1.4%). The results showed that adding seaweed could significantly increase the digestibility of dry matter from 59.05 to 66.95% and the digestibility of organic matter from 58.92 to 68.72% (P<0.05). VFA concentration also increased, while methane production decreased from 20.19mL/g to 14.79mL/g. The addition of gambier leaf extract contributed to stabilizing the rumen pH and suppressing the protozoa population to 7.50x104cells/mL. The best combination was obtained by treating 10% seaweed and 1.4% gambier leaf extract, which showed a synergistic effect in improving rumen fermentation and reducing methane emissions. This study indicates that the combination of seaweed meal and gambir leaf extract has the potential to be an effective natural ingredient-based feed additive to improve livestock production efficiency while supporting the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions.Keywords: Digestibility, Gambir leaves, Methane, Protozoa, Rumen fermentation, Seaweed.

Abstract
Heavy metal contamination in aquatic ecosystems poses a severe threat to aquatic organisms, disrupting their physiological and biochemical functions. This study evaluates the impact of aqueous nickel (Ni) and cadmium (Cd) co-exposure on oxidative stress, antioxidant defense mechanisms, histological alterations, and metal bioaccumulation in the brain and muscle tissues of Tilapia fish. Fish were divided into four groups: Group A (Control), Group B (Ni exposure), Group C (Cd exposure), and Group D (Ni-Cd co-exposure) and exposed to metals for a specific duration. Oxidative stress biomarkers including thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), were measured alongside antioxidant enzyme activities such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and reduced glutathione (GSH). The findings revealed a significant increase in TBARS and ROS levels, indicating oxidative stress, while SOD, CAT, and GSH levels declined, suggesting impaired antioxidant defense. Histopathological analysis showed severe damage in both brain and muscle tissues, including neuronal degeneration, vacuolization, muscle fiber atrophy, and inflammatory responses, with the most pronounced alterations observed in the Ni-Cd co-exposure group. Metal bioaccumulation analysis revealed higher Ni and Cd concentrations in the brain compared to the muscle, with the highest accumulation observed in the combined exposure group. These results highlight the toxic effects of Ni and Cd co-exposure in aquatic organisms, emphasizing the urgent need for stricter pollution control measures to protect aquatic ecosystems.
Keywords: Nickel, Cadmium, Tilapia fish, Oxidative stress, Antioxidant enzymes, GSH, Histopathology.

Abstract
The fermentation of durian fruit waste using Lentinus edodes can reduce the crude fiber content while increasing the protein content. This study aims to evaluate the impact of incorporating fermented durian waste (FDW) with Lentinus edodes into the diet on the production performance and egg yolk quality of quails. This research utilized 200 quails that were 40 days old. The design employed is an entirely randomized design featuring 5 treatments and 4 replications, with each replication comprising 10 laying quails. The treatments administered included A (0% DzWF), B (3% DzWF), C (6% DzWF), D (9% DzWF), and E (12% DzWF) in the quail meal. The criteria evaluated encompass feed consumption, egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion, and the quality of quail egg yolks, specifically cholesterol, fat, and omega-3, -6, and -9 fatty acids (3, 6, 9, DHA). The analysis of variance results indicates that the incorporation of fermented durian waste (DzWF) in the feed does not significantly influence (P>0.05) feed consumption, egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion, quail egg yolk fat, or omega 3, 6, 9, and DHA fatty acids in quail egg yolk; however, it exerts a highly significant effect (P<0.01) on quail egg yolk cholesterol. The study concludes that incorporating up to 12% fermented durian waste (DzWF) with Lentinus edodes can sustain the performance and quality of quail eggs.Keywords: Lentinus edodes, Fermented durian byproduct, Performance, Egg quality, Quail.

Abstract
A significant decrease in the level of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) was observed in the placental structures of ruminant animals with placental insufficiency, complicated by eclampsia in sheep and birth pathology in cows. Research findings indicated the presence of MMP-2 biomarkers solely in the degrading crypts from the maternal placental section, as well as in the vessel regions of the fetal placenta. In the tissues of the maternal portion of the placenta in sheep and cows with placental insufficiency and pregnancy complications, degradation of the connective tissue matrix of the caruncle crypts was observed, indicating a loss of the extracellular substance structure of the uterine crypts within the caruncles. Translocation of MMP-2 was observed between the villi of the chorioallantoic of the cotyledon and the epithelium of the caruncle crypts. During normal pregnancy and childbirth, MMP-2 was evenly distributed throughout the chorioallantoic cells in the fetal portion of the placenta, except for giant binucleate and hybrid trinucleate cells. Data show that matrix metalloproteinase activity increases in the caruncles and cotyledons of cows and sheep during placental insufficiency, as it degrades maternal placental extracellular matrix components, leading to reproductive problems later. The absence or decreased expression of matrix metalloproteinases may be associated with neonatal diseases in newborns.
Keywords: Ruminants; Placenta; Pregnancy; Pathology of childbirth; MMP, TIMP.

Abstract
This research was conducted to assess the?in-vitro rumen fermentability of sorghum combined with different legumes as energy and protein sources. Treatments consisted of eight combinations of sorghum and local legumes with two proportion levels (20 and 40%), analyzed for VFA, NH3, pH, nutrient digestibility, protozoa population, gas production, and microbial protein synthesis. Results showed that 60% sorghum and 40% Indigofera zollingeriana (P5) gave the best dry and organic matter digestibility, fiber fraction, and VFA and NH3 production results. The combination of 60% sorghum and 40% Calliandra calothyrsus (P8) produced the highest microbial protein synthesis. However, no significant variations (P>0.05) were observed in protozoa population, total gas, and methane gas production across the treatments. This study concludes that certain sorghum-leguminous combinations can increase nutrient efficiency without increasing rumen gas emissions, making it a local feed alternative that has the potential to support an economical and sustainable ruminant farming system.Keywords: Feed efficiency, In-vitro, Leguminous, Ruminant, Sorghum.