Abstract
The excessive use of antibiotics in aquaculture has improved short-term fish survival but contributed to antibiotic resistance, raising long-term food safety concerns due to potential residue transmission through the food chain. A sustainable solution to combat fish diseases can be achieved by integrating good husbandry practices with prophylactic agents like immuno-stimulants and probiotics. Probiotics, known for their ability to balance intestinal flora, enhance host health, and boost immunity, have long been used in human and animal diets. The present study evaluates the effects of probiotics sourced from freshwater and marine fish intestines on the growth, survival, and immunity of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles under bacterial pathogen challenge. The lethal dose (LD50) of Aeromonas hydrophila (strain A10) was determined as 8.13 x 10¹¹ for the Nile tilapia juveniles. Probiotic candidates, derived from goldfish (Carassius auratus) and marine catfish (Hexanematichthys sagor), were applied individually and as mixtures on fish feed. A 14-day in vivo trial involving 17 treatment groups, including controls and probiotic combinations, was conducted in triplicate. Post-challenge with A. hydrophila LD50 revealed all fish survived; however, those treated with mixed probiotics (Shewanella algae, Enterobacter cloacae, and Bacillus thuringiensis) exhibited reduced leukocyte counts but higher lymphocyte counts compared to controls and single-probiotic groups. Additionally, fish treated with mixed probiotics showed a lower feed conversion rate (FCR), indicating improved appetite and growth despite pathogen exposure. This study demonstrates mixed probiotics could enhance the growth, immunity, and survival of Nile tilapia juveniles, highlighting their potential as sustainable prophylactics in aquaculture.
Keywords: Aquaculture, Oreochromis niloticus, Probiotic, Immune modulation, Feed conversion rate

Abstract
Optimal performance and profitability are cornerstones of sustainable poultry production. Spirulina platensis (SP), as a natural feed additive, holds promise for enhancing the productivity and economic efficiency of broilers. Thus, we evaluated the effects of dietary SP inclusion on broiler chickens’ overall performance, carcass composition, and meat quality. Three hundred one-day-old Cobb500™ male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to five dietary treatment groups. A basal diet without SP was offered to the control group; meanwhile, the four treatment groups were offered the same basal diet with SP at 1, 2, 3, or 4g/kg, designated as SP1, SP2, SP3, and SP4, respectively, over a five-week experimental period. Results demonstrated that increasing dietary SP inclusion from 1 to 4g/kg led to a significant linear improvement (P<0.05) in body weight gain, feed conversion, and the European Broiler Index. Additionally, carcass dressing percentage and the relative weights of the breast muscle, liver, spleen, heart, and abdominal fat were significantly enhanced as SP dosage increased (P<0.05). In terms of meat quality, SP supplementation leads to a linear increase in meat yellowness and water-holding capacity. Contrarily, meat drip loss and cooking loss were significantly reduced, indicating enhanced meat retention properties. From an economic perspective, higher levels of SP inclusion were associated with a linear increase (P<0.05) in both total production cost and gross return. Notably, the SP4 group achieved the highest net return (P<0.05), reflecting a favorable cost-benefit ratio. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with SP at 4g/kg effectively enhanced broiler performance, carcass quality, and economic returns. These outcomes support the efficacy of Spirulina as a natural feed additive in broiler nutrition. Further investigation is required to reveal Spirulina’s mechanisms of action and to optimize its use under varying production conditions.
Keywords: Spirulina platensis; Broiler chickens; Productive performance; Carcass composition; Meat quality; Economic efficiency.

Abstract
Gastrointestinal helminthiases are among most widespread and economically important diseases of small ruminants. It can lead to retardation in growth, reduced productivity, and significant financial losses. In Kazakhstan, infestation rates in sheep often exceed 79%. The complete reliance on chemical anthelmintics have created concerns of drug resistance, residues, and environmental impacts. These challenges highlight urgent need for effective, safe, and eco-friendly alternatives. Medicinal plants represent a promising solution but comprehensive in vivo studies under natural infection conditions remain limited. Our study investigates the in-vivo anthelmintic efficacy of a complex of medicinal plants Artemisia absinthium, Artemisia lerchiana, Hypericum perforatum, Bidens tripartita, and Chelidonium majus. The clinical and parasitological tests were conducted on 40 sheep having the age between 1–2 years, spontaneously infected with Moniezia and Strongylata. The infestation was assessed by helminth egg counts in VIGIS chamber. The effectiveness of preparations was evaluated 14 days after the administration in terms of the prevalence efficacy and intensity efficacy. The results of control and critical tests showed high anthelmintic efficacy against gastrointestinal helminthic diseases in sheep. Complex herbal preparation 1 achieved 90% IE and 90% PE against Moniezia, and 95% IE and 90% PE against strongylata. These results were found comparable to standard albendazole-based drug Alvet. The second complex herbal preparation 2 showed 80.5% IE and 80% PE against Moniezia, and 90.2% IE with 80% PE against strongylata. The other hematological and biochemical parameters were found with in normal values and bactericidal activity of serum was found increased in treated groups. The findings highlight potential of plant-based formulations as effective and eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic anthelmintics.
Keywords: Anthelmintic efficacy, Common wormwood, Lerche’s wormwood, Perforate St. John’s wort, Three-part beggar ticks, Greater celandine, In-vivo method.

Abstract
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is increasingly recognized as a pathogen that causes disease in humans and animals. Among its harmful strains, Verocytotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC), or Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), is a major concern due to its ability to spread through various foods and produce potent toxins. This study aimed to screen the serotypes and identify genes responsible for virulence and antibiotic resistance in STEC strains recovered from sausage meat in Egypt. To achieve this, 100 samples of sausage sandwiches were collected from the Giza and Cairo Governorates, Egypt. E. coli was isolated at a prevalence rate of 16%. The antibiotic resistance rate showed the highest rate at 100% for ampicillin and erythromycin. Serotyping of 16 E. coli isolates revealed that the most prevalent serotypes were O125:K70 (5/16, 31.25%), O118: K- (4/16, 25%), and O86:K61 (2/16, 12.5%). PCR analysis of genes associated with virulence in all E. coli isolates showed that the stx1 and stx2 genes were positive in 31.25% and 93.75% of the isolates, respectively, while the iss gene was positive in 50% of the isolates. In contrast, the genes eaeA, astA, and papC were negative. PCR testing for antibiotic resistance genes revealed that the tetA gene was detected in 81.25%, while the sul1 gene positivity rate was 75%. In contrast, the aac(3)-IV, dfrA1, and mrc1 genes were all negative. The results of our study emphasize the need for ongoing monitoring and periodic diagnosis of STEC strains, as well as improved hygiene practices to protect public health.
Keywords: Escherichia coli, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), Virulence genes, Antibiotic resistance genes, Ready-to-eat meat.

Abstract
Feline kidney disease, including acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), represents a significant clinical challenge due to its high prevalence and limited response to conventional therapies. This study explored the potential benefits of secretome derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs), which represents a novel and cell-free regenerative therapeutic approach. Ten domestic cats diagnosed with AKI or CKD were treated with weekly intramuscular injections of hUC-MSC-derived secretome at a dosage of 0.2mL/kg for eight weeks. Clinical evaluations consist of physical examinations, hematologic and biochemical profiling, urinalysis, and renal ultrasonography. The intervention led to notable improvements in appetite, hydration, hematologic parameters, and reductions in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine concentrations. In addition, sonographic assessments revealed enhancements in renal morphology, especially among cats with AKI. These findings suggest that hUC-MSC-derived secretome holds promise as an adjunctive therapeutic modality for feline kidney disease. Further controlled studies are essential to substantiate these preliminary observations.
Keywords: Acute kidney injury, Chronic kidney disease, Felines, Regenerative medicine, Secretome.

