Abstract
A genetic approach was used to investigate the factors that influence the T cell response to a synthetic peptide denoted hen egg lysozyme 1-18 (HEL 1-18). This peptide corresponds to a T cell epitope of the protein HEL that is presented by Ek class II MHC receptors. The level of response to HEL 1-18 varies among different inbred mouse strains. Ek expressing strains could be classified based on this criterion as either high responders (e.g., strain AKR/J and C57BR /cdJ) or low responders (e.g., strain B10.A, B10.BR, and B6.AKR). Analysis of the response of F1 hybrids between high and low responders indicated that this trait behaves in a codominant manner only in (AKR x B6.AKR) F1. We found that a variety of C57 series inbred strains, other than C57BR/cdJ (e.g., C57BL/6J, C57BL/10J, and C57/J), possess a dominant negative trait that attenuated the response of Ek–expressing strains to HEL 1-18. Further analysis of H2-congenic mice indicates that this dominant negative trait maps to MHC, as demonstrated by using the intra–H–2 recombinant congenic mouse strain, B10.A (4R) and B10.A (5R). Examination of recombinant progenies from intercrosses between AKR and C57L/J mice indicates that the dominant negative trait lies within the small region of MHC where overlap occurs. However, or one or more loci outside the MHC in the C57L/J mice may influence the response to the HEL 1-18 peptide. The effects of this trait are similar to those found in Ek – expressing low responder strains (B10.A, B10.BR and B6.AKR) suggesting that alleles for these immune response modifiers loci are shared between C57L, C57BL/6 and C57BL/10 strains.
Keywords: MHC molecules, T cells, Immune response, Hen Egg, Lysosyme, Epitope.

Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the use of fermented Is1lamic boarding school food waste with Rhizopus oligosporus as feed on the performance of broiler chickens. The study used 200 day-old chicks (DOC) of the Arbor Acres (AA) CP-707 broiler strain produced by PT Charoen Pokphand TBK Indonesia, which were reared for 7 weeks. The research employed an experimental method using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 5 treatments and 4 replications. The treatment variations were the inclusion levels of Rhizopus oligosporus-fermented Islamic boarding school food waste in broiler feed: A (0% FIBSFW), B (10% FIBSFW), C (20% FIBSFW), D (30% FIBSFW), and E (40% FIBSFW). The observed variables included feed intake (g/bird), final body weight (g/bird), and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The results showed that the inclusion of fermented Islamic boarding school food waste with Rhizopus oligosporus had a significant effect (P<0.05) on feed intake, final body weight, and feed conversion ratio. It was concluded that fermented Islamic boarding school food waste can be used up to 30% in the feed, reducing the use of corn without negatively affecting broiler performance. Keywords: Broiler chickens, Fermentation, Feed, Food waste, Performance, Rhizopus oligosporus.

Abstract
This study evaluates broiler productivity, carcass characteristics, blood biochemicals, intestinal microbiota, antioxidant status, and immune function associated with pomegranate juice (PJ) supplementation in drinking water. Three hundred, one-day-old Cobb-500 chicks were randomly and equally distributed into five treatment groups (four replicates × 15 birds each). The treatments were a negative control group receiving no-treatment; a group supplemented with 500 mg/L lincomycin (a conventional antibiotic) served as a positive control; and three groups receiving drinking water supplemented with 10, 20, or 30mL/L of PJ, respectively. The experimental period lasted until the birds reached five weeks of age. The findings outlined that the highest level of PJ addition (30mL/L) significantly improved birds’ growth and carcass characteristics compared to the negative and positive control groups. PJ supplementation also significantly reduced (P<0.05) intestinal populations of Salmonella as well as Escherichia coli, comparable to the effects of lincomycin. Moreover, high PJ inclusion notably enhanced (P<0.05) blood biochemical and hematological parameters as well as antioxidant biomarkers. In conclusion, supplementing broiler drinking water with 30mL/L of PJ proved to be a potent natural alternative to conventional antibiotics, offering antimicrobial and antioxidant benefits while supporting growth, physiological health, and immune function.Keywords: Pomegranate juice, Growth performance, Immunological markers, Broiler chickens.

Abstract
Local chicken breeds in Indonesia, such as Sentul chicken (Gallus domesticus), have gained attention for their unique taste and adaptability to local conditions. The use of noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia L.) in poultry feed, due to its antioxidant content, has the potential to improve meat characteristics. This study aims to evaluate the effects of adding microencapsulated noni fruit extract (Morinda citrifolia L.) as a feed additive on the physical, chemical, and microbiological properties of Sentul chicken meat. A total of 56 chickens were randomly assigned to six dietary treatments: P0 (basal feed without antibiotics), P1 (basal feed + 50ppm bacitracin), P2 (basal feed + 0.5% microencapsulated noni extract), P3 (1%), P4 (1.5%), and P5 (2%). Parameters measured included water-holding capacity (WHC), cooking loss, tenderness, moisture, fat, protein, ash content, pH, total bacterial count, and meat color (L*, a*, b*). The results showed that treatment P3 had the highest WHC (48.70%) and the lowest cooking loss (22.85%), indicating better water retention. Tenderness was highest in P2 (28.6mm/g/10s) and P3 (28.50mm/g/10s). The highest protein content was found in P1 (19.56%), while P2 and P4 had lower values. Total bacterial count was lowest in P2 (2.06 × 10?CFU/g) and highest in P4 (3.48 × 10?CFU/g). The meat color of P2 was characterized by the lowest L* (16.35) and highest a* (28.24), indicating redder meat. These findings suggest that dietary supplementation with 1% microencapsulated noni extract (P3) optimally enhances meat quality in Sentul chickens without compromising safety or composition.
Keywords: Morinda citrifolia, Sentul chicken, Feed additive, Microencapsulation, Meat quality.

Abstract
Salmonella infections are a significant public health concern worldwide, with poultry and poultry products being the primary sources of transmission. In Kazakhstan, data on the prevalence of Salmonella in poultry farms and the antimicrobial resistance of the isolates remain limited. In this study, we isolated and identified Salmonella strains from samples collected from poultry farms in the northern region of Kazakhstan and assessed their antimicrobial resistance profiles. The samples were cultured on differential diagnostic media, and the resulting isolates were identified using biochemical tests and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. From the 246 samples examined, 9 pure cultures were isolated and identified as Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica. The following Salmonella serotypes were identified: four isolates of S. enteritidis, one of S. paratyphi C, one of S. moscow, two of S. infantis, and one of S. mbandaka. These isolates exhibited multidrug resistance to several antibiotics including rifampicin, azithromycin, erythromycin, vancomycin, cefadroxil, cefuroxime, cefaclor, cephalothin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, cefazolin, clindamycin, kanamycin, streptomycin, nitrofurantoin, and piperacillin. In addition, all the isolates demonstrated moderate resistance to penicillin and tetracycline. These results provide insights into the species composition of circulating strains and their resistance patterns, which can contribute to the development of effective antimicrobial therapeutic strategies in poultry farming.Keywords: Salmonella, avian salmonellosis, isolate, identification, antibiotic resistance.

