Abstract
The study aimed to identify the pathoanatomic aspects of piroplasmosis and monieziasis in saiga antelopes kept in a nursery and evaluate the effectiveness of bee propolis as a therapeutic and prophylactic agent. In May 2024, 100 saiga calves were removed from nature and placed in the Akboken nursery (Kazakhstan). A clinical examination, hematological and biochemical blood tests, a pathoanatomic autopsy of 10 corpses, and diagnosis by blood smears and coproovoscopy were performed. Azidin, hyperimmune serum, and propolis extract were used as part of the therapy. The studies were conducted for 7 weeks. The saiga calves were diagnosed with piroplasmosis and monieziasis. For the first time, characteristic pathomorphological changes of internal organs in these diseases were established. Treatment with propolis had a positive effect: the death rate decreased, the number of leukocytes increased, the concentration of total protein and globulin increased, and the level of triglycerides decreased. This pioneering research firmly establishes propolis as a novel, effective, and natural therapeutic intervention, vital for enhancing the health and survival of saiga calves challenged by parasitic diseases in nursery environments and offering significant promise for broader wildLife conservation strategies.
Keywords: Piroplasmosis, Pathoanatomic aspect, Monieziasis, Fauna, Invasion, Serum.

Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is rapidly overcoming the current array of antibiotics. Resistance to linezolid usually develops in gram-positive bacteria because of mutations in domain V of 23S rRNA, 50S ribosomal proteins L3, L4, and L22, and acquisition of the cfr gene. The study aimed to detect the pattern of sensitivity and resistance of MRSA isolates to linezolid, as well as to detect and characterize various mutations associated with linezolid resistance. A total of 113 MRSA isolates (26 from mastitis, 38 from university students, 49 from farm workers) were studied for resistance against 13 antimicrobials by the disc diffusion method, and were investigated for their resistance against linezolid antibiotic using E-test strips. Briefly, to detect the G2576T point mutation, the 23S rRNA gene (domain V region) was amplified by PCR, digested with NheI, and subjected to high-resolution melting (HRM). PCR and sequencing of rplC, rplD, rplV, and cfr genes were carried out to identify the presence of linezolid’s various mutations. All isolates showed resistance toward penicillin, oxacillin, and cefoxitin, and a significant difference in resistance percentages between isolates was detected only in erythromycin, gentamycin, and linezolid. Further, (76.9%) of isolates exhibited sensitivity toward linezolid. Among the linezolid-resistant MRSA isolates, only one isolate contained the cfr gene, while other isolates contained various mutations in the 23S rRNA gene and in 50S ribosomal proteins L3, L4, and L22.
Keywords: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA); Linezolid-resistance; Bovine mastitis; Human samples; High resolution melting; DNA sequencing.

Abstract
The reliability of animal models in biomedical research, particularly for infectious and non-infectious diseases, hinges on their physiological and metabolic stability, coupled with stringent animal welfare. This study aimed to optimize Wistar rat (Rattus norvegicus) models by evaluating key physiological and metabolic parameters, specifically erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit levels, under conditions prioritizing animal welfare. A total of 24 Wistar rats were divided into 8 groups, each subjected to distinct experimental conditions (aspects of housing management, environment, and nutrition) over 21 days. Blood samples were collected on the last day for hematology analysis. Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods, including normality, homogeneity, and Kruskal-Wallis tests where necessary. Initial findings indicate variations in erythrocyte, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels across different groups, suggesting distinct physiological responses to experimental conditions. These results underscore the importance of comprehensive physiological monitoring and strict adherence to welfare principles in refining animal models, ensuring both scientific rigor and ethical practice in disease research.
Keywords: Animal welfare, Erythrocyte, Hematocrit, Hemoglobin, Wistar rat.

Abstract
Milk production and quality in Indonesia, particularly protein content, remain below national standards. Variations in altitude influence production through differences in microclimate and ration composition. Ration composition determines the availability of essential nutrients for milk synthesis, including sulfur (S) and zinc (Zn), as well as nitrogen utilization efficiency, as indicated by milk urea nitrogen (MUN). This study aimed to explore smallholder dairy farm rations across different altitudes and identify the most effective ration for improving milk production and milk protein while considering MUN. Feed and milk samples were collected from smallholder dairy farms in Pangalengan (a highland area) and Bogor (a lowland area). The quantity of feed offered to the cows and the milk production were measured. Feed samples were analyzed for proximate composition and mineral content (S and Zn). Milk samples were analyzed for quality parameters and MUN. The results showed that altitudinal zones and each ration type affected milk production, milk protein and MUN. The most effective rations were found in the highland groups (H1 and H2), composed of Napier grass and cooperative concentrate (H2) and an additional cassava waste (H1). These rations resulted in significantly higher (P<0.05) milk production and milk component yields, particularly protein yield. Meanwhile, milk composition, including protein percentage, was not significantly affected. MUN values were also closest to the optimal range. In conclusion, a simple ration consisting of 44.88% DM Napier grass and 55.12% DM cooperative concentrate, both readily accessible, was effective in improving milk production and protein yield in both highland and lowland areas.
Keywords: Dairy cattle, Ration management, Milk production, Milk protein, MUN, Altitude.

Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Ovarian Cytotoxic Serum (OCS) on the physiological, immunological, and reproductive parameters of ewes. A total of 200 Kazakh Merino ewes were randomized into two groups: experimental (n = 100) and control (n = 100). The experimental group received two subcutaneous injections of OCS (2.5 and 3–3.5mL) two weeks before the insemination campaign, while control animals received no treatment. Hematological, biochemical, and immunological parameters, including erythrocytes, hemoglobin, leukocytes, total protein, immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM, IgG), and phagocytic activity, were measured at five time points: before administration, 7 days post-injection, on the day of estrus, and 14 and 21 days after insemination. Administration of OCS significantly increased erythrocyte count by 30% and hemoglobin by 11.1% on the day of estrus compared to 6.7 and 1.1% in controls (P<0.05). Total protein in treated ewes rose by 26.6% versus 8.2% in controls. Immunoglobulin concentrations increased substantially, with IgA, IgM, and IgG reaching 0.81±0.17, 2.64±0.23, and 28.62±1.16mg/mL, respectively, on the day of estrus, and remained higher than controls throughout early gestation. Phagocytic activity and phagocytic number were also enhanced in the experimental group (maximum phagocytic activity: 50.5±2.8%; phagocytic number: 2.8±0.04), indicating improved cellular immunity. These results demonstrate that OCS positively modulates blood morphological and immunological parameters, accelerates estrus, improves fertilization, and supports pregnancy and fetal development. Implementation of OCS in breeding programs can enhance reproductive performance, offspring viability and overall herd productivity.
Keywords: Fertility enhancement, Ovarian cytotoxic serum effect, Reproductive biotechnology, Phagocytic activity, Sheep reproduction.