Abstract
Sheep production in the high Andean regions of Peru faces several challenges, including low productive performance, particularly during the pre-weaning stage. Therefore, the appropriate selection of breeds adapted to these conditions could significantly improve growth indicators and increase the profitability of the production system. The study aimed to compare the behavior of preweaning growth criteria in male and female lambs of six sheep breeds (Dohne Merino, Corriedale, Texel, Poll Dorset, Finnish Landrace, and East Friesian) raised in the high Andean conditions of Peru. A total of 199 live weight records of lambs were evaluated at birth, 25, 60, 90 days, and weaning. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences between breeds, separated by sex, and the Principal Component Analysis examined patterns of variation among variables and breeds. The results showed that males of the Texel breed had a higher average weight at 60 days, while the Dohne Merino breed stood out in terms of birth weight. In females, Texel and Dohne Merino were the breeds with the highest weights at 90 days and weaning. PCA analysis revealed a positive correlation between 60-day, 90-day, and weaning weights, although no clear grouping by breed or sex was evident. However, Texel and Dohne Merino showed better performance compared to the other breeds, suggesting their potential for inclusion in genetic improvement programs under high-altitude conditions, which could contribute to strengthening livestock systems in the high Andean regions of Peru.
Keywords: Sheep breeds, High Andean Sierra, Preweaning growth, Liveweight performance.

Abstract
Antibiotic therapy frequently disrupts the gut microbiota, compromising treatment outcomes and increasing adverse effects. Restoration of the intestinal microbiota is crucial, especially in cases of multidrug-resistant infections. This study evaluated the efficacy of an iodine-glycine complex (CC-195) in restoring the gut microbiota of mice infected with multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and treated with cefazolin. Mice were categorized into five groups, including controls, monotherapies, and combination therapy. Microbiota composition was analyzed using metagenomic sequencing on the Ion Torrent PGM platform. Taxonomic classification was performed using Kaiju software, and diversity analyses were conducted with R-based bioinformatics packages, including phyloseq and vegan. S. aureus infection and cefazolin monotherapy reduced microbial diversity and promoted dysbiosis, while CC-195, especially in combination with cefazolin, restored beneficial taxa and reduced opportunistic pathogens. These findings underline the potential of iodine-based adjunctive therapies for managing antibiotic-induced microbiome disturbances and combating antibiotic resistance..
Keywords: Gut Microbiota, Dysbacteriosis, Antibiotic Resistance, Iodine Complex, Metagenomics

Abstract
Influenza has been considered a global health threat given its unpredictable and high mutation rate, with severe morbidity and mortality. Oseltamivir has been considered to treat both seasonal and pandemic influenza. In this regard, we performed a bibliometric analysis from 1999 to 2025 through the Scopus database to identify the leading journals, authors, articles, countries, institutions, years, hot spots, trends, classical and emerging research. We employed the VOSviewer and Bibliometrix package to visualize and analyze included studies. Of the 2001 records, 1410 records were involved in the analysis. 1410 papers were published by 7093 authors in 592 sources, with 26.03% of the published studies being internationally co-authored. We found that research interests in oseltamivir have changed over the years, especially in times of outbreaks of influenza infection and the COVID-19 pandemic. The bibliometric analysis of oseltamivir research reveals distinct thematic clusters Key clusters include mortality and epidemiology, safety in pregnancy and children, influenza subtypes, COVID-19, and antiviral agents. Early research (2004–2010) emphasized outbreaks and pandemic influenza, while later years (2011–2016) shifted toward oseltamivir resistance and neuraminidase inhibitors. Notably, post-2020 trends highlight emerging topics such as baloxavir, SARS-CoV-2, and COVID-19, reflecting expanded research into newer antivirals and pandemic applications. The thematic map further identifies niche areas like antiviral resistance and H1N1 subtypes, suggesting evolving priorities in influenza treatment and broader antiviral efficacy. Future studies should give attention to the safety and efficacy of oseltamivir in the new mutational versions of the influenza virus, as well as SARS-CoV-2.
Keywords: Oseltamivir, Influenza, Bibliometric analysis, COVID-19.

Abstract
The potential of bioactive peptides to function as antihypertensive agents is one of the functional characteristics of duck eggs that can be promoted. These peptides can be derived from egg white through fermentation using yeast microbes. The peptides produced by fermentation vary in type depending on the microbial strain and fermentation conditions. This study aims to evaluate the ACE-inhibitory activity and the functional properties of duck egg white powder produced through fermentation using Candida metapsilosis isolate Ta.22. The highest ACE-inhibitory activity was obtained from egg white peptides fermented for 24 hours at 0.2% concentration is 79.5%. The resulting product exhibited the following chemical characteristics: moisture content of 7.53%, ash content of 5.7%, protein content of 73.62%, carbohydrate content of 1.96%, reducing sugar content of 2.86%, fat content of 0.03%, and pH value of 9.11. Physical properties included a yield of 12.38%, foaming capacity of 113.8%, foam stability of 84.5%, color intensity values of L* 90.65%, a* 1.32%, and b* 9.23%. These findings indicate that fermented duck egg white peptides possess promising functional and bioactive properties, supporting their potential use as natural antihypertensive agents.
Keywords: C. metapsilosis Ta.22, Duck egg white peptide, ACE inhibitor, Physicochemical properties

Abstract
This review underscores the transformative potential of in-ovo injection (IOI) in modern poultry production. By enabling the precise delivery of nutrients, vaccines, antioxidants, and nanomaterials directly into developing embryos, IOI addresses key developmental challenges, such as early nutrient deficiencies and delayed post-hatch feeding. This technique enhances hatchability, chick vitality, and post-hatch performance by improving gastrointestinal development, nutrient absorption, and stress resilience through targeted supplementation with amino acids, carbohydrates, selenium, and vitamin C. A major advantage of IOI lies in its support of sustainable poultry practices. By reducing antibiotic dependency, especially through the use of nano-compounds like nano-copper and nano-zinc, IOI contributes to combating antimicrobial resistance. These materials offer superior bioavailability and antimicrobial properties, promoting growth and gut health. The inclusion of prebiotics and probiotics further enhances the early establishment of a beneficial gut microbiome. The IOI has evolved from a vaccine delivery method into a scalable, automated system that improves consistency, reduces labor costs, and ensures uniform treatment across large batches of eggs. However, widespread adoption faces limitations due to high initial costs, technical complexities in injection timing and dosage, and risks associated with improper substance use. Despite these challenges, continued research and technological advancements are expected to optimize IOI protocols and expand its applications. With innovations in biotechnology and nutrient delivery systems, IOI stands as a promising tool for improving poultry productivity, health, and sustainability. Ultimately, IOI offers a strategic solution to meet the rising global demand for efficient and high-quality poultry production. This review critically examines pre-hatch nutritional interventions in poultry, with emphasis on in-ovo nutrient injection (IOI). It evaluates the implications of delayed post-hatch feeding, compares IOI with conventional methods, and assesses the effects of various in-ovo nutrients on embryonic development, health, and productivity. Limitations and future directions for optimizing IOI in commercial poultry systems are also discussed.
Keywords: Chickens, Hatching, Nutritional, Strategy.