Abstract
The experiment was conducted on 160 growing crossbred rabbits (New Zealand White × Local), consisting of 80 bucks and 80 does, with an initial weight of 505g. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with five treatments and eight replications. The five treatments corresponded to five levels of garlic powder supplementation in the rabbit diet (%DM): no garlic powder (GP0), 0.5% garlic powder (GP0.5), 1% garlic powder (GP1.0), 1.5% garlic powder (GP1.5), and 2% garlic powder (GP2%). The results showed that rabbits fed with GP0.5 and GP1.0 diets had better final weight, daily weight gain, and FCR than GP0 (P<0.05). Improvements were observed in some physiological and biochemical blood parameters, including RBC, HGB, WBC, NEU, LYM, and globulin, in the GP0.5 group compared to GP2.0 and GP0 (P<0.05). Increasing the level of garlic powder in the diet also elevated HDL-C compared to the no garlic powder group (P<0.05). Additionally, the density of E. coli in the feces was lower in the GP0.5 and GP2.0 groups compared to GP0 (P<0.001). These results indicate that supplementing 0.5% garlic powder in the diet of growing crossbred rabbits enhanced nutrient intakes, daily weight gain, and improved E. coli disease resistance.Keywords: Escherichia coli, Garlic powder, Blood physiology, Blood biochemistry, Growing rabbits

Abstract
Calves are highly susceptible to endoparasitic infections, which can hinder their growth. One preventive measure that can be taken is the addition of feed additives to their daily diet, which at this stage consists of milk. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of milk type on blood and gastrointestinal endoparasite infestations in calves. A total of 15 four-week-old calves were used in this study and divided into three groups based on the kind of milk provided: LK milk, commercial milk, and fresh milk. Observations were conducted on days 1, 15, and 30. Hemoparasites were analyzed microscopically using blood smear preparations, while gastrointestinal endoparasites were examined qualitatively and quantitatively using the flotation and sedimentation methods. The results indicated that no hemoparasites were detected in any of the milk treatment groups throughout the observation period. Similarly, nematode, trematode, and cestode eggs were not found in any milk groups at different times. However, oocysts were first identified on day 15 in all groups and showed a non-significant (P>0.05) decrease on day 30. Furthermore, the number of oocysts found on day 15 did not differ significantly (P>0.05) from day 30 in all milk groups. Thus, the type of milk provided over 30 days did not affect the presence of hemoparasite or gastrointestinal endoparasites in calves.Keywords: Calves, Eimeria, Gastrointestinal worm, Hemoparasites, Milk.

Abstract
Clinical signs of respiratory infection are observed annually among the horse population of the Kyrgyz Republic. In this regard, we collected 289 blood serum samples from horses and tested them using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the presence of antibodies against equine influenza virus (EIV) and equine herpesviruses type 1 and 4 (EHV-1 and EHV-4). The results of the studies showed that virus-specific antibodies against EHV-4 were detected in all collected blood serum samples. Antibodies against EIV were detected in 54% of the tested samples, while only 3.9% tested positive for EHV-1. These results can serve as fundamental data for preventing the spread of equine infectious diseases in Kyrgyz Republic in the future.Keywords: EIV, EHV, ELISA, Horse, Kyrgyz Republic, Serological Monitoring.

Abstract
In the presence of clinical signs of disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, apteriosis and alopecia, excessive growth of microorganisms was established from the intestinal contents of birds. The article presents data on the dynamics of biofilm-forming microorganisms, Salmonella typhimurium and Candida albicans, identified in diseases of the digestive system of Psittaciformes. With a decrease in the compensatory mechanisms of mucocilliary clearance and colonization resistance of the organism due to the representation of quorum-sensing signaling molecules, an excessive growth of pathogenic microorganisms is observed. Population immobilization of the architectonics of a mature three-dimensional biofilm is mediated by intensive cell proliferation and the synthesis of exocellular molecules of the intercellular matrix. The orderliness and compactness of the multicellular heteromorphic structure of polyspecies biofilms depend on the degree of differentiation of the adhesive basal layer of a dense network of blastoconidia, hyphal and pseudohyphal forms, and gram-negative bacteria. Depending on the microorganisms’ cultivation time, a gradual increase in the absolute optical density values of the tested specimens was established. When cultured for 18, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 hours, the intensity of biofilm formation ranged from ?0.1 to ?0.4.Keywords: Psittaciformes; Diseases; Digestive System; Qu?rum Sensing; Biofilms; Densitometry; Optical Microscopy; Luminescence Microscopy; Scanning Electron Microscopy.

Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a globally prevalent condition associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Poorly managed diabetes is characterized by elevated tissue factor (TF), a key initiator of coagulation and vascular inflammatory signaling. Emerging evidence indicates that direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), such as rivaroxaban (RIV) and dabigatran (DAB), exhibit anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic properties beyond their anticoagulant effects. This study aimed to investigate the potential protective effects of RIV and DAB against streptozotocin (STZ)-induced pancreatic ?-cell loss in mice. Sixty Balb/c male mice were divided into six groups: control, RIV, DAB, STZ, RIV+STZ, and DAB+STZ. Serum insulin, blood glucose, platelet count, and protein expression of PI3K, p-AKT, PAR-2, fibrinogen, and ADAM10 were assessed. Histological analysis was performed to evaluate ?-cell integrity, extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, and islet morphology. Treatment with STZ significantly decreased serum insulin and platelet counts, hyperglycemia, increased ECM deposition, increased PAR-2/fibrinogen expression, and islet atrophy. Co-treatment with STZ and RIV or DAB significantly improved insulin secretion, normalized glucose and platelet levels, modulated PI3K/p-AKT expression, reduced ADAM10 expression, and alleviated islet fibrosis. Treating mice with RIV and DAB exhibited protective effects against STZ-induced pancreatic islet damage, preserving ?-cell function and architecture, likely through modulation of inflammatory and fibrotic pathways. These results support the therapeutic potential of DOACs in mitigating ?-cell loss in diabetic models.Keywords: Type 1 Diabetes; ADAM10; PAR-2; Insulin; Rivaroxaban; Dabigatran.