Abstract
The increasing demand for animal protein has driven the search for natural feed additives that can replace antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in order to avoid the risks of bacterial resistance and antibiotic residues. Red ginger (Zingiber officinale Roxb. var Rubra) and turmeric (Curcuma domestica VAL.) are known to contain active compounds such as gingerol and curcumin, which function as antimicrobials, anti-inflammatories, and immunomodulators. However, the limited bioavailability of active ingredients in conventional forms limits their effectiveness. Nanoemulsion technology is applied to increase the absorption of active ingredients through smaller and more stable particle sizes. The objective of this study was to analyze the potential of red ginger and turmeric extract nanoemulsions, both individually and in combination, on broiler productivity. This research was carried out at the Politeknik Negeri Lampung using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 5 replicates, with each replicate comprising 5 chickens. The treatments consisted of: P0 control; P1 administration of red ginger nanoemulsion (4mg/kg BW); P2 administration of turmeric nanoemulsion (4mg/kg BW); P3 administration of a combination of red ginger (2mg/kg BW) and turmeric (2mg/kg BW) nanoemulsions. The administration of red ginger and turmeric nanoemulsions was carried out from day 7 to day 28 via drinking water. The results showed that the best outcomes were obtained with a combination of red ginger and turmeric nanoemulsion (P3), producing the best performance with the highest feed intake (2053.9g/head), PBB 1500.8g/head, the highest feed efficiency of 74.80%, and the lowest FCR of 1.38. These findings demonstrate that the combination of turmeric and ginger nanoemulsions can serve as a natural alternative to NGPs, supporting more efficient and sustainable poultry production.
Keywords: Broiler, Nanoemulsion, Productivity, Red ginger, Turmeric.

Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a single administration of ivermectin. This study was done at different doses on hematological, biochemical, and meat quality parameters of clinically healthy Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata). The experiment was conducted on six groups of ducks and drakes: two experimental groups treated once with ivermectin subcutaneously at doses of 0.1mL/kg and 0.2mL/kg, and four corresponding control groups (two untreated drake groups and two untreated duck groups) serving as negative controls. Blood samples were collected on days 7, 14, and 21 after treatment to determine hematological (erythrocytes, leukocytes, hemoglobin, ESR) and biochemical (total protein, albumin, globulin, ALT, AST, glucose) indices. The results showed that the administration of ivermectin did not cause statistically significant (P>0.05) changes in most blood parameters when compared with controls. A significant increase (P<0.05) in erythrocyte count was observed in drakes that received 0.1mL/kg on day 7. However, all other hematological parameters were found to be in normal physiological ranges. Biochemical parameters like liver enzyme activity (ALT, AST), total protein, and glucose showed minor non-significant changes. It also indicated no hepatic or metabolic disturbances. Veterinary-sanitary and physicochemical examinations revealed that meat from treated ducks was fresh, safe, and of high quality. The meat was found to have a normal pH, gave negative reactions to protein decomposition, and had significantly lower (P<0.05) amino-ammonia nitrogen content than the control group. It was further concluded that a single therapeutic dose of ivermectin (0.1–0.2mL/kg) is safe for Muscovy ducks. It does not impair hematological or biochemical balance and preserves the sanitary and organoleptic quality of meat intended for human consumption.
Keywords: Muscovy duck, Hematology, Blood biochemistry, Meat Quality, Poultry.

Abstract
Malignant catarrhal fever is caused by Ovine Herpesvirus type 2. It is a disease that is common in sheep but can be fatal to large ruminants such as buffalo and cattle. Data from 2022 shows that the number of sheep in Riau Province has increased. This has made people more concerned about the increasing number of MCF cases in the province. The goal of this study is to determine the prevalence of Ovine Herpesvirus type 2 (OvHV-2) in sheep in Riau Province. For this study, 159 sheep swab samples were taken from five different districts in the province of Riau. The nested PCR method was used to identify OvHV-2. We used a structured questionnaire to find out what the risk factors were, and then we used SPSS’s chi-square tests to analyze the data. The study found that 44.7% of the sheep tested positive for OvHV-2. Bivariate and multivariate analyses showed that female sheep had higher rates of OvHV-2 detection (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=2.281; P=0.024). In the meantime, fat-tailed sheep had lower rates of OvHV-2 detection than other breeds (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=0.199; P=0.014). The overall prevalence of Ovine Herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2), which causes malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) in sheep in five districts in Riau Province, Indonesia, is quite high. Fat-tailed sheep had lower rates of OvHV-2 detection than other breeds, and female sheep were more likely to test positive for the virus. This is the first comprehensive prevalence study of OvHV-2 in sheep in Riau Province.
Keywords: Malignant catarrhal fever, Nested PCR, Ovine Herpesvirus 2, Risk factor, Sheep.

Abstract
The poultry industry is confronted with high feed costs and limitations of antibiotics as growth promoters, which?requires exploring highly effective natural alternatives. Pomegranate peel, as a?good source of bioactive polyphenols, would provide a potential choice due to its recognized antioxidant and immunomodulating capacity. The impact of pomegranate peel powder (PP) as a functional?feed supplement on broilers’ performance, immune response, and antioxidant status was explored. A total of 400 one-day-old Cobb 500 chicks were randomly assigned to four dietary treatment groups (five replicates×20 birds). Starting from day 21 to 42 of age, the experimental groups were offered a basal diet supplemented with 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5g of PP per kg of feed. Growth performance parameters were monitored. Meanwhile, cellular and humoral immune responses were assessed, as well as antioxidant status markers. PP supplementation markedly improved both humoral and cell-mediated immune function; the 1.0g/kg inclusion level, in particular, led to a significant increase in total white blood cell count, sheep red blood cell antibody titers, serum immunoglobulin levels, and T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte proliferation indexes. Furthermore, PP supplementation led to a dose-dependent enhancement in the antioxidant status, with significant increases in serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase activities. Consequently, PP can be effectively utilized at a level of 1.0g/kg as a functional feed additive to enhance the immune response and antioxidant capacity of broiler chickens.
Keywords: Broiler chicken, Pomegranate peel, Cell-mediated immunity, Humoral immunity, Antioxidant activity.