Abstract
Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) pose a growing public health concern, especially with many reports of CRE in animals. However, the trends of CRE studies in animals are less explored. This study aims to provide a bibliometric analysis of global research on CRE in animals, identifying research trends, key contributors, theme trend, and future directions in the field. A systematic search of Scopus was conducted on January 25, 2025, using keywords related to CRE and animals. A total of 1,803 studies were retrieved, with 695 meeting the inclusion criteria for analysis. Bibliometric analysis was performed using R Studio’s Bibliometrix package to examine publication trends, authorship networks, keyword co-occurrence, citation analysis, and research trend. The volume of publications on CRE in animals increased annually, especially since 2013, with a rate of 15.48%. China and the United States were the lead contributors, while less publications were found in African countries, indicating a research gap. The most common research themes included Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, antimicrobial resistance, whole genome sequencing and carbapenemase genes. International collaborations were limited, with most studies conducted by single-nation teams. Highly cited publications focused on epidemiology, molecular characterization, and drug resistance mechanisms. Arising attention was observed for the virulence factors and One Health topics. Future studies should be directed towards genomic surveillance, risk assessment of human’s infection, and the implementation of the One Health approach to address the risks associated with CRE in animals.
Keywords: Animal studies, Antimicrobial resistance, Bibliometric analysis, Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae

Abstract
This study aims to examine the effect of fermented feed flour (FFF) with probiotic Saccharomyces sp. (Sc) on performance, histology and intestinal microflora of broilers. The process of making fermented feed, namely, as much as 1% of Saccharomyces sp. yeast (108cfu/g) was mixed into commercial feed, then 5% molasses solution was added to the feed mixture until the water content was 35%. The mixture was then put into a basket made of bamboo and tightly closed. Then, it was incubated at room temperature (27°C) for 3 days. After 3 days, it was dried in the sun for 2 days. Before feeding, the basic feed (commercial ration) was first mixed with TPFSc and stirred until homogeneous. Broilers in Group 1 (n = 60) served as healthy controls and were fed a basic diet without the addition TPFSc. Broilers in Groups 2, 3, and 4 were fed with the addition of 5, 10, and 15% FFFSc per kg of feed. The results showed that growth, feed efficiency, villus height (VH), and the number of lactic acid bacteria in broiler Groups 2 and 3 experienced an increase (P<0.05), while the population of Coliform and Escherichia coli in the intestine was decreased (P<0.05). It was concluded that the addition of 10 and 15% FFFSc to commercial feed can increase growth, feed efficiency, villus height, and lactic acid bacteria population, and can reduce the pathogen population in the broiler intestine.
Keywords: Feed fermentation, Instestinal histology, Intestinal microbiota, Broiler.

Abstract
Certain medicinal plant products have significantly improved poultry production and health aspects, particularly under thermal stress. This research examined the impact of including curcumin (CURC) in laying hens’ diets on the productive aspects, inflammatory cytokines, stress indicators, lipid profile, and immunological indices under thermoneutral and heat stressed (HS) conditions. For a 10-week trial period, 288 commercial 40 weeks old HY-Line Brown laying hens were equally distributed into 2×4 treatment groups based on HS and CURC treatments. Hens were split into two HS treatments: a regular temperature (24°C) or HS-exposure (35°C; from 10:00 to 18:00 daily). Each cohort of hens was further divided into four CURC subgroups that received a standard diet complemented with 0, 100, 200, and 300mg of CURC per kilogram of feed, respectively. Supplementing laying hens’ diets with curcumin (CURC) up to 200mg/kg significantly enhanced egg weight, daily egg production, feed intake, and feed efficiency under both thermoneutral and HS conditions. In heat-stressed hens, CURC at 200mg/kg notably reduced stress biomarkers and inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, CURC markedly improved the lipid profile in plasma, egg yolk, and liver, and enhanced key immunological markers. These findings suggest that dietary CURC supplementation at 200mg/kg can effectively support layers performance as improves egg production and quality under thermal stress conditions.
Keywords: Curcumin, Laying hens, Productive performance, Stress indicators, Inflammation markers, Immunological parameters.

Abstract
Caponization is a castration of male chickens that results in reducing androgen levels, which leads to abdominal fat accumulation in capons. However, there is a lack of research using a bibliometric approach to explore the research status and trends in caponization. The study was conducted to provide a bibliometric mapping of articles published on caponization. The data of 52 articles published from 2002 to 2024 was collected from Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database. This study observed that the highest number of articles were published in 2009 (n=6). The results showed that Chen KL (article=13), China (article=68) and Poultry Science (article=17, local citation=411) were the most prolific author, country and journal, respectively. The current hotspots in this field of study include “carcass composition,” “growth performance,” and “meat quality” according to the high centrality and high density in a thematic map. In conclusion, this study provides a comprehensive overview of the status and trends which could enable better understanding of development in caponization research over years and help to identify the knowledge gaps for future research.
Keywords: Chicken castration, Capons, Chicken testicles, Cock, Roaster.

Abstract
Bali duck meat is famous for its distinctive taste and texture, but it has a higher cholesterol content compared to other types of commercial ducks. To improve the quality of Bali duck meat, natural feed additives can be given. Noni water extract (NLE) has the potential as one of the natural feed additives. This study aims to evaluate the effect of NLE in drinking water as a natural feed additive on meat quality and blood lipid profiles in Bali ducks. This research method used a Completely Randomized Design, which was divided into three treatment groups; each treatment was repeated five times, with 10 day-old ducks (DOD) in each replication unit. A total of 150 one-day-old male ducklings with homogeneous body weight were used in this study. The control group (P0) received drinking water without NLE, while groups P1 and P2 were given NLE at doses of 2mL and 4mL in 100mL of drinking water. The variables studied were the physical quality of meat, chemical quality of meat, and the blood lipid profile of Bali ducks. The results showed that the addition of NLE at doses of 2mL and 4mL in 100mL of drinking water affected the physical quality of meat, which could reduce the percentage of cooking loss and improve the blood lipid profile of Bali ducks. This study shows that the addition of noni water extract (NLE) functions as an effective natural feed additive at doses of 2mL and 4mL in 100mL of drinking water because it has a positive effect on meat quality, especially in reducing the percentage of cooking loss and improving the blood lipid profile of Bali ducks.
Keywords: Bali duck, Blood lipid profile, Cooking loss, Feed additive, Noni leaf extract.

Abstract
Traditional medicine is widespread and the number of studies in the search for new molecules capable of preventing or even delaying the onset of complications related to liver dysfunction remains very limited. In Morocco, Rosmarinus officinalis (RO) is widely used for treating various liver disorders. The study aimed to assess the hepatoprotective effect of RO in Wistar female rats. Thirty Wistar female rats were divided into 5 groups; the control group received orally distilled water, while the other 4 groups received the ethanolic extract of RO at doses of 200, 300, 500, and 1000mg/kg/day administered for 28 days. At the end of the treatment, the rat blood samples were taken for biochemical analysis, including cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), glucose, total cholesterol, and triglycerides (TG). Oxidative stress biomarkers, nitric oxide (NO), and the antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT) were assessed in the liver. Samples of liver from each treatment group were histopathologically examined. The results show no notable hemolytic changes in erythrocytes, hematocrit, granulocytes, and leukocytes (P>0.05). No significant differences in biochemical and histological parameters; however, the 200, 300, and 500mg/kg of RO ethanolic extract exhibited antioxidant activity in the liver, as indicated by increased CAT levels and decreased NO levels. While 1000mg/kg exerts opposite effects, including an increase in the level of NO and a decrease of CAT compared to the control group (P>0.05). This study concluded that low doses of RO ethanolic extract showed appreciable protective effects on the liver by decreasing oxidative stress markers, suggesting using RO as a dietary supplement for patients with liver disorders.
Keywords: Rosmarinus officinalis, Liver, Oxidant activity, Histology, Wistar rats.