Abstract
This research explores how synbiotics obtained from Tomi-Tomi fruit extract and Lactobacillus plantarum influence the growth rate, intestinal microbiome, and blood characteristics of broiler chickens. The synbiotics were prepared by incubating the Tomi-Tomi fruit extract with L. plantarum for 48 hours prior to experimentation. A group of 200 Lohmann broiler chicks was raised from day 0 until day 7, starting at an average weight of 142±2.34g. On the eighth day, the chicks were distributed into five treatment categories randomly, with each category containing five replications: CONT (control diet without synbiotics), TFE0.25 (0.25% synbiotics), TFE0.50 (0.50% synbiotics), TFE0.75 (0.75% synbiotics), and TFE1.00 (1% synbiotics). During the duration of the experiment, marked advancements were observed in weight gain, consumption of feed, feed conversion efficiency, hemoglobin levels, and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) metrics (P<0.05). Furthermore, a significant drop in pH levels in both the ileum and cecum was evident, alongside a rise in lactic acid bacteria, and a significant decline (P<0.05) in coliform bacteria in these segments of the intestine. These findings suggest that the use of these synbiotics enhances feed efficiency, supports better physiological health, and suppresses harmful microbial growth in the digestive systems of broiler chickens.Keywords: Synbiotics, Tomi-Tomi fruit, Performance, Gut microbiota, Blood profile, L plantarum

Abstract
Pneumonic mannheimiosis is one of the most important diseases of small ruminants worldwide, in both developed and developing countries. However, limited research activities on this disease were carried out in the developing countries of Asia and Africa, despite being home to the highest numbers of sheep and goats in the world. A literature review on pneumonic mannheimiosis in Asia and Africa reveals that most countries reported the presence of this disease, involving between 25% and 60% of sheep and goats. Mannheimia haemolytica is more frequently isolated from sheep and goats than Pasteurella multocida. Almost all countries in Asia and Africa reported M. haemolytica serotype A2 as the most common isolate, followed by serotypes A6, A1, and A7, while P. multocida biotype A is the most frequently isolated Pasteurella species. However, only a few countries practice vaccination against this disease, mostly due to the unavailability of vaccines and the ineffectiveness of most commercially available vaccines. Therefore, developing multivalent or broad-spectrum vaccines that could protect against common serotypes of M. haemolytica or that protect against both Mannhemia and Pasteurella should be prioritized.Keywords: Pneumonic mannheimiosis, Prevalence, Vaccine development, Asia, Africa.

Abstract
Reproductive physiology in camels has unique features compared to other domestic animals, particularly regarding hormonal regulation and ovarian activity during the mating season. Understanding the dynamics of sex hormones and their receptors is important for improving reproductive management and developing effective breeding programs. The objective of the study was to identify the features of hormonal regulation and ovarian activity during the mating period in order to improve the efficiency of reproductive management in female Dromedary and Bactrian camels. To achieve this, we examined the dynamics of progesterone and estradiol receptors, as well as the concentration of progesterone in the blood serum of non-pregnant female camels of Dromedary (n=10) and Bactrian (n=10) breeds during the mating season. The camels were divided into three groups according to their geographical region. Blood serum samples were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and ultrasound scanning of the ovaries was performed on three Dromedary camels for 30 consecutive days to monitor follicular development. The results showed an abrupt increase in the concentration of progesterone and estradiol receptors in 35–40% of the animals studied. In contrast, Bactrian camels demonstrated relatively stable serum progesterone levels throughout the experiment, ranging from 3.71 to 5.76ng/mL. No correlation was found between progesterone, estradiol, and their receptor levels, likely due to the random assignment of animals to experimental groups. Ultrasound monitoring revealed that the growth of multiple subdominant follicles accompanied the development of a dominant follicle in Dromedary camels. In conclusion, the findings indicate that camels do not exhibit a distinct estrous cycle. However, the development of dominant and subdominant follicles occurs during the mating season, and ovulation is induced by copulation.Keywords: Progesterone, Estradiol, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Estrous cycle, Ultrasound scan.

Abstract
The current research conducted on the 500 camels in the Bahawalpur district of Punjab, Pakistan, aimed to examine the presence of trypanosome flagellate protozoan parasites and to determine the alterations in the hemato-biochemical parameters of diseased camels in the Bahawalpur district. The collected blood samples were immediately used to prepare fresh thin blood smears on glass slides, air-dried, and then fixed with absolute methanol. The smears were subsequently stained with Giemsa stain, and trypanosomes were identified microscopically. Different physiological parameters like temperature, heart beat and breathing rate, along with other clinical signs including depression, anorexia, dehydration, lethargy, and edema of pads were also recorded. The results revealed a significant increase (P<0.05) in white blood cells (WBCs), including neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes, as well as in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) in the infected camels. However, the study observed a significant reduction (P<0.05) in the hemoglobin concentration, lymphocyte count, hematocrit, and red blood cell (RBC) count. The blood biochemical parameters, like aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), were found to be significantly elevated (P<0.05) in the infected camels. While serum albumin, total proteins, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus were significantly lowered (P<0.05) in the diseased camels compared to the healthy ones. However, levels of serum lipid peroxidation product (malondialdehyde) were significantly increased (P<0.05) in the infected camels. The microscopic examination of blood smears from infected camels revealed the presence of trypanosome parasites along with various morphological changes in the erythrocytes.Keywords: Diseased Camels, Blood samples, Microscopic examination, Giemsa stain, Trypanosome parasites.

Abstract
The use of Hermetia illucens larvae meal as a constituent of a concentrate supplement in the feeding of dairy cows in the northern Peruvian Andes was evaluated. Eight second and third calving Holstein cows were selected in the second third of lactation (between 100 – 200 days), fed on ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) – white clover (Trifolium repens) pastures. Treatments were distributed in a repeated Latin square design using different levels of soybean cake and Hermetia illucens L. larvae meal, rich in protein and fat. No significant differences (P>0.05) were evident between treatments in terms of daily milk production, chemical composition in terms of total solids, protein, fat, and lactose. The cows’ hematological parameters and blood metabolites remained within reference values, indicating that the larval meal diet met protein and energy requirements. In economic terms, the total replacement of soybean cake with grub meal decreased the cost of concentrate feed. Hermetia illucens larval meal should be considered as a sustainable option to improve productive and economic efficiency in dairy cattle systems, without compromising animal health and productivity.Keywords: Dairy production, Protein concentrate, Livestock sustainability, Pasture feeding.