Abstract
The high production cost of spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) presents a significant obstacle to its utilization as a feed supplement. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of alternative culture media specifically tempeh wastewater and chicken manure for spirulina production and to investigate the effects of its supplementation on the performance, carcass characteristics, physiological responses, and economic value in broiler chickens. A total of 200 unsexed Loughmann MB 202 broiler chicks were allocated into a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatment groups: T0 (Control), T1 (spirulina in NPK medium), T2 (spirulina in tempeh wastewater medium), T3 (spirulina in chicken manure medium), and T4 (Commercial spirulina). The results demonstrated that spirulina supplementation, particularly from the tempeh wastewater medium (T2) and commercial sources (T4), significantly (P<0.05) enhanced total body weight gain and improved the feed conversion ratio (FCR). Treatments T2 and T4 also yielded the highest carcass and breast meat percentages, while significantly reducing abdominal fat content, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in both blood and meat. Furthermore, nutrient digestibility and Income Over Feed Cost (IOFC) values were highest in the T2 and T4 groups, with no significant difference observed between them. It was concluded that spirulina cultured in tempeh wastewater possesses an efficacy equivalent to that of commercial spirulina in improving broiler performance, carcass characteristics, and physiological responses, thereby offering an economical and sustainable production alternative.
Keywords: Broiler chickens, Spirulina, Arthrospira platensis, Tempeh wastewater, Oxidative stress, IOFC.

Abstract
Infectious keratoconjunctivitis in cattle caused by Moraxella bovis and related species remains a significant problem in animal husbandry. The increasing resistance of Moraxella spp. to antibiotics limits the effectiveness of traditional therapy and requires the search for alternative remedies. Isolation and complex characterization of a lytic bacteriophage active against Moraxella spp., with an assessment of its potential for use in infectious keratoconjunctivitis phage therapy. The bacteriophage Kayvirus vB_MboM_W17 was isolated from wastewater, characterized by electron microscopy, and studied for its host spectrum, thermal stability, and pH resistance; whole-genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were then performed. The phage formed transparent plaques with halos and showed lytic activity against all tested isolates of M. bovis, M. bovoculi, and M. ovis. It remained stable at 4-40°C and pH 6-9. The genome of double-stranded DNA, with a length of 140.6 thousand base pairs, did not contain genes for virulence, lysogeny, or antibiotic resistance. The results confirm the safety and efficacy of the bacteriophage Kayvirus vB_MboM_W17, making it a promising candidate for the development of phage therapy for infectious keratoconjunctivitis in cattle.
Keywords: Bacteriophage, Moraxella bovis, Phage therapy, Kayvirus, Keratoconjunctivitis, Cattle.

Abstract
A study was conducted on the infection of cattle with piroplasmids and Ixodid ticks in the steppe, semi-desert, and desert zones of Western Kazakhstan. The research utilized microscopy, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and analysis of epizootiological indicators. Three ecological zones, steppe, semi-desert, and desert, were surveyed, with attention to age-related and seasonal dynamics of infestation. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the chi-square test to assess associations between variables. The seasonal prevalence index varied widely, from a minimum of 10.0% in winter to a maximum of 67.5% in spring and summer. The highest infection rate was observed in the steppe zone and in animals under one year of age. Microscopic examination of erythrocytes revealed Theileria spp., while PCR analysis demonstrated higher sensitivity and confirmed the circulation of Theileria annulata. Out of 681 tick samples, the infection rate with Theileria annulata was 66.1% in Hyalomma marginatum and 47.4% in Dermacentor marginatus. A total of 2028 head of cattle were examined. Thus, pronounced seasonal and age-related patterns of Theileria annulata prevalence have been established, highlighting the epizootiological significance of the parasite and the necessity for timely preventive measures, considering the region’s natural and climatic conditions.
Keywords: Cattle, Ixodid ticks, Theileria annulata, PCR diagnostics, Seasonal and age dynamics, West Kazakhstan region; Epizootology.

Abstract
Ovarian transplantation induces stress, which stimulates corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) secretion, pituitary release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and increased cortisol levels. Elevated cortisol may damage ovarian follicles and uterine tissues in pseudopregnant rabbits. Ant nest (Myrmecodia pendans) extract, a natural antioxidant, is considered to reduce these negative effects. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of Myrmecodia pendans extract to reduce cortisol concentration and improve ovarian and uterine integrity in New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits undergoing ovarian transplantation. Six pseudopregnant female NZW rabbits, aged 3–5 years and weighing 1.5–3.0kg, were used. After 30 days of adaptation, rabbits were divided into two groups (n=3). Group R1 received 200mg oral Myrmecodia pendans extract, while Group R2 received immunosuppressants (cyclosporine 2.5mg/kg intramuscularly and azathioprine 5mg/kg orally). Treatments were given twice daily from ovarian transplantation (day 8 after hCG injection = day 0) until day 5 post-transplantation. Fecal cortisol metabolites were measured on days 1, 3, and 5 using ELISA. Ovaries and uteri were collected on day 5 for histopathology. Cortisol concentrations in R2 were lower than R1 on day 1 (151.69±103.11 vs. 193.78±36.72ng/g) and day 3 (63.06±42.07 vs. 361.76±340.34ng/g) (P<0.05), but higher on day 5 (49.37±27.08 vs. 41.99±17.77ng/g) (P<0.05). Follicle counts varied between groups, with more intact tertiary follicles in R2. Uterine histopathology showed hyperemia, epithelial necrosis, and inflammatory infiltration. Necrosis was higher in R1, while epithelial proliferation was greater in R1 (P<0.05). Myrmecodia pendans extract has the potential to reduce cortisol concentration and ameliorate ovarian follicle and uterine tissue damage in NZW rabbits after ovarian transplantation.
Keywords: Ant nest, Cortisol, Myrmecodia pendans extract, Ovarian transplantation, Pseudopregnant rabbit.