Abstract
Studies have demonstrated that para-toluenesulfonamide (p-TLS), a novel tumor-ablating agent, induces apoptosis in neoplastic cells. This agent inhibits the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway, which is essential for cell growth, motility, protein synthesis, survival, and metabolism in response to hormones, growth factors, and nutrients. A study demonstrated the synergistic effects of p-TLS–cisplatin in BALB/c nude mice bearing canine melanoma xenotransplants. In the present study, the safety and efficacy of p-TLS in treating various canine solid tumors were evaluated. This multidose, multicenter, open-ended clinical trial included 45 dogs with solid tumors. Treatment safety was assessed on the basis of the Veterinary Cooperative Oncology Group–Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events. The objective response rate and disease control rate were estimated on the basis of the Modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors; these rates were, respectively, 57.78% and 68.89% for all tumors and 63.64% and 72.73% for melanoma. Most adverse events were mild to moderate, and a few were severe or life-threatening. The median overall survival was 25.29 weeks for all dogs and 26.86 weeks for those with melanoma. In summary, the preliminary findings suggest that p-TLS is a highly effective treatment for melanoma, achieving a favorable tumor response rate in over half of the subjects and leading to significantly improved survival times when compared to both the absence of treatment and established conventional therapies.
Keywords: Para-toluenesulfonamide, Tumor-Ablating Agent, AKT/mTOR, Apoptosis, Canine Tumor, Melanoma.

Abstract
This study aimed to optimize tools for identifying carriers of inherited defects i.e., Hypotrichosis molecular-genetic diagnostic, molecular-genetic diagnostic tools Dilutor, and Osteopetrosis, in local cattle breeds of Kazakhstan. A special focus was given to the development and implementation of a Real-Time PCR method for detecting the Dilutor mutation. Genetic material from 346 cattle of various breeds, including Kazakh White headed, Kalmyk, Auliekol, Hereford, and Santa Gertrudis, was analyzed. TETRA-PRIMER ARMS-PCR and conventional PCR were used to detect Hypotrichosis, while both PCR-RFLP and Real-Time PCR assays were applied to screen for the Dilutor mutation in the SILV gene. The PMEL gene variant p.Ala612Glu, associated with coat color dilution, was assessed using PCR-RFLP. Screening for the Osteopetrosis-associated deletion in the SLC4A2 gene was also performed. A high diagnostic sensitivity was observed for Hypotrichosis detection, with carrier prevalence reaching 6.9% among Hereford cattle and 11.2% among breeding bulls in a major selection center. No heterozygous carriers of the Dilutor or Osteopetrosis mutations were identified. Real-time PCR was demonstrated to be a rapid and scalable method, enabling the genotyping of 96 DNA samples within 2.5 hours. Notably, heterozygosity at the PMEL locus was highest in the Kalmyk breed (25.6%), suggesting a possible link to coat color lightening. The applied molecular tools proved efficient for genetic monitoring in cattle populations. Periodic screening is recommended to prevent the spread of deleterious mutations, particularly in breeding herds.
Keywords: KRT71 gene; SILV locus; PMEL mutation; SLC4A2 deletion; PCR-RFLP; TETRA-PRIMER ARMS-PCR.

Abstract
This study investigated parasitism in Muturu and Zebu cattle breeds across various locations in Ogun State, Nigeria, to assess their comparative susceptibility and resilience to parasitic infections. A total of 274 cattle (76 Muturu and 198 Zebu) were sampled for blood, fecal, and ectoparasite analysis. The packed cell volume (PCV) and parasitic loads were quantified. Results showed that Zebu cattle had higher infection rates of hemoparasites (61.6%) compared to Muturu (69.7%), with Babesia being the most prevalent in both breeds. Ectoparasite burden was also higher in Zebu (average 27.7 ticks/animal) than in Muturu (13.1 ticks/animal). Despite a high parasitism rate (90.8%), Muturu cattle maintained higher mean PCV values (34.8±5.1) compared to parasitized Zebu (29.9±4.4, 85.4% parasitized). Muturu demonstrated superior hematological health under various parasitic infections, consistently maintaining higher PCV levels. The study highlights the superior adaptability and resilience of Muturu cattle to parasitic infections in Ogun State, Nigeria, suggesting their potential for improving livestock production in regions with high parasitic prevalence. These findings have significant implications for breed selection and management strategies in tropical cattle farming.
Keywords: Parasitic burden, Hematology, Cattle, Muturu, Zebu, Nigeria.

Abstract
This study investigated the prevalence of Brucella abortus and Vibrio melitensis pathogens among farm animals in the Kostanay region of Kazakhstan in 2024. A total of 200 animals (120 cattle and 80 sheep/goats) were sampled from various farms. Blood and tissue samples were analyzed using bacterial culture, serological agglutination tests, and PCR for the detection of pathogens. Results showed that 45% of cattle, 40% of sheep, and 40% of goats were infected, with the highest infection rates observed in animals aged two to five years. Younger animals had a significantly lower infection rate. Serological tests indicated 46% seropositivity for Brucella abortus in cattle and 38% for Vibrio melitensis in sheep/goats. PCR confirmed pathogen presence in 43.3% of cattle and 38.75% of small ruminants. These findings underscore the importance of regular monitoring, vaccination, and enhanced animal welfare to reduce infection rates and mitigate economic losses in the region.
Keywords: Zoonotic infections, Serological tests, Molecular genetic analysis, Pathogenic microflora, PCR diagnostics.

Abstract
Appetite regulation is a complex physiological process that is controlled by a network of hypothalamic neuropeptides. Among these neuropetides, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) has emerged as a key stimulator, but its role during fasting remains poorly defined. In this study, we assessed the expression of important appetite–related neuropeptides in response to fasting. PACAP has been known as an important factor that regulates feeding behavior through central neuropeptide signaling pathways. Expression levels of cholecystokinin (CCK), melanin concentrating hormone (MCH), orexin, and oxytocin in the hypothalamus of wild-type mice were notably upregulated in response to fasting; however, no significant changes were observed in PACAP?/? mice, indicating that the response is PACAP-dependent. In contrast, amylin expression was downregulated by fasting in both genotypes, suggesting a PACAP-independent, potentially anorexigenic role. Notably, bombesin and neurotensin expression levels remained unchanged across all conditions. Our results demonstrated that PACAP modulates the neuropeptidergic signaling network in a specific and selective manner, and therefore participates in the central regulation of appetite. These findings highlight the peculiar contribution of PACAP in balancing anorexigenic and orexigenic pathways during energy deprivation. Such selective regulation suggests that PACAP acts as a metabolic sensor, integrating fasting signals with hypothalamic centres that control feed intake.
Keywords: Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, Hypothalamus, Appetite, Neuropeptides, Food intake.

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate oxidative stress and antioxidant markers in sport horses, comparing pre-exercise and post-exercise between two types of sport. Twenty horses (ten race horses and ten endurance horses) were used in this study. The exercise intensity varied based on sport-specific formats. Blood samples were collected at pre-exercise, immediately, and three hours after exercise for oxidative stress and antioxidant markers analysis. The results showed that malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl levels were significantly increased just after exercise, followed by a significant decrease of MDA 3hours after exercise in both types of sport horses. In contrast, protein carbonyl level was not significantly decreased 3hours after exercise. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were significantly increased just after exercise in both types of sport horses, whereas catalase levels were significantly increased just after exercise only in race horses, indicating their adaptive responses to oxidative stress. Moreover, plasma nitrate/nitrite (NOx) levels showed no significant differences between periods of exercise and types of sports, although NOx levels tended to decrease just after exercise in both types of sports. These findings suggest that exercise patterns influence the level of oxidative stress in sport horses, as race horses exhibit higher oxidative stress response than endurance horses, supporting the notion that exercise-induced oxidative stress depends on exercise type, intensity, and duration. Further studies are needed to clarify the accumulation of ROS in different muscle fiber types to provide more understanding about the oxidative and antioxidative response during exercise in sport horses.
Keywords: Race Horse, Oxidative stress, Antioxidant, Endurance, Nitric oxide.