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different factors on the first service conception rate (CR) in Dansk Holstein cows raised on a farm in the Southern Denmark. Data including age of cows, parity, age at the first service (AFS), age at the first calving (AFC), calf’s gender, previous gestation length, calving to service interval (CSI), calving season, and service season of 699 cows was collected from the herd’s database. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the effects of the investigated factors on the CR. Results showed that AFS, AFC, calving interval, CSI, and CR were 410.6±22.2, 714.5±50.2, 394.5±59.7, 87.6±23.7 days, and 40.8%, respectively. The odds of conception in parity 3 (OR=0.41, 95%CI=0.26-0.64, P<0.001) was lower than that in parity 1. A CSI of 36-60 days (OR=0.28, 95%CI=0.16-0.48, P<0.001) and 60-80 days (OR=0.50, 95%CI=0.29-0.85, P<0.01) resulted in a lower CR than a CSI of 81-90 days. Cows calving in spring (OR=3.59, 95%CI=1.76-7.33, P<0.01), summer (OR=3.24, 95% CI=1.64-6.42, P<0.01), and winter (OR=3.89, 95% CI=2.07-7.30, P<0.001) had a higher CR than in autumn. Cows having service in spring (OR=3.49, 95% CI=2.16-5.63, P<0.001), summer (OR=3.29, 95%CI=2.08-5.19, P<0.001), and autumn (OR=3.79, 95%CI=2.23-6.43, P<0.001) had a higher CR than in winter. An AFC of 671-700, 701-730, and >760 days (OR=0.34-0.52, P<0.05) conferred a lower CR than that of 646–670 days. This study indicates that parity >2, AFC >670 days, CSI <60 days, calving in autumn, and service in winter are risk factors for reduced CR in the investigated Dansk Holstein cows.
Keywords: Age, Conception rate, Holstein cows, Reproduction, Season.

Abstract
This study aimed to assess the backfat thickness (BFT) of sows and its relationship with weaning performance in one sow farm in Eastern Hungary. A total of 196 sows of different parities (P) 1-7 were investigated. Variables analyzed included BFT D109 of gestation, total born (liveborn LB, stillborn SB and mummies M), BFT D28 (at weaning), and number of piglets weaned (NwP). Test for normality was performed using One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis (KW) H-test to determine if there were significant differences across parities followed by Post-hoc pairwise multiple comparisons where significance was detected. Spearman’s correlation was used to assess the relationship between BFT D28 and NwP. With a degree of freedom of 6, the results showed that parity significantly differed for BFT D109 (KW=24.114, P<0.001) and for NwP (KW=42.843, P<0.001). There were no parity differences in the LB, SB, M and BFT D28 (KW=8.642, P=0.195, KW=10.137, P=0.119, KW =14.465, P=0.025, and KW=15.371, P=0.018) respectively. Post-hoc pairwise comparisons revealed that P1 sows had a higher (P<0.001) BFT D109 than P3 and P4 sows. Sows lost 4.24mm of backfat thickness at weaning. The NwP did not differ by parity (P>0.001). Spearman correlation indicated a non-significant (P>0.05) relationship between NwP and BFT D28. The coefficient of determinant (R2=0.0437) indicated that 4.37% of variation in backfat loss during lactation can be attributed to number of weaned piglets. In conclusion, regular monitoring of backfat makes it possible to guide sow management. It could enhance sow health, fertility and productivity.
Keywords:Backfat measurement; AnyScan BF device; Hypor sow; Large-scale pig farm; Hungary

Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health concern in Indonesia, which ranks second globally in TB burden. Zoonotic transmission involving dairy cattle has received limited attention, especially in South Sulawesi Province. This study explored the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) DNA in raw milk samples and examined possible transmission between humans and dairy cows in Cendana Sub-district, Enrekang Regency. A cross-sectional design was employed, involving 50 respondents, including dairy cattle owners and individuals with a documented or suspected history of TB. Milk samples (n=60) were collected from 20 farms and analyzed using PCR targeting the IS6110 sequence. Results showed that 47% of milk samples and 65% of farms were PCR-positive for MTBC. Notably, three farmers reported prolonged cough without an official TB diagnosis; two of them owned cows with PCR-positive milk. These findings highlight potential underreporting of TB in humans and possible zoonotic and reverse zoonotic transmission or contamination. This study underscores the need for integrated One Health surveillance and stronger biosecurity and milk hygiene measures in dairy farming communities.
Keywords:Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Bovine tuberculosis, Dairy cows, Epidemiology, Indonesia

Abstract
Flies spread infectious and invasive diseases, disturb farm animals, and reduce their productivity during the summer pasture grazing. The study aims to investigate the species composition and test the effectiveness of insecticides and repellents against zoophilic flies in cattle on livestock farms and pastures in the Kostanay Region, North Kazakhstan. The research subject was Holstein cattle kept in feedlots of two types: open, where animals were kept in open enclosures, and semi-closed, where cattle stayed in enclosures equipped with sheds, in summer camps, or enclosures near cowsheds. The effectiveness of insecticides and a repellent preparation was tested to determine the duration of cattle protection in the Karabalyk, Mendykara and Sarykol Districts of the Kostanay Region of Kazakhstan. Experiments were conducted to determine the comparative effectiveness of insecticides against zoophilic flies in cattle. Delcid® and Cyperil® insecticides were applied in different concentrations to assess their insecticidal effectiveness, along with Oxarep® repellent. The use of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides reduced milk productivity losses caused by zoophilic fly attacks on cows, which had previously reached 13.68%. Spraying the cows with Delcid®, Cyperil®, and Oxarep® during the pasture period to protect against zoophilic flies led to increased milk production in livestock farms in the Kostanay Region. Each cow produced an additional 0.23L (1.45%) of milk, reducing losses from insect attacks by more than half. Among the tested agents, Delcid® demonstrated the highest insecticidal effectiveness, maintaining strong protective action over 72 hours. Cyperil® and the Oxarep® repellent were also effective, though with slightly lower and shorter-lasting activity.
Keywords: Zoophilic flies, Cattle, Pest infestation, Productivity, Synthetic pyrethroids, Effectiveness.

Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the seminal plasma protein profiles of Kokok Balenggek roosters and investigate their relationship with semen quality parameters. Semen samples were collected from 15 roosters and analyzed for motility, viability, abnormality, and intact plasma membrane (IPM). Seminal plasma proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE, and molecular weights were estimated. The results showed that the 51kDa protein band exhibited strong positive correlations with sperm motility, viability, and IPM, and a significant negative correlation with sperm abnormality. These findings suggest that the 51kDa protein, possibly clusterin, plays a crucial role in sperm function and may serve as a potential fertility biomarker in indigenous poultry. The study highlights the importance of seminal plasma protein profiling in improving reproductive performance and selection strategies for local poultry breeds. Further studies are recommended to identify the specific proteins involved and their biological functions.
Keywords:Kokok Balenggek roosters, SDS-PAGE, Seminal plasma proteins, Sperm quality

Abstract
The main objective of this study was to assess the impact of local zeolite on the amino acid and fatty acid profiles in the meat of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). The fish were divided into three groups: the first (control) group was fed a basic diet, the second (experimental) group received the same diet with 3% zeolite, and the third (experimental) group received the same diet with 5% zeolite. Sample collection and laboratory analysis followed regulatory guidelines. The results revealed positive effects of zeolite on the total amino acid content in the meat. Glutamic acid content increased by 0.5%, and methionine levels rose by 10% in the third group compared to the control group. The protein’s chemical index also improved, indicating an increase in its biological value. Regarding fatty acids, zeolite had a minimal impact. Saturated fatty acid (SFA) content increased by 3.3% in the group with 3% zeolite (31.0±0.31g/100g) compared to the control group (30.0±0.21g/100g). Omega-3 fatty acid content remained unchanged in both the control and the 5% zeolite group (8.0±0.08g/100g), but decreased by 6.3% in the 3% zeolite group (7.5±0.02g/100g). Omega-6 fatty acids increased by 8.3% in the 3% zeolite group (13.0±1.12g/100g) compared with the control group (12.0±0.12g/100g). This study demonstrates that local zeolite improves the amino acid composition and nutritional value of protein, while helping to preserve healthy fatty acids in fish, offering new possibilities for its use in aquaculture.
Keywords: African ?atfish (Clarias Gariepinus), Amino ?cids, Fatty ?cids, Zeolite, Feed additives.

Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of four different extenders—Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender (BPSE), Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS), Ringer’s Lactate (RL), and 0.9% Sodium Chloride (NaCl)—on the longevity and quality of Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) semen stored at 5°C. Semen was collected from four mature, fertile drakes and evaluated for macroscopic and microscopic quality prior to treatment. Pooled semen was diluted to a concentration of 200×10? spermatozoa/mL in each extender and stored for 72 hours. Semen quality was assessed at 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 hours based on motility, viability, abnormality, and plasma membrane integrity (PMI). The results revealed that RL and BPSE were significantly more effective than PBS and NaCl in preserving sperm quality across all parameters. RL achieved the highest sperm longevity (50.4 hours), followed by PBS and NaCl (45.6 hours), while BPSE showed the shortest longevity (33.6 hours). RL also preserved the highest motility and viability and exhibited the lowest abnormality rate and best PMI over time. The findings suggest that Ringer’s Lactate and BPSE are promising extenders for short-term storage of Muscovy duck semen and may serve as effective bases for further extender optimization in avian artificial insemination programs.
Keywords: Muscovy duck, Semen extender, Artificial insemination, Sperm preservation.

Abstract
DLA (Dog Leukocyte Antigen), which serves as the canine counterpart to the human major histocompatibility complex (HLA), plays a pivotal role in immune response and represents a key marker of genetic diversity. This study presents the first comprehensive analysis of class II DLA gene polymorphism (DRB1, DQA1, DQB1) in four Russian dog breeds: the Samoyed, Siberian Husky, Black Russian Terrier, and Boxer. Molecular genetic methods revealed significant interbreed differences in allelic diversity. Notably, Samoyeds and Black Russian Terriers exhibited genetic conservation in DRB1 and DQA1, while maintaining pronounced polymorphism in DQB1. In contrast, Siberian Huskies and Boxers demonstrated substantial genetic homogeneity across all studied loci, except for DRB1 in Siberian Huskies. These findings characterize class II DLA genes as highly polymorphic, enabling a comparison of allele frequencies for DRB1, DQA1, and DQB1 among Russian-bred dogs. Analysis of DLA class II gene polymorphism (DRB1, DQA1, DQB1) provides the first step in characterizing existing breed diversity using Russian-bred Samoyeds, Siberian Huskies, Black Russian Terriers, and Boxers as models. The obtained data may facilitate the prediction of breed-specific predisposition to autoimmune diseases and carcinogenesis, taking into account known associations between specific haplotypes and particular diseases.
Keywords: Immune system, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC), HLA, DLA, Dogs, Autoimmune diseases, Gene polymorphism.

Abstract
Soymilk waste has potential to be used as feed due to high nutritional value but its utilization is limited by the content of cellulose and phytic acid. To overcome this limitation, fermentation using Bacillus subtilis, a cellulase and phytase producing bacteria was carried out. This study aims to obtain the best fermentation substrate composition and fermentation time that can improve the quality and nutritional content of fermented soy milk waste (FSMW). The substrate was a mixture of Soymilk waste (SW) with cassava leaves (CL), Indigofera leaves (IL) and white leadtree leaves (WLL). The research method used a completely randomized design (CRD) with a 3×3 factorial pattern with 3 replications. Factor A was the substrate of type: A1(80% SW +20% CL), A2(80% SW+20%IL) and A3(80%SW+20WLL). Factor B was the time of fermentation: B1 (2 days), B2 (4 days), and B3 (6 days). The observed variables were protease activity, cellulose activity, crude protein content, crude fiber and nitrogen retention, crude fiber digestibility. The results showed that there was a very significant interaction (P<0.01) between substrate type and fermentation time on cellulose activity, protease activity, crude protein content, crude fiber, digestibility of crude fiber and nitrogen retention. It can be concluded that type of substrate 80%SW+20%CL and a fermentation time of 4 days gave the best results in terms of phytase activity 16.34U/mL, cellulase activity 14.61U/mL, protease 32.95U/mL, phytate content 0.33U/mL, crude fiber 7.04%, crude protein content 29.78%, and nitrogen retention 57.45%, crude fiber digestibility 57.95%.
Keywords: B. subtilis, Soymilk waste, Fermentation, Type of substrates, Feed

Abstract
This study investigated the effects of DCT-2022 garlic extract on growth performance, diarrhea prevention, and immune response of chickens to Avian Influenza (AI) vaccines. The experiment was completely randomized with 5 treatments and 6 replications, each treatment had 120 CP2 chickens. Treatment TC was the control treatment without supplementation; treatments T10%, T15%, and T20% were supplemented with DCT-2022 at doses of 10%, 15%, and 20%, respectively; treatment TA was supplemented with amoxicillin/colistin at a dose of 1g/4L. The results showed that supplementation of 15% DCT-2022 improved feed intake of chickens at 9-11 weeks of age and body weight gain of chickens at 6-8 weeks of age. Moreover, serum samples were collected to determine antibodies against the AI virus 14 days after each vaccination using the hemagglutination inhibition assay. The results showed that supplementation of 15% DCT-2022 enhanced the immune response of chickens to the AI vaccine, with protection rates at 14 days after the first and second vaccination of 50 and 100%, respectively, as well as the GMT higher than that of the control treatment TC. Additionally, supplementing 15% DCT-2022 in drinking water could reduce the density of E. coli in the feces of chickens. Overall, supplementation of 15% DCT-2022 had beneficial effects on growth performance, immune response, and prevention of E. coli-induced diarrhea in chickens.
Keywords: Chickens, Diarrhea, Garlic extract, Growth performance, Immune response.