Abstract
Sheep productivity is greatly contributed to by reproductive efficiency, especially in native breeds like Palu tail sheep, which are prized for their versatility and high-quality meat. Ovulation and conception rates, among other aspects of this breed’s reproductive performance, are frequently below ideal. This study investigated how treating Palu tail sheep with gonadotropin hormones can improve their reproductive efficiency. The result showed that gonadotropin-treated groups exhibited a significantly higher oestrus response (Low-dose: 63.0%; High-dose: 100 %) compared to the control group (50%). The conception rates were 37.5, 62.5, 75, and 80.0 % to T0 (control), T1, T2, and T3, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that treatment with gonadotropin hormone has a significantly different effect on conception rate. The ewes, out of all, that received gonadotropin hormone treatment and got pregnant were evident. This suggested a favourable reaction to the gonadotropin. The hormone gonadotropin will cause such treated ewes to be ovulated. The administration of gonadotropin hormones significantly improved litter size in Palu local Sheep. The medium doses of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) 350IU+ human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) 200IU yielded the best result in terms of twin births and average litter sizes.
Keywords: Gonadotropin, Reproduction, Palu local sheep, Oestrus synchronization, Conception rate.

Abstract
This study addresses an urgent problem in molecular genetics by presenting the first identification and classification of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) of the HSP70 gene in Kalmyk and Kazakh White-Headed cattle breeds bred in Kazakhstan. The purpose of this work was to investigate these SNPs in the 5′-untranslated part of HSP70 gene in cattle of Kalmyk and Kazakh white-headed breeds using direct Sanger sequencing. A 551bp fragment of the HSP70 gene was sequenced, and the results were analyzed with BioEdit software. This analysis identified 20 single-nucleotide polymorphisms common to both breeds, with an additional five characteristic only of the Kalmyk breed and four characteristic only of the Kazakh white-headed breed. The occurrence level of these identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms varied, with frequencies for nine ranging from 3.03% to 15.15%. These results indicate a high level of polymorphism in the 5′-untranslated part of the HSP70 gene in these cattle breeds. To identify alleles of these polymorphisms, PCR-RFLP analysis was employed, specifically determining the CCGTGAGAG/ACAGCTTCCGC single-nucleotide polymorphism in the 5′-untranslated part of the HSP70 gene using MwoI endonuclease. Genotyping revealed all three genetic variants of the CCGTGAGAG/ACAGCTTCCGC SNPs in the Kazakh white-headed breed. This study on single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with high temperature tolerance in the 5′-untranslated part of the HSP70 gene in cattle of local breeds holds both theoretical and practical significance.
Keywords: High temperature tolerance, Single-nucleotide polymorphism, Polymerase chain reaction, Sanger sequencing, Local breeds.

Abstract
The low nutrient utilisation efficiency in Etawa crossbred goats (ECG) reduces production performance and increases methane emissions from rumen fermentation. Therefore, innovative feed technologies such as green fodder are essential to enhance productivity by stimulating volatile fatty acid (VFA) production while mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. This study aimed to evaluate the role of green fodder as a stimulant of volatile fatty acid (VFA) production and as a strategy to mitigate methane emissions in Male Etawa crossbred dairy goat. The experiment consisted of three dietary treatments: T0 = Male Etawa crossbred goat (ECG) fed 30% concentrate (as-fed basis) + 70% Napier grass (as-fed basis); T1 = Male Etawa crossbred goat (ECG) fed 30% concentrate (as-fed basis) + 35% Napier grass (as-fed basis) + 35% maize green fodder; and T2 = Male Etawa crossbred goat (ECG ) fed 30% concentrate (as-fed basis) + 35% Napier grass (as-fed basis) + 35% mung bean green fodder. The nutritional evaluation from seeds to green fodder indicated an increase in crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), and ash contents, accompanied by a slight decrease in total digestible nutrients (TDN) for both plant species (maize and mung bean). Maize green fodder exhibited the highest TDN content, whereas mung bean green fodder showed the highest crude protein content. The results of the study showed that the T2 treatment (giving green mung bean green fodder) could increase the production of volatile fatty acids (VFA), especially acetic acid and propionic acid when compared with the control diet (T0). Compared with the control diet (T0), male ECG fed green fodder at 50% of the total forage proportion produced lower methane. The conclusions of this study indicate that mung bean green fodder has the potential to increase VFA production and reduce methane emissions.
Keywords: Etawa Crossbred Goats, Green Fodder, Methane, Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA).

Abstract
This study examined the efficacy of pterostilbene (PTE) as an additive to broiler chicken diets to enhance growth, improve health, and combat coccidiosis, using a combination of in vivo and in silico studies. Four ?hundred male Ross 308 broiler chicks (newly hatched) were randomly divided into four groups: ?control (CON), Eimeria-challenged (COC), low-dose PTE (PTE-L), and high-dose PTE ??(PTE-H). The results revealed that diet PTE enhanced growth parameters, such as final body weight and feed efficiency, especially in challenged birds. The hemolymph biochemistry revealed that PTE-H minimized the high levels of AST and ALT in the challenged birds, implying better liver condition. Digestive enzyme activities in the jejunum were significantly increased in PTE-enriched groups relative to the COC group. Whole-body composition analysis indicated a higher amount of crude protein and a lower amount of crude fat with PTE-H. PTE also enhanced the functions of main antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPx, CAT) and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in liver and jejunum. In addition, it reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1?, IL-6, TNF-?) in both the blood and intestinal tissues. Both the PTE-L and PTE-H groups had significantly lower scores in the intestinal lesion and oocyst shedding in the coccidiosis challenge trial, with PTE-H having the greatest level of protection. The in silico data indicated high binding affinities of pterostilbene to major Eimeria proteins, which indicated possible direct anticoccidial effects. Our results indicate that dietary pterostilbene is a good nutritional strategy to promote the health, productivity and coccidiosis resistance in broiler chickens because of its multifunctional antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and gut-modulating properties, which are possibly supplemented by direct anticoccidial action. Optimizing dosage and administration for commercial scales and studying the long-term economic sustainability of pterostilbene as a chicken industry alternative to standard anticoccidial medicines are required.
Keywords: Pterostilbene, Broiler chickens, Coccidiosis, Eimeria, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Growth performance, Nrf2 pathway, Intestinal barrier, Phytobiotics.