Abstract
Tramadol (TRM) is mainly used for pain relief but sometimes causes severe toxic effects in humans. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a beneficial treatment against the deteriorative effects of free radicals and reactive oxygen species. The present study investigates the possible impact of NAC administration on male health and semen characteristics in rabbits, as an animal model, treated with TRM. Thirty-two mature and healthy New Zealand white rabbit bucks were assigned to four equal groups (n=8) subcutaneously injected with 0.5mL of saline solution (control group), 20mg/kg tramadol (TRM group), 150mg/kg N-acetylcysteine (NAC group), or NAC and TRM (NAC+TRM group), respectively. The injection treatments were applied three times per week for 4 consecutive weeks. After that, blood samples were taken from the marginal ear vein to measure plasma testosterone (TS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), alanine and aspartate aminotransferase enzymes (ALT and AST), creatinine (CR), and urea (UR). Furthermore, ejaculations were collected from the bucks to evaluate semen volume, concentration, sperm motility, and quality parameters. The results demonstrated that TRM treatment substantially (P<0.05) decreased the TS and TAC while increased the MDA, ALT, AST, CR, and UR, compared to the control. Moreover, TRM treatment dramatically (P<0.05) decreased the semen volume, concentration, sperm motility, and quality. In contrast, NAC administration markedly (P<0.05) improved all parameters in the NAC group and reduced the deleterious effects of TRM in the NAC+TRM rabbit groups. It is concluded that NAC treatment enhanced the male rabbit’s health and alleviated tramadol’s deterioration of male reproduction.
Keywords: N-acetylcysteine; Tramadol; Testosterone; Antioxidant biomarkers; Semen characteristics; Male rabbits.

Abstract
Antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria have been reported worldwide in both livestock and wildlife. However, information on AMR bacteria in captive wild animals, including sambar deer (Rusa unicolor) in Southeast Asia, is still limited. This study was conducted to identify and determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the feces of sambar deer in Vietnam. Bacteria were isolated from fecal samples of 30 healthy sambar deer at wildlife farms and wildlife rescue centers in Dak Lak, Dong Nai, Nghe An, and Ha Tinh provinces in 2023. After isolation, bacterial identification was performed using MALDI-TOF MS and biochemical tests. The disk diffusion method was used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Nine species belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae were identified, including Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter asburiae, Enterobacter bugandensis, Enterobacter hormaechei, Enterobacter kobei, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella variicola (K. variicola), Pseudocitrobacter faecalis, and Raoultella ornithinolytica, of which E. coli accounted for the highest proportion (83.6%), followed by K. variicola (4.92%). The Enterobacteriaceae isolates showed high susceptibility rates to norfloxacin (95.08%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (93.44%), and gentamicin (91.80%). Whereas 65.57% of isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial, the highest resistance rates to ampicillin (34.43%) and cefotaxime (29.51%) were observed. The Enterobacteriaceae isolates had diverse antimicrobial resistant phenotypes; 17 resistant phenotypes of E. coli and 5 resistant phenotypes of other bacterial species, especially 6 multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates were observed. The present study indicates that it is necessary to improve awareness and practice regarding antibiotic use in captive wild animals, thereby minimizing antibiotic resistance.
Keywords: Antimicrobial susceptibility, Enterobacteriaceae, Multidrug resistance, Rusa unicolor, Vietnam.

Abstract
In this article, the molecular mechanism of the combined action of T-2 toxin, aflatoxin B1, and zearalenone was studied, which we hope will serve as a new direction and fundamental basis for the development of an effective prophylactic complex. The experiments were conducted on 128 Gray Giant rabbits, both males and females, which were divided into eight groups. Group 1 served as a biological control and received a normal diet without toxins or treatment, while group 2 acted as a toxic control (compound feed with the addition of mycotoxins). Groups 3 to 5 were given diets containing mycotoxins along with prophylactic complexes No. 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Groups 6 to 8 received diets without mycotoxin but supplemented with prophylactic complexes No. 1, 2, and 3. To induce mycotoxicoses, the animals received crystalline mycotoxins with the main diet for 21 days: T-2 toxin (1.2mg/kg), aflatoxin B1 (0.3mg/kg), and zearalenone (1.7mg/kg). As a means of protection, three recipes of prophylactic complexes based on sorbents, probiotic bacteria, antioxidants, and hepatoprotectors were used. Expression of proinflammatory cytokine mRNA (IL-1?, IL-6, IFN-?) was determined by quantitative real-time PCR in spleen, thymus, jejunum, and liver samples extracted at the end of the experimental period. Gene expression was assessed by the number of cDNA copies in the studied material, taking into account the normalization of the indicator relative to the number of DNA copies in the same sample. It was found that the associated effect of mycotoxins caused an increased expression of proinflammatory cytokine genes at mRNA level in the spleen (expression of IL-1?, IL-6, and IFN-? by 2.8, 2.2, and 1.5 times compared to the biological control group), thymus (45.0%, 82% and 1.12 times) and liver (61.0, 59.3 and 31.8%), and suppressed expression in the jejunum (decrease by 42.8%, 25.2% and 52.0% relative to the biological control group). All the differences are statistically significant in the Mann–Whitney Test (?=0.05) with P-criterion correction using Bonferroni’s Multiple Comparison Correction. The proposed complexes modulated the production of proinflammatory cytokines. However, the most pronounced immunomodulatory potential was shown by the prophylactic complex based on halloysite, silymarin, ?-glucans, and methionine (a significant increase was noted only in the spleen in relation to IL-1? and in the liver in relation to IL-1? and IL-6 by 20.3% and 23.1%). The data obtained indicate that this prophylactic complex is promising and requires further study as a means of preventing mixed mycotoxicoses in productive animals.
Keywords: Mycotoxins, Inflammation, Cytokines, Mycotoxicosis, Prophylaxis, Rabbits.

Abstract
The equine upper respiratory tract microbiome (URTM) plays a pivotal role in respiratory health, yet its regional variability in relation to environmental factors remains underexplored. This study characterized and compared the URTM of Kazakh horses from three ecologically distinct regions – Pavlodar, Zhetysu, and Mangystau-using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing and a multi-layered bioinformatic approach. Alpha diversity metrics indicated significantly greater richness and evenness in Mangystau samples (P<0.05, Tukey’s HSD test), suggestive of a more stable and resilient microbial community under arid climatic pressures. Beta diversity analyses revealed distinct clustering patterns aligned with regional origin, highlighting strong biogeographic structuring. Taxonomic profiling identified both core genera (e.g., Nicoletella, Streptococcus, Moraxella) and region-specific taxa, including environmental genera (Planococcus, Psychrobacter) in Mangystau and mucosa-associated genera (Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus) in Zhetysu. LEfSe analysis confirmed regionally enriched bacterial biomarkers, supporting functional adaptation to climate and ecology. Functional predictions derived from BugBase, PICRUSt2, and FAPROTAX revealed pronounced differences in metabolic and ecological capacities: Mangystau horses were enriched in stress-tolerant phenotypes and xenobiotic degradation pathways, while Pavlodar and Zhetysu horses showed greater representation of host-associated functions such as nitrogen fixation and fermentation. These findings demonstrate that regional environmental conditions exert a measurable influence on both the composition and function of the equine URTM. This study provides a foundation for microbiome-informed respiratory health monitoring and regional veterinary strategies in horses raised under extensive management systems.
Keywords: Kazakh horses, 16S rRNA sequencing, Microbial diversity, Geographic variation, Equine respiratory health, Functional prediction.

Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive clinical and pathological investigation of thoracic and abdominal affections in dromedary camels in the Qassim region of Saudi Arabia. Sixty clinically affected camels underwent detailed physical and ultrasonographic examinations to identify disorders affecting major thoracoabdominal organs. Additionally, 62 pathological specimens were collected from camels at local slaughterhouses for gross and histopathological evaluation. Clinically diagnosed conditions included renal abscesses, abdominal ascites, hepatic abscesses and cirrhosis, intestinal obstruction and abscesses, paratuberculosis, cystitis, hemoperitoneum, gastrointestinal foreign bodies, and suspected neoplasia. The chi-square test indicates a significant difference among disease frequencies (?² = 33.0, P = 0.00006). This means the diseases are not evenly distributed, with kidney abscesses being the most frequent condition, followed by ascites and liver cirrhosis. Ultrasonography proved to be a valuable diagnostic modality, revealing specific features such as echogenic abscesses, fluid accumulation, and tissue thickening. Pathological evaluation confirmed multiple liver affections—parasitic (e.g., hydatid cysts, fascioliasis, cysticercosis), bacterial (caseous, pyogenic, actinomycotic), fungal (mycotic abscesses), and fibrotic lesions. Lung lesions included pneumoconiosis due to sandstorm exposure, foreign body granulomas, and lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis. Cardiac affections such as interstitial myocarditis, sarcocystosis, and myocardial degeneration were also documented. The chi-square test shows ?² = 178.73 and P<0.001, indicating a highly significant difference in the distribution of lesions across organs. In other words, liver affections occur far more frequently than expected compared to lung, spleen, and cardiac lesions. This study highlights the diagnostic importance of combining clinical and imaging assessments with detailed pathological examination to improve the understanding, diagnosis, and management of thoracoabdominal diseases in camels.
Keywords: Camels, Diagnostic imaging, Diseases, Pathology, Ultrasonography.

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate hematological and biochemical parameter changes during treatment of purulent-catarrhal endometritis in cows and correlate with clinical outcomes. The study was conducted from 2018-2023 on 27 Black Pied cows (3-6 years old, milk yield 5000-6000kg/lactation). Diagnosis was confirmed clinically, by ultrasound (DRAMINSKI 4Vet Slim) and laboratory tests (Abacus Vet 5.5200 hematology analyzer, ChemWell biochemistry analyzer). Animals were divided into 3 groups: Groups I-II received experimental protocols with antibiotics, phytopreparations and laser therapy (STP-9), Group III served as control (conventional treatment). Blood parameters (WBC, RBC, HGB, total protein, iron etc.) were monitored on days 1, 3 and 7 of treatment. Experimental groups showed parameter normalization: hemoglobin increased to 112g/L, leukocytes decreased to 12.3×10?/L. The control group maintained signs of inflammation (leukocytosis 14.6×10?/L). The combined therapy protocol demonstrated optimal results. The developed treatment protocol effectively restores hematological and biochemical parameters, confirming its superiority over conventional methods. Blood parameter monitoring serves as a key criterion for evaluating treatment efficacy and recovery prognosis.
Keywords: Dairy cattle, Purulent-catarrhal Endometritis, Hematology, Biochemistry, Treatment protocol.

Abstract
Subclinical mastitis is the most common form of mastitis in dairy cattle, often going undetected due to its lack of visible clinical signs. This condition leads to significant economic losses through reduced milk yield and increased culling. This study aimed to assess the national prevalence of subclinical mastitis in Albanian dairy herds, identify associated risk factors, and determine the antibiotic resistance patterns of major bacterial pathogens. Between December 2022 and April 2023, a total of 500 lactating cows from 62 farms across 12 Albanian counties were screened using the California Mastitis Test (CMT). Data on animal, management, and environmental variables were collected through structured interviews. Milk samples from CMT-positive quarters were cultured for bacterial isolation and tested for antibiotic susceptibility using the Kirby-Bauer method. The overall prevalence of subclinical mastitis was 59.6%, with the highest rates observed in Tiranë (76%) and Shkodër (75%). Multivariable logistic regression revealed three key risk factors: post-milking udder washing (OR=4.71), low farm altitude, and extensive management systems. The most frequently isolated pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus (33.7%), Escherichia coli (16.6%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12%). Resistance was highest to penicillin and amikacin, while ciprofloxacin and gentamicin remained largely effective. Multidrug resistance was observed in over 50% of isolates. These findings highlight the need for better milking hygiene, targeted antibiotic use, and structured mastitis control. Routine CMT screening and farmer education are key to reducing disease and antimicrobial resistance in the Albanian dairy sector.
Keywords: Subclinical mastitis, Intramammary infection, Dairy cattle, CMT test, Bacterial isolation, Antibiotic resistance.

Abstract
The aim was to evaluate the effect of the Shungikus non-traditional feed additive based on locally produced native Shungite on the veterinary and sanitary parameters of meat and internal organs of broiler chicken, including physicochemical, microbiological, and morphophysiological characteristics. Experimental work was carried out on Arbor Acres broilers. The birds were divided into a control group, which received a basic diet, and experimental groups, in which Shungikus was introduced at 3 and 5% of the basic diet. The study analyzed organoleptic, physicochemical, and histomorphohistological analysis of muscle tissue and internal organs. The pH, concentration of heavy metals, and total bacterial contamination were determined. Shungikus did not hurt the meat’s organoleptic and physicochemical parameters. On the contrary, a decrease in pH was noted, which improved the product’s technological characteristics. A significant reduction in the concentration of heavy metals in muscle tissue was established, confirming the sorption properties of Shungite. Microbiological analysis did not reveal an excess of the standard values, and morphohistological studies showed uniform development of muscle fibers and internal organs in the birds receiving the additive. Using Shungikus is a promising way to improve the quality and safety of broiler meat. Shungite helps reduce the accumulation of toxic elements without adversely affecting organoleptic and structural characteristics. It is recommended that 5% of it be added to the basic diet, which ensures an optimal effect on poultry productivity and meat quality.
Keywords: Meat, Veterinary and sanitary indicators, Histological structures, Shungite, Heavy metals, Bacterial purity.

Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal disease in cats caused by a mutated feline coronavirus. Despite advancements in antiviral therapies, diagnosis remains challenging, particularly in non-effusive forms, due to the nonspecific nature of clinical and laboratory findings. This study aimed to evaluate clinical presentations, laboratory findings, diagnostic imaging features, and treatment outcomes in cats with FIP, to refine diagnostic criteria and assess therapeutic responses to GS-441524. Thirty cats diagnosed with FIP and ten healthy controls were studied at Aleef Care Veterinary Clinic in Saudi Arabia between January 2024 and June 2025. Clinical signs, blood parameters, and imaging findings were recorded. Feline coronavirus antibody testing and imaging (ultrasound and radiography) were used for diagnosis. Case confirmation of FIP was based on a combination of clinical presentation, positive feline coronavirus antibody testing, imaging evidence of effusion or organ involvement (ultrasound and/or radiography), and, detection of antibodies against feline coronavirus in serum samples. Treatment involved oral or injectable GS-441524 over 84 days, with adjustments based on disease stage. Imaging confirmed fluid accumulation in effusive cases. Compared to healthy controls, cats with FIP showed significantly higher total protein, globulin, and bilirubin levels, and lower albumin and A/G ratio values (P<0.05). Following treatment with GS-441524, significant improvements were observed in serum albumin, ALT, and bilirubin levels compared with pretreatment values (P<0.05), while hematological indices such as hemoglobin and total leukocyte counts approached normal ranges. Statistical analysis demonstrated significant post-treatment increases in body weight and appetite scores (P<0.01), accompanied by normalization of temperature and biochemical parameters (P<0.05). GS-441524 therapy showed potential efficacy in FIP management, even in advanced disease stages. Combined clinical, laboratory, and imaging assessments enhance diagnostic accuracy. Regulatory approval and standardized access to antiviral agents are needed to ensure consistent and safe treatment.
Keywords: Biomarkers, Cat, Feline infectious peritonitis, Diagnostic Imaging, Treatment, GS-441524.

Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the nutritional value, microbiological safety, and residual levels of heavy metals in food waste to develop a balanced feed mixture for aquaculture. The study used four categories of food waste: fat-containing, bone, organic, and composite. The physicochemical composition of the samples was determined in accordance with international standards using modern analytical equipment. Microbiological safety was assessed by determining the total viable count (QMAFAnM), the presence of pathogens, and the content of lactic acid bacteria. The analyses revealed that the samples studied possessed high nutritional value but varied in their chemical composition. Fat-containing waste has the maximum energy value (443.91kcal) and a high proportion of lipids (25.88%), but also increases oxidation indices, requiring stabilization by antioxidants. Bone waste had the highest concentration of protein (43.18%) and macronutrients (Ca, P), making it a valuable source of minerals for fish feed. Organic waste contains a significant amount of carbohydrates (87.26g/kg), but their potential utilization requires enzymatic treatment to enhance digestibility. Composite waste combines a balanced ratio of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, although there is a need to control oxidation processes. Microbiological analysis did not reveal the presence of pathogenic microorganisms, and the presence of lactic acid bacteria may improve digestion in fish. The assessment of heavy metal content revealed that the concentrations of Pb, Cd, As, and Hg did not exceed the maximum permissible limits established by international regulations, indicating that the tested waste is safe for use in feed. The results prove the great potential of using food waste as a feed additive for aquaculture. However, its effective application requires standardization of raw materials, quality control at all processing stages, and the development of preservation technologies to prevent oxidation and loss of nutritional value. Further research will focus on optimizing processing methods and assessing the impact of such feeds on fish growth, health, and productivity.
Keywords: Aquaculture, Food waste, Feed additives, Sanitary indicators, Sustainable development, Safety.

Abstract
Starch-rich feeds are vital in ruminant diets because they provide readily fermentable energy, supporting growth, lactation, and overall productivity. This study evaluated the in sacco degradation patterns and carbohydrate fractions, based on the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS), of five high-starch feeds commonly used in ruminant diets, i.e., corn, cassava, sago, sorghum, and wheat. Analyses included chemical composition, carbohydrate fractions, and degradation dynamics of dry matter (DM) and starch. Cassava had the highest starch content (P<0.001), whereas wheat contained the lowest (P<0.001). Carbohydrate fractionation revealed distinct profiles among feeds, with cassava rich in the CB1 fraction (slowly fermentable energy) and corn exhibiting the highest sugar (CA) content (P<0.001). In sacco evaluation showed considerable variability, in which wheat had the greatest DM degradability (P<0.001), while corn showed the highest starch degradability (P<0.001). Starch degradation rates differed significantly (P<0.001), with sorghum was degraded the fastest and sago the slowest. Effective degradability (ED) of starch was highest in corn and lowest in cassava. Corn provided rapidly available energy owing to its dominance in rumen degradable starch (RDS), whereas cassava, enriched in resistant starch (RS), degraded more slowly. Correlation analysis confirmed a significant negative relationship between RS and RDS (P<0.05), indicating that higher RS reduced the availability of rapidly fermentable starch in the rumen. These distinct degradation profiles highlight the potential complementary roles of high-starch feeds in precision diet formulation for tropical ruminants, supporting a balanced energy supply, improved fermentation efficiency, and sustainable livestock production.
Keywords: Carbohydrate, Feed, In sacco, Starch degradability, Resistant starch.

Abstract
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a significant cattle pathogen that causes three distinct clinical syndromes: calf diarrhea (CD), winter dysentery (WD), and respiratory disease. In this study, 200 nasal swab samples were collected from calves aged one day to six months exhibiting respiratory symptoms. RNA was extracted and analyzed using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). From the positive samples, six were selected for further analysis using multiplex PCR, an amplicon-based whole genome sequencing (WGS) approach, and spike gene-targeted sequencing with Oxford Nanopore Technology (MinION MK1B). Phylogenetic analysis of both targeted and whole genome sequences revealed that all six samples belong to the GIb subgroup. Coverage depth at 20× and Q-scores were calculated for both the spike (S) gene and the whole genome. Of the six samples, two had full genome coverage, one exceeded 95%, and the remaining three had coverage ranging between 60% and 70%. For the S gene, three samples were fully covered, while the other three showed coverage ranging from 74% to 86%. Q-scores for both the S gene and WGS ranged from 18.7 to 18.8. The complete genomes were annotated using BLAST, which identified the location and length of each gene. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detection was performed manually using SNAPGENE software on both WGS and Sanger sequencing data. A comparison revealed that 22 nucleotide SNPs out of 70 were shared between the two methods, as well as three amino acid SNPs. This study employed an amplicon-based sequencing strategy using Oxford Nanopore Technology to characterize BCoV from clinical samples collected in northern Jordan molecularly. There is a notable lack of data regarding circulating BCoV strains in Jordan and the broader Middle East. Therefore, genomic characterization of local strains is essential to better understand the virus and implement targeted control strategies. This study represents the first whole-genome characterization of a BCoV strain in Jordan using Oxford Nanopore sequencing technology.
Keywords: Next generation sequencing, Bovine coronavirus, Oxford nanopore technology, Whole genome sequencing, Bovine viruses

Abstract
Maintaining the health of dairy cows and ensuring their high fertility are urgent tasks for veterinary gynecology. Among the leading problems are inflammatory and functional gynecological diseases, resulting in long-term infertility. The study aims to compare the hematological parameters of cows during the insemination period and at the time of pregnancy diagnosis and determine the prevalence of subclinical endometritis among Holstein-Friesian cows. The study utilized the methods of endoscopy, ultrasound, transrectal palpation, and an express test, which were performed on Holstein cows at commercial facilities in the Almaty Region (Kazakhstan) and the Department of Obstetrics, Surgery, and Reproductive Biotechnology. Hematological tests were carried out at the Kazakh-Japan Innovation Center. Ultrasounds showed an increased size of the uterine cavity and thickened uterine walls. Research was conducted on cows in three age groups: 2.5–4, 5–7, and over 7 years old. The average prevalence of subclinical endometritis amounted to 8.63%. Throughout treatment, the hematological parameters of diseased cows changed. The study suggests that early diagnosis, effective treatment, and prevention are crucial in maintaining reproductive health and high milk yields considering cattle breed and lifestyle. The study analyzed the indications for the use and effectiveness of drugs, including Ihglyukovit, Tylometrinum, ASD-2F, and Uteroton. Low-level laser therapy was examined in terms of its contribution to the effectiveness of therapy for the disease under study. The benefits of multivitamin supplements were reviewed.
Keywords: Holstein breed, Subclinical endometritis, Hematology, Treatment.

Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of liquid bioslurry supplementation in feed on the growth performance and body composition of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured in a floating net cage (FNC) system. The experiment was conducted from June to September 2024 in the waters of Makassar, using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four concentrations of liquid bioslurry: A (33.33mL/100g of feed), B (66.66mL/100g), C (100mL/100g), and D (133.33mL/100g), each with three replicates. Observed variables included absolute growth, specific growth rate, survival rate, feed efficiency, feed conversion ratio, and body composition (crude protein, fat, fiber, ash, and nitrogen-free extract). The results showed that the addition of liquid bioslurry had a significant effect on the growth and feed efficiency of Nile tilapia (P<0.05). Treatment C (100mL/100g of feed) produced the best results in terms of absolute growth, feed efficiency, and body protein content. Quadratic regression analysis indicated that the optimal dosage of liquid bioslurry ranged between 95–105mL/100g of feed. In addition, water quality remained within acceptable ranges for aquaculture throughout the study period. The use of liquid bioslurry as a feed additive shows potential as an economical, environmentally friendly supplement that supports the principles of the circular economy in aquaculture. These findings highlight the opportunity to utilize livestock waste as a natural probiotic source in Nile tilapia farming.
Keywords: Oreochromis niloticus, Liquid bioslurry, Fish feed, Floating net cages, Fish growth.