Abstract
Subclinical mastitis is a significant issue in dairy farming, resulting in economic losses due to reduced milk yield and quality. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of subclinical mastitis in dairy goats and evaluate its association with microbial contamination, somatic cell count (SCC), and milk quality in three major dairy regions of West Sumatra, Indonesia. A total of 54 lactating goats were selected, and 108 milk samples were aseptically collected from Limapuluh Kota, Agam Regency, and Padang City. Subclinical mastitis was diagnosed using the IPB-1 reagent test, followed by SCC assessment using the Breed method. Microbial identification was conducted through culture and biochemical analysis. Total plate count (TPC) and pH were measured using standard procedures, while milk composition (fat, protein, and lactose) was analyzed using a Milkanalyzer MCC Lactoscan. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis was 68.51%, with cases classified into three severity levels based on SCC. The most frequently identified microbial species were Staphylococcus sp. (53%), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (23%), and Streptococcus sp. (15%). SCC and TPC levels increased with mastitis severity, reaching up to 3.08×10?cells/mL and 3.4×10?CFU/mL, respectively. Concurrently, milk pH increased from 6.5 to 6.7, while protein and lactose concentrations declined. These results indicate that subclinical mastitis significantly compromises milk quality. Enhanced hygiene and early detection practices are crucial for enhancing udder health and ensuring milk safety in dairy goat farming.
Keywords: Microbial contamination, Dairy goats, Milk quality, Subclinical mastitis.

Abstract
Gastric obstruction in dogs is a common condition that requires surgical removal of the obstruction. Gastrotomy is painful, stressful, and requires appropriate postoperative care. The aim of this study was to examine the physiological changes, including pain, stress, oxidative stress, and nitric oxide levels, after gastrotomy in dogs. Data were collected at five time points: before surgery, immediately after extubation, and on days 1, 3, and 7 postoperatively. Pain scores, stress, and oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide), total antioxidant capacity, and nitric oxide levels were measured. On day 1 postoperatively, the dogs showed increased pain scores, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and malondialdehyde levels (P<0.05), while total antioxidant capacity and hydrogen peroxide levels decreased (P<0.05). After extubation, body temperature and respiratory rate decreased (P<0.05), whereas heart rate increased (P<0.05). Additionally, nitric oxide levels after extubation and on day 1 postoperatively were significantly lower than those measured before surgery and on days 3 and 7 postoperatively (P<0.05). These phenomena indicate that gastrotomy has an impact on the physiological responses of dogs, especially during the 24 hours following surgery. Therefore, it is important to manage pain, oxidative stress, and inflammation during this time. Indicators such as stress, oxidative stress, and nitric oxide levels can help veterinarians determine an effective treatment plan for dogs undergoing gastrotomy.
Keywords: Stress, Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, Malondialdehyde, Nitric oxide, Total antioxidant capacity, Hydrogen peroxide.

Abstract
This study investigated the association between plasma testosterone concentration and semen quality parameters in Kokok Balenggek roosters (KBR), a native Indonesian breed renowned for its distinctive crowing. Fifteen roosters aged 1–2 years were used, and blood and semen samples were collected four times at 10-day intervals, yielding 60 total samples. Plasma testosterone concentrations were measured using a competitive. At the same time, semen quality was evaluated through macroscopic (volume, pH, color, odor, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In contrast, semen quality was evaluated through both macroscopic (volume, pH, color, odor, and consistency) and microscopic (mass movement, motility, viability, abnormality, and sperm concentration) assessments. The mean plasma testosterone concentration was 18.90±7.27ng/mL. Semen characteristics showed an average volume of 292.75±143.76µL, pH of 6.96±0.10, motility of 82.77±7.04%, viability of 88.94±1.62%, abnormality of 9.02±2.86%, and sperm concentration of 2630±696.42×10?cells/mL. Plasma testosterone exhibited weak and non-significant correlations with semen volume (r=–0.369), pH (r=0.400), mass movement (r=0.081), motility (r=0.075), viability (r=0.025), sperm concentration (r=0.134), and abnormality (r=–0.267). These findings suggest that plasma testosterone concentration alone does not strongly influence semen quality in Kokok Balenggek roosters, highlighting the need to consider additional physiological and environmental factors for optimizing reproductive performance.
Keywords: Kokok Balenggek rooster, Plasma testosterone, Semen evaluation, Semen quality, Sperm motility

Abstract
Otodectes cynotis, commonly referred to as the ear mite, is an obligate surface-dwelling ectoparasite that predominantly colonizes the external auditory canal of cats, dogs, and other carnivorous hosts, where it induces otitis externa. This study aimed to evaluate the viability of ear mites treated with herbal extracts under laboratory conditions. In the experiment, O. cynotis were collected from naturally infested animals, grouped by life cycle stages, and subjected to various environments, including sterile petri dishes as a control, and dishes treated with herbal agents such as Eupatorium fortunei, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Derris elliptica. The results of testing the developmental stages of ear mites showed that, under laboratory conditions, the maximum survival time of mites was 6 days; by the 7th day, all mites had died. In the E. fortunei extract environment, most mites killed within the first 6 hours and were completely dead within 24 hours. When tested with the Derris elliptica extract, ear mites died completely before the first 48 hours; very few mites survived after 24 hours, with 6.28% of the female mites and 1.00% of the deutonymphs still alive. In the R. officinalis extract environment, adult mites could survive for to 48 hours, whereas immature stages could only survive up to 24 hours. The present findings indicate that herbal extracts derived from E. fortunei, R. officinalis, and Derris elliptica possess significant therapeutic potential for the clinical management of O. cynotis infestations in cats.
Keywords: Otodectes cynotis, Alternative, Herbal extract, Derris elliptica, Eupatorium fortunei, Rosmarinus officinalis

Abstract
Ergot alkaloids (EAs) are harmful bioactive substances generated by a group of fungi in the genus Claviceps. The most prominent member of this group is Claviceps purpurea. These endophytic fungi contaminate grasses and parasitize grain crops, including rye, wheat, triticale, barley, millet, oat, and sorghum. This review unveils a comprehensive understanding of EAs-related intoxication, elucidating their multifaceted hazardous impact on human and livestock health. In the Middle Ages, toxic EAs in rye were reported to afflict many people and animals. Since then, the insidious influence of EAs has continued to the present time, causing severe harm to human and livestock health, and exerting a negative impact on our economic profitability. Intake of feedstuffs contaminated with EAs results in ergotism, which is often recognized in two forms: gangrenous and convulsive. Gangrenous ergotism disrupts the blood flow to the lower limbs, while the convulsive type impacts the central nervous system, transforming the homeostasis of animals. Furthermore, while the varieties of EAs diminish the nutritional value of grasses and grains, their pharmacological attributes make them beneficial in treating acute migraines and cluster headaches. Recent incidents of digestion of sclerotia-contaminated grains affecting populations in developing countries underscore ergotism as a significant threat to public health. This review article offers a comprehensive overview of the co-occurrence and intoxication impact of dietary ergot alkaloids encompassing human and livestock health, including the prevalence, toxicity, roles of endophytic fungi, intoxication of dietary exposure, permissible limits, synthesis, and medical applications, as well as their pivotal roles in the context of food and feed security. By examining the multidimensional challenges posed by EAs, this review lays a solid groundwork for understanding and mitigating their detrimental effects on human and livestock health.
Keywords: Claviceps purpurea, Endophytic fungi, Ergot alkaloids, Ergotism, Human and livestock health, Toxicosis