Abstract
The putak fish (Notopterus notopterus) is a freshwater species native to Indonesia, protected due to its ecological importance. Oodev, a hormonal inducer, accelerates gonad maturation in the early stage. Estradiol and vitellogenin can serve as indicators of gonad maturation, while cortisol indicates stress response. This study aimed to profile estradiol, vitellogenin, and cortisol in putak fish induced with different doses of Oodev. A completely randomized design was used with four treatments and five replicates: control (0mL/kg), P1 (0.5mL/kg), P2 (0.7mL/kg), and P3 (0.9mL/kg). Twenty fish (19–25.6cm length) were acclimatized for 30 days and treated for 90 days via intramuscular injection. Hormone profiles in blood plasma were measured using ELISA and analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Results showed the highest estradiol concentration in P1 (3450.01±47.05pg/mL) and the lowest in P2 (2886.73±214.73pg/mL). P2 was significantly lower than the control and P1 (P<0.05). Vitellogenin concentration was highest in P1 (63.05±6.56µg/mL) and lowest in P3 (41.27±7.71µg/mL). P1 and P2 were significantly higher than in the control and P3 (P<0.05). The highest cortisol concentration was in P2 (1132.09±17.19 ng/mL), and the lowest in P1 (911.34±69.69ng/mL). P1 was significantly lower than in the control and P2 (P<0.05). No significant differences were observed in body length (P>0.05). These results suggest that Oodev at 0.5mL/kg effectively stimulates estradiol synthesis and vitellogenesis while minimizing stress responses in putak fish.
Keywords: Cortisol, Estradiol, Oodev, Notopterus notopterus, Vitellogenin.

Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a highly contagious transboundary viral disease that causes substantial economic losses to the global cattle industry, including Vietnam. This study was conducted to diagnose, analyze the genome sequence, and evaluate the pathogenicity of the Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) strain responsible for lumpy skin disease (LSD) outbreaks in Vietnam in 2021. Real-time PCR and next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques were employed to detect LSDV in clinical samples and to sequence the viral genome. LSDV DNA was successfully detected in clinical specimens using real-time PCR. The complete genome sequence of the LSDV/Vietnam/21L10 strain, comprising 146,083bp and 149 open reading frames (ORFs), was successfully obtained. Comparative genomic analysis revealed a high level of nucleotide similarity between the LSDV/Vietnam/21L10 strain and other virus strains circulating in Vietnam (99.99%) and China (99.99%). Phylogenetic analysis further demonstrated that the LSDV strain identified in this study belongs to the same genetic clade as strains circulating in Vietnam and China, and is distinct from vaccine strains. Experimental infection of cattle (n=3) with LSDV/Vietnam/21L10 resulted in typical clinical manifestations, including fever, depression, anorexia, lacrimation, the development of cutaneous nodules that ruptured and left scars, and regional lymphadenitis, whereas mock-infected cattle (n=3) were clinically healthy. These findings confirm that the LSDV/Vietnam/21L10 strain is a virulent field isolate.
Keywords: Complete genome; Genomic characterization; LSDV; Pathogenicity; Vietnam.

Abstract
This study aims to identify specific genomic regions and potential genes that play a role in the growth traits of Saburai goats. Phenotypic trait including birth, weaning, and yearling weight of 100 male and female Saburai goat were used and analyzed in a mixed model using the animal model method using WOMBAT software to obtain the estimated breeding value for goat body weight. Residual data from mixed model analysis for each individual were used for association studies. Individual goats used in this study were genotyped using the Illumina Goat SNP52 BeadChip (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). Regression of body weight residuals on SNP was carried out individually using a linear model. The result showed that there were 7, 5, and 24 significant SNPs associated with birth weight, weaning weight, and yearling weight, respectively. The single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of snp14750-scaffold1594-1124587 located on chromosome 19 was the most significant SNP associated with all three traits. Furthermore, the study identified 24 candidate genes, including HDAC5, PCDH15, C15H11orf8, ARID1B, BEND4, CEP85L, and DDX43, which may contribute to body weight variation of Saburai goats. The study’s findings provide valuable information for improving growth performance and can be applied to genomic selection in Saburai goats.
Keywords: Body weight, Gene candidates, Genome-wide association study, Single-nucleotide polymorphism, Saburai goat.

Abstract
This study evaluated the potential of hemp inflorescences ethanol extraction byproduct (HIB) as a dietary ingredient for laying hens, with emphasis on production performance, egg quality, economic outcomes and fecal nitrogen excretion. Ninety Hy-Line Brown hens were assigned to three dietary treatments in a completely randomized design: a control diet without HIB and diets supplemented with either 0.5% or 1.0% HIB. The hens were monitored over a six-week experimental period. Dietary inclusion of HIB did not significantly influence egg production, average daily feed intake, egg mass, average daily feed intake:egg mass, average egg weight, mortality rate, feed cost per dozen eggs, or body weight gain (P>0.05). Similarly, most egg quality parameters—including eggshell strength and thickness, albumen height, Haugh unit, yolk color, yolk height, yolk diameter, yolk index, and eggshell proportion- were not affected by HIB supplementation (P>0.05). The results indicated that supplementation with 1.0% HIB produced the highest albumen and yolk percentages among all dietary treatments (P<0.05). Economic indicators, including feed cost, egg sale revenue, and net income, showed no significant differences among treatments (P>0.05). Fecal nitrogen levels also remained unchanged (P>0.05). These findings indicate that incorporating HIB at levels up to 1.0% in laying hen diets does not adversely affect productive performance or egg quality, while modestly enhancing albumen and yolk proportions. The results suggest that HIB may represent a feasible alternative feed component, contributing to improved utilization of agricultural by-products and supporting sustainability in poultry production systems.
Keywords: Cannabis sativa L., Albumen, Yolk, Hens, Fecal nitrogen, Sustainability.