Abstract
Cases of anthrax in humans and animals are often reported in Kazakhstan. The main risk factor for epizootiological problems with anthrax is the numerous anthrax burial grounds found in all regions of Kazakhstan, a significant part of which are located in populated areas, pastures, and cattle paths. Therefore, it became necessary to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the risks posed by soil anthrax foci to humans, animals, and the environment. During the work, an epizootiology examination and evaluation of the current condition of 33 anthrax burials located in three regions of Kazakhstan (central, eastern, and southern), in areas with maximum and high risk of anthrax infection, was carried out. Microbiological studies of soil samples obtained from the territory of anthrax foci and sanitary protection zones located in Karaganda, East Kazakhstan, and Turkestan regions were carried out. A comprehensive assessment of the potential and actual danger of each anthrax burial was carried out based on an evaluation of social, biological, and natural risks concerning each studied burial individually. Each risk factor was assessed according to a point system. The hazard degree of soil anthrax foci was determined with mathematical calculations, summing up the scores characterizing each risk factor. It was found that 9.1% of all examined cattle burial grounds represented a high biological hazard degree, 6.1% had a low hazard degree and most of the examined foci (84.8%) had a moderate hazard degree. These findings highlight the urgent need for continuous monitoring, risk mitigation strategies, and effective management of anthrax burial sites to safeguard public health, livestock, and the environment in Kazakhstan.
Keywords: Epizootiology; Public health risk; Soil foci; Zoonotic disease control; Environmental safety.

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to obtain and molecularly identify Pasteurella multocida isolates from pathological material obtained from saigas in Kazakhstan. This work was conducted in the context of recurring pasteurellosis outbreaks among migratory saiga populations, which pose a threat to both wildlife health and ecosystem stability in Central Asia. Polymerase Chain Reaction methods with universal primers specific for the 16S rRNA gene and subsequent sequencing of the amplified fragments were used for identification. Although universal primers were employed for 16S rRNA gene amplification, species-specific primers for P. multocida were not used, which may limit discriminatory power in cases involving closely related taxa. During the work, two isolates of P. multocida were obtained, for which molecular genetic identification was performed. Sequencing demonstrated the high accuracy and reliability of the data obtained, enabling a phylogenetic analysis. The degree of homology of nucleotide sequences with the reference strain P. multocida subsp. gallicida strain CCUG 17978 (GenBank: NR_041811.1) amounted to 99.86%. The results showed that both isolates had a high genetic affinity to this strain, confirming their similarity to typical P. multocida strains and highlighting the importance of these microorganisms in the context of epizootic processes. A phylogenetic tree constructed using the NJ method further confirmed the clustering of isolates with reference strains, supporting the robustness of the identification. The data emphasize the importance of using molecular methods to study the microbial ecology of wild animals, diagnose infectious diseases, and control the epidemiological situation in Kazakhstan. These findings contribute to improved molecular surveillance protocols and may assist in the development of early-warning systems for wildlife epizootics in Kazakhstan and beyond.
Keywords:Saiga antelopes, Pasteurellosis, Pasteurella multocida, Identification, Sequencing.

Abstract
Restrictions on antibiotic use in poultry have encouraged the search for natural alternatives to maintain gut health and performance. This study assesses the effects of supplementing broiler chickens with Lactobacillus plantarum and galoba fruit (Hornstedtia alliacea) extract on their intestinal health and growth performance. Two hundred and fifty broiler chickens raised together from day 0 to day 7 participated in an in vivo investigation. Beginning on day 8, treatments GL1, GL2, GL3, and GL4 received dosages of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0mL/kg feed of synbiotics, while the control group (CONT) did not receive any synbiotic supplementation. Galoba extract and L. plantarum supplementation significantly improved growth performance, increased the length of villi in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, decreased the pH in the ileum and cecum, increased the population of lactic acid bacteria, and decreased the coliform counts in the ileum and cecum (P<0.05), according to the results. To sum up, using synbiotics made of L. plantarum and galoba fruit extract has a lot of promise as a practical nutraceutical approach to enhance the intestinal morphology, microbial balance, and performance of broiler chickens. These findings provide a practical basis for developing sustainable, locally sourced feed additives in antibiotic-free poultry production systems.
Keywords: Sinbiotik, Hornstedtia alliacea, Lactobacillus plantarum, Broiler performance, Intestinal health.

Abstract
This article presents the results of a study on antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella species isolated from livestock products in the Almaty region of Kazakhstan. A total of 600 samples (beef, lamb, pork, poultry meat, and chicken eggs) were analyzed using classical microbiological methods and confirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Among these, E. coli was most commonly isolated from pork (24.32%) and mutton (34.23%), while Salmonella was mainly found in chicken meat (37.3%) and eggs (18.66%). Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed by the disk diffusion method according to EUCAST guidelines against a panel of beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, and other agents. Resistance to fluoroquinolones, beta-lactams, and aminoglycosides was observed in 43% of E. coli and 18% of Salmonella isolates. The highest resistance rates were to norfloxacin (29.25% and 15.15%) and ciprofloxacin (15.09% and 25.76%), with the lowest for meropenem (0.94% and 0%). Notably, 38% of all isolates were sensitive to all tested antibiotics. No resistance was recorded to cefazolin, tetracycline, azithromycin, erythromycin, amoxiclav, clindamycin, or doxycycline. Of 172 Enterobacteriaceae isolates, 38% were sensitive to all tested antibiotics. Species identification was confirmed via 16S rRNA gene sequencing, which showed 100% similarity with E. coli and Salmonella enterica sequences from the NCBI database. In addition, a culture medium excipient, recently synthesized and imbued with defibrinated horse blood, was appraised and deemed appropriate to bacterial cultivation plus susceptibility assays, although further comparative validation utilizing standard media remains indicated. Collectively, the results stress that antimicrobial-resistant microbes exist in foodstuffs. They additionally stress that continuing observation as well as suitable utilization of antimicrobials remain important, instead of proposing prompt alterations within veterinary practice.
Keywords:Antibiotic resistance, Salmonella enterica, Escherichia ?oli, Animal products.

Abstract
Dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) are essential to the livelihoods of communities in arid regions, yet they remain susceptible to cardiovascular disorders that can lead to sudden death or reduced productivity. Despite their physiological resilience, camels frequently experience subclinical or acute myocardial injuries due to infectious diseases, heat stress, transport fatigue, and systemic inflammation. In recent years, cardiac biomarkers—particularly cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB)—have emerged as promising tools for detecting myocardial damage in camels. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the diagnostic and prognostic value of these biomarkers in clinically ill, stressed, or performance camels. The review covers camel-specific cardiovascular anatomy and common cardiac conditions such as myocarditis, pericarditis, and congestive heart failure. It consolidates emerging evidence linking elevated biomarker levels, especially cTnI, with poor clinical outcomes and mortality. Supporting markers like natriuretic peptides, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase are also discussed, though their lack of cardiac specificity limits standalone use. A key contribution of this review is its emphasis on practical challenges—including the lack of camel-specific assay kits and standardized reference ranges—while highlighting promising strategies like point-of-care testing, serial biomarker monitoring, and integration with imaging and clinical scoring systems. Unlike prior reviews, this article not only compiles biomarker data but critically evaluates their translational potential and calls for multicenter, longitudinal studies to validate their clinical utility. By doing so, it offers a forward-looking framework to enhance early diagnosis and reduce cardiovascular-related mortality in camels, a species of significant ecological and economic value.
Keywords: Camels, Cardiac biomarkers, Cardiac troponin I (cTnI), Myocardial injury, Survival prediction.