Abstract
This study investigates coenurosis in the Ural population of saigas (Saiga tatarica), with a specific focus on its pathomorphological signs, diagnostic techniques, and implications for wildlife health. Coenurosis, caused by the larval stage of Taenia serialis, predominantly affects the central nervous system and is linked to high mortality among young saigas. Field research was conducted in Western Kazakhstan during 2020–2021 and 2024, involving post-mortem examinations of 350 animals. In all cases, parasitic cysts were localized in the left hemisphere of the brain, leading to severe neurological symptoms including motor dysfunction, body asymmetry, and vision loss. Histological examination revealed vascular congestion, focal hemorrhages, necrosis, and karyopyknosis, indicating widespread cerebral damage. Additionally, 82% of animals showed liver lesions, including protein and fatty degeneration, suggesting systemic metabolic disruption. Ophthalmological pathology was observed in 64% of cases, with retinal hemorrhages and hyperemia contributing to visual impairment. Trepanation and histology proved essential for accurate diagnosis. The study also analyzed seasonal migration patterns and ecological factors influencing parasite transmission, noting significant risk associated with interaction between wild and domestic animals. Preventive interventions, such as targeted deworming, migration route adjustments, and habitat monitoring, demonstrated effectiveness in reducing mortality rates.
Keywords: Parasitology, Helminths, Taenia serialis, Cranial trepanation, Füllleborn method.

Abstract
Mongolian livestock are most exposed to cold and nutritional stress during the winter and spring. This study examines the seasonal variations in hematological and biochemical parameters, including cortisol hormone levels, in Mongolian domestic sheep. The results showed an increase in white blood cell count and a decrease in red blood cell count and hematocrit during winter and spring. Additionally, there were decreases in serum total protein, albumin, triglyceride, and calcium, along with significant increases in high-density lipoprotein, urea and cortisol concentrations in winter and spring compared to autumn. These fluctuations maintained a stable level of homeostasis, indicating that Mongolian domestic sheep possess a high biological ability to adapt to adverse influences such as ecosystem, climate, and pasture shortage.
Keywords: Sheep, Hematology, Biochemistry, Cortisol, Stress

Abstract
Pigs are a vital livestock commodity in Bali, playing a key role in local culture, ceremonies, and regional markets. While traditional farming practices rely on locally available feed resources, modern management systems focus on enhancing productivity through improved housing, biosecurity, and commercial feed. However, pigs remain highly susceptible to parasitic infections, particularly protozoan pathogens, which can compromise their health and productivity. Among these, Entamoeba spp. are significant gastrointestinal parasites that cause diarrhea, often clinically resembling bacterial infections but requiring distinct therapeutic interventions. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Entamoeba spp. in diarrheic pigs in Bali. A total of 78 fecal samples were collected over five months and analyzed using microscopic examination followed by molecular confirmation via PCR. The results revealed that 17 samples (21.8%) were positive for Entamoeba spp., underscoring the importance of protozoan infections in porcine diarrhea. These findings highlight the necessity of accurate etiological diagnosis to guide appropriate treatment, as conventional antibacterial therapies are ineffective against protozoan pathogens. Furthermore, this study emphasizes the need to consider Entamoeba spp. as a potential cause of diarrhea in pigs, particularly in areas with suboptimal sanitation. The results contribute to a better understanding of protozoan infections in swine health and their implications for zoonotic transmission, posing risks to both animal and public health. Given the zoonotic potential of Entamoeba spp., effective surveillance and management strategies are crucial to mitigate its impact on animal welfare and human health.
Keywords: Diarrhea, Entamoeba spp., Infection, Pig, Protozoa, Zoonosis

Abstract
A study was conducted in 2021 and 2022 across two irrigated provinces in Morocco, Al Haouz and Fkih Ben Salah, to assess the seroprevalence of tropical theileriosis and identify associated tick species. The study also analysed the influence of breeding type and cattle origin on Theileria annulata infection. Serological diagnosis was performed using the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and statistical analysis was carried out using the Chi-square test (?² Kramer). 480 blood samples from cattle were analysed, and 2,500 ticks were collected. Among the farms visited, 91.66% were infected with T. annulata, and 83.33% had tick infestations. The seroprevalence of T. annulata in Fkih Ben Salah and Al Haouz was 55.00 and 66.66%, respectively. Ten tick species, belonging to the genera Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus, were identified, with Hyalomma scupense being the most prevalent and abundant species in both provinces (P=41.25% in Fkih Ben Salah and P=32.5% in Al Haouz). The type of cattle breeding and the origin of the animals were found to influence T. annulata infection rates significantly. This study highlights that, despite fifty years of importing new cattle breeds to Morocco, the epidemiological situation of tropical theileriosis remains unstable in many cattle farming regions. Al Haouz and Fkih Ben Salah have become important foci of the disease, providing favourable conditions for tick survival. The study also emphasizes the notable presence of Hyalomma marginatum, a species known for transmitting pathogens to humans, such as the virus responsible for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever.
Keywords: Tropical theileriosis, Theileria annulata, Seroprevalence, Ticks, Hyalomma scupense, cattle, Morocco.

Abstract
Dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) are vital for the socioeconomic and ecological sustainability of arid and semi-arid regions. However, their health management remains challenging due to subtle clinical signs and limited diagnostic tools. Acute phase proteins (APPs), such as haptoglobin (Hp), serum amyloid A (SAA), fibrinogen (Fb), and C-reactive protein (CRP), have emerged as promising biomarkers for early disease detection and prognosis in veterinary medicine. While previous reviews have broadly addressed APPs in camels, this paper offers a focused and updated synthesis on their prognostic value, particularly as predictors of survival and mortality in both infectious and non-infectious conditions. The review highlights how SAA and Hp show marked increases in diseases like pneumonia, mastitis, lameness, and dystocia, correlating with disease severity and prolonged recovery. It further discusses recent findings from retrospective and prospective studies that support the use of APPs in multi-marker prognostic panels. Unlike earlier reviews, this paper also explores the impact of environmental, physiological, and methodological variables on APP levels, which complicate clinical interpretation. In addition, it outlines emerging diagnostic approaches, including portable biosensors and machine learning-based tools, that could enhance field-based health monitoring. Current barriers to clinical application, such as assay variability and lack of standardized reference ranges, are critically assessed, and the need for multicenter trials and camel-specific diagnostic validation is emphasized. In conclusion, this review underscores the underutilized potential of APPs in camel medicine and offers a roadmap for translating these biomarkers into routine clinical practice.
Keywords: Acute Phase Proteins, Biomarkers, Dromedary Camels, Inflammatory Response, Prognosis.