Abstract
Feed for Murrah buffaloes is a significant factor in the success of a business. Good quality feed will have a positive effect on the production and quality of Murrah buffalo milk, which has a fat content of 6–8% and a protein content of 3–8%, compared to cow’s milk, which has a fat content of only 3–4% and a protein content of only 3–4%. This study aims to increase milk production and quality in Murrah buffalo by providing feed based on local grass and silage. This study is an experimental study with a Latin Square (LSD) design, using four female Murrah buffalo as research samples with the following feeding patterns: P1 = 100% basal feed, P2 = 90% local forage + 10% silage + concentrate, P3 = 80% local forage + 20% silage + concentrate, P4 = 70% local forage + 30% silage + concentrate. The parameters measured in this study included milk production, protein content, fat content, nonfat solids, and total solids of Murrah buffalo milk. The results obtained in this study were as follows: Milk production (4.12–5.46 kg/head/day); Protein (3.19–5.23%); Fat (6.36–8.92%); Nonfat solids (7.01–8.57%), and Total solids (13.37–17.49%). Based on the study’s results, it can be concluded that feeding local forage and silage resulted in a significant increase (P<0.05), with treatment P4 showing the best results for Murrah buffalo milk production and quality.
Keywords: Murrah buffalo; Local forage; Silage; Milk production; Milk quality.

Abstract
The Pitalah duck is a duck native to West Sumatra known for its high environmental adaptability and tolerance to feed containing high crude fiber. This capacity is related to microbial activity in the Pitalah duck’s digestive tract. However, information on the identification and characterization of the cellulolytic microbes involved remains limited. Therefore, this study aims to provide scientific information on gastrointestinal microbes, specifically cellulolytic lactic acid bacteria (LAB), as potential probiotic candidates for broiler chickens. This study was conducted in several stages, including the isolation of LAB from the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon, followed by screening for cellulase production. The isolates were then evaluated for cellulase enzyme activity using a quantitative assay performed in triplicate. The obtained data were analyzed descriptively and statistically to determine differences between the isolates. Morphological and biochemical characteristics were then used to characterize selected isolates. The results showed that isolates IL2.1, IL4.3, S3.3, S2.1, C1.3 and C2.2 were identified as cellulolytic lactic acid bacteria. The cellulase activities of isolates IL2.1, IL4.3, S3.3, S2.1, C1.3 and C2.2 were 0.79, 0.80, 0.81, 0.74, 0.74, and 0.75 U/mL, respectively. Statistical analysis showed variations in cellulase activity among isolates. Based on bacterial characterization, isolate IL2.1 was classified as Lactobacillus sp.1, isolate S2. 1 was classified as Lactobacillus sp.2, and isolates C1.3 and C2.2 were classified as Lactobacillus sp.3. Meanwhile, isolates IL4.3 and S3.3 were classified as Pediococcus sp.1. These findings indicate that cellulolytic LAB isolated from Pitalah ducks have potential as probiotic candidates to improve fiber utilization in broiler chickens.
Keywords: Cellulolytic, Isolation, Lactic acid bacteria, Pitalah duck.

Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are an important cause of morbidity in dogs and cats and are often associated with clinically relevant complications. Escherichia coli is the primary etiological agent of these infections. The increasing advancement of bacterial resistance has compromised the effectiveness of conventional antimicrobials, highlighting the need for new therapeutic alternatives. Geraniol, a natural monoterpene with well-recognized antimicrobial activity, has emerged as a promising therapeutic candidate. This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of geraniol against E. coli strains isolated from urinary samples of dogs and cats. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Adherence (MICA), and the effect of its association with synthetic antimicrobials were determined. Geraniol exhibited an MIC of 500?g/mL for 87.5% of the strains and bactericidal activity in five of the eight strains tested, with MBC values ranging from 500 to 1000?g/mL. Regarding MICA, the compound demonstrated anti-adherence activity for both strains under study, reaching ratios of 1:128 for strain Ecc 42 and 1:16 for strain Ecg 14. The associations showed synergistic effects, especially with gentamicin and amikacin. These findings reinforce the innovative potential of geraniol as a natural agent for controlling UTIs in companion animals and highlight its relevance to veterinary practice in the face of the growing challenge of antimicrobial resistance, although further studies are still required to enable its clinical application.
Keywords: Phytotherapy, Urinary tract infection, Veterinary medicine, Microbiology, Antimicrobial resistance.

Abstract
Cryopreservation is essential for artificial insemination and genetic conservation, yet it can impair sperm functional quality and protein integrity. Information on semen cryosurvival and protein stability in Kuantan cattle remains limited. Semen was collected from Kuantan bulls using an artificial vagina for 40 weeks. Diluent used for semen is a Tris–egg yolk extender. Semen was collected weekly from Kuantan bulls for 40 weeks using an artificial vagina and processed with a Tris–egg yolk extender. Fresh and post-thaw sperm quality was evaluated following international AI standards, including motility, viability, membrane integrity, acrosome status, and morphology. Total protein concentration and molecular weight distribution were analyzed using the Bradford method and SDS-PAGE. Fresh semen exhibited excellent quality, with progressive motility (84.37±6.30%), high viability (93.17±1.70%), and low abnormalities (6.83±1.70%). Post-thaw samples maintained high motility (88.25±7.90%) and viability (85.50±6.70%), demonstrating strong cryosurvival. The highest protein concentration occurred in seminal plasma (1.996mg/mL), followed by plasma + extender, fresh semen, and frozen semen. SDS-PAGE identified 12 protein bands in fresh semen and seminal plasma, whereas only nine bands persisted after freezing, indicating cold-shock–related protein loss. Notably, the consistent detection of ~10kDa (Cytochrome C) and ~45kDa (PGK2) proteins across all fractions highlights their functional resilience and potential as fertility biomarkers. In conclusion, Kuantan cattle semen demonstrates excellent cryosurvival capacity and retains key molecular fertility markers, supporting its suitability for AI-based breeding and as a strategic candidate for genetic conservation.
Keywords: Cryopreservation, Frozen semen, Kuantan cattle, Seminal plasma protein, Proteomics.

Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the in vivo use of gambier tannins in beef cattle supplements. The study used a 4 x 4 Latin Square design, namely as four rows of the research period and as columns of four types of treatment, namely (a) 100% fermented straw (control), (b) 70% fermented straw + 30% concentrate, (c) Fermented straw 70% + concentrate 20% + supplement 10%, (d) Fermented straw 70% + concentrate 15% + supplement 15%. The addition of supplements can improve the rumen ecosystem in the form of increasing 16.16% VFA and NH3 concentrations as well as decreasing the rumen protozoa population (P<0.05), which occurs due to the supply of energy sources, nitrogen, minerals, and condensed tannins in the supplement as an effort to manipulate rumen fermentation, this has a positive influence on increasing 39.9% microbial biomass and protein concentration microbes. The protein-binding properties of tannins cause a 220% increase in non-degradable protein (RUDP) in rumen fluid. All of these parameters are positively correlated (P<0.05) with microbial protein metabolism (purine derivatives), thus reflecting increased cattle weight gain. In conclusion, the best results in terms of livestock performance and profitability are achieved with a ration containing 70% forage, 15% concentrate, and 15% supplements.
Keywords: Digestibility, Straw, Beef Cattle, Gambier Leaf Powder, In vivo, Tannin.

Abstract
Cefquinome, a fourth-generation cephalosporin for veterinary use, is vital for treating bacterial infections in food-producing animals. This study provided a bibliometric analysis of global cefquinome research to identify key contributors, publication trends, collaborations, and emerging themes. We conducted a comprehensive bibliometric analysis using the Scopus database, extracting 171 documents published between 1991 and July 2025. Analysis included publication trends, citation metrics, author and institutional contributions, country collaboration networks, and thematic evolution using VOSviewer and Biblioshiny visualization tools. The dataset revealed a 4.85% annual growth rate, with publications surging after 2011. China accounted for 40.4% of corresponding authorships. Cefquinome research clustered around four main thematic areas: (1) pharmacokinetics and PK/PD optimization, (2) antibiotic resistance and microbiological studies, highlighting Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli; (3) clinical and veterinary applications, especially mastitis and respiratory diseases; and (4) analytical and formulation innovations, including HPLC detection, sustained release, and liposome systems. Thematic evolution showed a shift from clinical trials toward mechanistic and modeling studies in resistance and bioavailability. Cefquinome research has matured from basic characterization toward sophisticated resistance-focused investigations, driven primarily by Asian institutions responding to livestock production demands. Future research should strengthen international collaboration, explore environmental impacts, and investigate antimicrobial alternatives to preserve cefquinome’s clinical effectiveness while addressing global antimicrobial resistance challenges.
Keywords: Cephalosporins, Bibliometric analysis, Veterinary medicine, Scopus, VOSviewer, Antimicrobial resistance.

Abstract
Dadih, a traditional fermented milk product from West Sumatra, Indonesia, is recognized for its rich community of beneficial probiotic bacteria, cultivated through natural fermentation in bamboo tubes. This study aimed to isolate and identify lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from Dadih using molecular techniques, specifically 16S rRNA gene sequencing, to evaluate their probiotic potential. Samples were collected from Lima Puluh Kota Regency. Probiotic candidates were selected based on their ability to withstand gastrointestinal stress conditions, including exposure to pH 2.0 and 0.3% bile salts. Safety and efficacy were assessed through antibiotic resistance profiling, while antibacterial activity was tested against pathogenic strains, including Salmonella, Propionibacterium acnes, Escherichia coli O157, Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Listeria monocytogenes. Among the isolates, strain MD1 exhibited strong probiotic properties, demonstrating 92.58% survival under bile salt conditions and 75% survival at low pH. It showed resistance to ampicillin, erythromycin, and penicillin, and intermediate resistance to tetracycline. PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene using primers 27F and l1492R yielded a 1,485bp product. Molecular analysis revealed a 97% sequence similarity between isolate MD1 and Levilactobacillus brevis. These findings suggest that Levilactobacillus brevis from Dadih holds significant probiotic potential. Its resilience under gastrointestinal conditions and antimicrobial activity against foodborne and clinical pathogens indicate promising applications in both human nutrition and animal product processing industries. As a natural microbial resource, it offers a sustainable alternative for enhancing food safety and supporting gut health through functional fermentation. This study highlights the importance of preserving traditional fermented foods as untapped reservoirs of novel probiotic strains for biotechnological innovation.
Keywords: Bile Salts, Dadih, LAB, Probiotics, 16S rRNA.

Abstract
This study looked at the expression of hybrid in four reciprocal crosses between three African catfish species: Clarias gariepinus, Heterobranchus bidorsalis, and Heterobranchus longifilis. The goal was to use growth performance and reproductive efficiency as indicators of hybrid vigor across reciprocal combinations. The reciprocal crosses included T1: ?C. gariepinus × ?H. bidorsalis, T2: ?C. gariepinus × ?H. bidorsalis, T3: ?C. gariepinus × ?H. longifilis, and T4: ?C. gariepinus × ?H. longifilis. A totally randomized design with three replicates per treatment was used for a 120-day feeding trial under controlled hatchery and grow-out conditions. Growth performance parameters such as weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), average daily gain (ADG), and mid-parent weight gain (MWG) were assessed alongside reproductive indices such as fertilization and hatchability. T2, also known as Heteroclarias, outperformed other crossings with a weight gain of 426.56g, SGR of 5.63%, and ADG of 36.40g/day (P<0.05). T1 had the lowest weight gain (286.60g) and MWG (93.60%), but had the highest fertilization rate (85.40%). T3 had the highest MWG (106.10%) while having the lowest SGR (3.91%) and ADG (22.10g/day), showing excessive weight growth compared to parental averages. Hatchability was best in T3 (77.0%) and lowest in T4 (72.87%). The results demonstrate that reciprocal hybridization has a considerable impact on both growth and reproductive features, with maternal impacts determining performance outcomes. T2 is the most suited cross for commercial aquaculture where rapid development is desired, although T1 and T3 have the potential to improve hatchery efficiency and early survival. These findings highlight the significance of deliberate hybrid selection based on specific production goals in order to maximize catfish farming outcomes.
Keywords: Hybrid, Reciprocal cross, Catfish, Growth, Fertilization, Hatchability.