Abstract
Babesiosis is a tick-borne parasitic disease of significant veterinary concern, characterized by hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinuria, reduced productivity, and potential mortality in infected ruminants. This study investigated the prevalence, molecular characteristics, and risk factors associated with babesiosis in cattle within Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta. A cross-sectional survey was conducted between July and September 2024, employing a multi-stage random sampling method. Blood samples (n=175) were collected from the jugular vein of cattle across 45 farms, targeting a presumed prevalence of 10.5% with 95% confidence. Microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained blood smears detected Babesia spp. in 18.28% of samples, while PCR amplification and sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene revealed a higher molecular prevalence of 36.00%. Phylogenetic analysis using MEGA® 11 software confirmed 98% sequence identity with Babesia naoakii isolates from Sri Lanka (GenBank: LC684772.1), with a genetic divergence of 0.8% across a 980-bp sequence. Risk factor analysis, based on field observations and structured interviews, identified several significant predictors of infection through bivariate and multivariate logistic regression. Notably, breed type (PO breed; OR=0.435, p=0.043), subdistrict location (Dlingo: OR=0.300, P=0.002; Pleret: OR=11.818, P<0.001), recent cattle introductions (OR=0.175, P=0.007), presence of tick vectors (OR=4.490, P=0.018), and herd size (? = –2.699) were all associated with disease occurrence. This study, for the first time, assesses the current prevalence of the disease, identifies key risk factors contributing to its spread, and confirms the presence of the parasite using molecular methods, which highlight the widespread presence of B. naoakii in the region and underscore the importance of targeted control strategies addressing specific epidemiological determinants.
Keywords: Babesiosis; Molecular prevalence; Risk factors; Babesia naoakii.

Abstract
Regarding recent advancements in preservation of food methods and safety protocols, substantial disease outbreaks associated with foodborne pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi, signify that these pathogens remain considerable threats to public health. Despite the existence of comprehensive evaluations on methods of foodborne pathogens detection, the majority predominantly focus on bacteria, overlooking the growing significance of other pathogens, including viruses. This review article offers a thorough exploration of methods for detecting foodborne pathogens, with a particular focus on pathogenic bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. This review focuses on several contemporary approaches that are available for the identification of existing and developing foodborne as culture-based methods, microscopical examination for foodborne parasites, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), MALDI-TOF-MS, immunoassays, next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods, nanobiotechnology, biosensor, and DNA microarray. This indicates that the comprehensive use of these techniques can facilitate early diagnosis and management of foodborne infections, hence improving public health and decreasing the incidence of outbreaks.
Keywords: Foodborne pathogens; Detection; PCR and NGS methods; Rapid pathogen diagnostics; Public health surveillance.

Abstract
Cervicovaginal mucus (CVM) is a hydrogel whose composition and consistency vary with the estrous cycle in cows. The current investigation was designed to study the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics and enzymatic composition of cervicovaginal mucus, as well as their diagnostic significance in diseases of the uterus in cows, and to determine a biomarker based on them. The study was conducted on Holstein-Friesian cows from dairy farms in North Kazakhstan, using cervicovaginal mucus collected from both clinically healthy animals and those with uterine diseases. The physicochemical properties of cervicovaginal mucus were studied using infrared spectroscopy, test strips, and qualitative reactions to enzymes. Analysis of the physicochemical and microbiological properties of cervicovaginal mucus in cows showed that using infrared spectroscopy, carboxyl (C=O), hydroxyl (O-H), and C-H bonds were detected, indicating the presence of mucin. The pH of mucus in clinically healthy cows was 0.85% higher than in sick cows, indicating a change in the acid-base balance associated with uterine pathologies. Metagenomic sequencing of 16S rRNA determined that potentially pathogenic bacteria, such as Trueperella (4.56%), Fusobacterium C (5.17%), and Helicococcus (5.22%), were detected in the microbiota of sick animals. The determination of peroxidase using benzidine and guaiacol samples did not reveal a statistically significant difference between the methods. However, the guaiacol test showed a greater number of positive reactions (81.3% vs 70%). This study showed significant changes in the physicochemical properties, microbiota, and enzymatic profile of cervicovaginal mucus, depending on the uterus condition. The identified biomarkers can be used as diagnostic indicators of inflammatory diseases of the reproductive system in cows.
Keywords: Cow health, Uterine pathology, Cervicovaginal mucus, Infrared spectroscopy, Microbiota, Enzyme activity.

Abstract
A 2-month-old intact female crossbreed puppy presented with acute abdominal distension, tympany, and respiratory distress shortly after a meal. Abdominal radiographs revealed a “Popeye arm” sign, consistent with gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV). Emergency stabilization, gastric decompression, surgical derotation, and gastropexy were performed. This case emphasizes the importance of including GDV in the differential diagnosis of young, round-chested dogs presenting with compatible clinical signs. Prompt diagnosis and surgical intervention are critical for favorable outcomes.
Keywords: Gastric dilatation volvulus; Management; Puppy; Radiography; Surgical treatment.

Abstract
Heat stress, one of the prominent problems in dairy farming, poses a significant threat to dairy production, particularly for high-yielding breeds like Holstein in continental climates such as Kazakhstan. This study comprehensively assessed the impact of heat stress on 90 lactating Holstein cows in Kazakhstan, stratified by stress resistance (high, medium, low) based on baseline blood cortisol levels. Behavioral, physiological, and productivity parameters were also evaluated during a thermoneutral period (May, 16-21? average daytime temperature, and 65% humidity) and a heat stress period (June, 22-35? average daytime temperature, and 60% humidity). Under heat stress, all groups exhibited reduced feed intake (ranging from 2.1 to 3.4kg/day, P<0.01) and milk yield (ranging from 2.18 to 2.26L, P<0.01). Cows with high stress resistance were the most sensitive physiologically, showing significant decreases in blood calcium (2.16 vs. 2.10mmol/L, P<0.01), phosphorus (2.34 vs. 2.04mmol/L, P<0.01), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (14.73 vs. 14.27pg, P<0.05). Despite a greater physiological response, the high-resistance group maintained the highest absolute milk production (27.13L vs. 24.87L and 23.13L in the medium and low groups, respectively). The results indicate that blood cortisol is an effective biomarker for stratification and that selecting for high stress-resistant cows, despite their acute physiological sensitivity, is a promising strategy to mitigate production losses in dairy herds exposed to heat stress.
Keywords: Holstein cows, Heat stress, Cortisol, Stress tolerance, Biomarkers, Milk productivity.