Abstract
Aquaculture significantly contributes to global food security, with the production of species such as North African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) continuing to increase. However, infectious diseases like aeromoniasis caused by Aeromonas spp., including A. hydrophila and A. veronii bv. veronii remain a major threat, causing mortality rates of up to 80–100%. Conventional single-species vaccines have shown limited protection, highlighting the need for a more comprehensive strategy using bivalent vaccines combined with vitamin?C supplementation to improve fish immunity and growth performance. This study evaluated the effect of a feed-based bivalent vaccine of A. hydrophila and A. veronii bv. veronii with vitamin?C supplementation on the immune response and growth of C. gariepinus. The experiment used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments (P1: feed-based vaccine bivalent+500mg/kg?vitamin?C; P2:?feed-based vaccine bivalent+1000mg/kg; P3:??feed-based vaccine bivalent+1500mg/kg; P4:?feed-based vaccine bivalent without vitamin?C; P5: unvaccinated control) and three replications. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at the 5% significance level. Results showed that the feed-based bivalent vaccine supplemented with vitamin?C significantly improved immune indicators (antibody titer, hematocrit, lymphocyte, and monocyte counts) and enhanced growth performance in terms of weight and length (P<0.05), although the specific growth rate unchanged. The highest antibody titer was obtained with treatments P2 and P3, namely 28.41 reaching 29. Survival after bacterial challenge ranged between 63.33% and 90%, peaking in P3. The findings demonstrate that bivalent vaccination combined with vitamin?C offers an effective and applicable immunization strategy for controlling Aeromonas infection in freshwater aquaculture.
Keywords: Aeromonas, Bivalent, Feed-based vaccine, Fish production, Immune respons.

Abstract
This study investigates the effects of the probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc) on lipid metabolism, digestibility and gas emissions in Pekin ducks. A series of experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of dietary supplementation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the growth performance, lipid profiles and gas emissions on the ducks. A total of 200 grower ducks were randomly assigned to one of four experimental treatments, which consisted of (T0) basal diet (without yeast); (T1) basal diet + Sc yeast 0.5g/kg feed; (T2) basal diet + Sc Yeast 1.0g/kg feed; and (T3) basal diet+ Sc Yeast 1.5g/kg feed. The experiment was conducted with a completely randomised design, with five replications for each treatment. Growth performance was recorded and analysed in 5 week. On day 35-39 nutrient digestibility was observed, and conducted gas analysis on day 40-43 using chamber. Finally, the experimental microbial population of cecal digestive harmful bacteria was evaluated. The results demonstrated significant improvements in the FCR of Pekin ducks (P<0.05). Fat blood such HDL increased significantly, but LDL, cholesterol, triglyceride and uric acid showed no significant differences (P>0.05). The ammonia gas level was significant at 2, 48 and 60 hour after incubation in chamber (P<0.05), and CO2 gas was significant (P<0.05) after 2, 24 and 48 hour of fermentation. Dietary supplementation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae significantly reduced the cecal populations of pathogenic bacteria, specifically Escherichia coli, Shigella, and Salmonella. Our findings suggest that incorporating Saccharomyces cerevisiae into the diet of Pekin ducks is a promising strategy for optimising lipid metabolism and mitigating environmental impacts associated with poultry waste. Further research is warranted to explore the underlying mechanisms and long-term benefits of probiotic supplementation in avian species.
Keywords: Probiotic, Lipid metabolism, Ammonia, Pekin duck.

Abstract
An adult male sand gazelle (Reem, Gazella marica) in captivity was found dead at the Biodiversity Center (BDC) in Oman. Post-mortem examinations revealed acute abomasitis resulting from sand impaction and considerable nematode burden. Histopathological and parasitological analyses identified substantial loads of Camelostrongylus mentulatus (1350 eggs per gram) and Nematodirus spathiger (2450 eggs per gram). Molecular investigations at the internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2) confirmed both parasites. The impaction caused pressure on the thoracic cavity, resulting in lung congestion. Geophagia is hypothesized as a potential contributing factor as a behavioral adaptation to a mineral-deficient diet, wherein soil ingestion supplies essential nutrients crucial for digestion and skeletal health. Analysis of the feed provided at BDC confirmed these deficiencies and supported this assumption. These findings indicate a possible deficiency of phosphorus and cobalt, along with a secondary magnesium deficiency caused by elevated potassium levels. Further investigation into the feeding behavior of captive gazelles is strongly recommended.
Keywords: Abomasum; Sand impaction; Strongyle-type eggs; Sand Gazelle.

Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly transmissible viral disease that poses a serious threat to the global livestock industry and leads to significant economic losses, particularly in cattle. Innovative strategies are needed to improve animal resilience to infection. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) is a developing approach with the potential to enhance animal health through microbiome-based intervention. FMD remains a major constraint to livestock health and food security in endemic regions such as Indonesia, where viral diversity and incomplete vaccine coverage undermine eradication efforts. The gut microbiota has emerged as a key regulator of antiviral immunity, yet its role in modulating FMD susceptibility remains unexplored. Here, we employed shotgun metagenomic sequencing to profile the fecal microbiota of indigenous Indonesian cattle breeds, identifying dominant taxa including Clostridia, Oscillospiraceae, and Bacteroidales. Functional annotation revealed enrichment in genes involved in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) biosynthesis, immune signaling, and interferon-mediated antiviral responses that enhance immunity. These findings highlight the immunomodulatory potential of local cattle microbiota and support its application as a donor source for fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). This microbiome-based approach offers a novel, host-adapted strategy to complement vaccination and enhance FMD control in endemic settings. The objective of this study was to explore the potential of gut microbiota from Indonesian local cattle breeds (Madura and crossbred) to be developed as FMT donor candidates for improving resistance against FMD.
Keywords: Fecal microbiota transplantation, FMD, Gut microbiota, Immunity, Shotgun metagenomics.

Abstract
The present work focuses on evaluating the use of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) and mangrove fruit extract (Sonneratia alba) as sources of tannin supplementation, examining their effects on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, milk production and quality, and hormonal response in dairy goats. The experiment employed a randomized block design with four treatment groups: control diet (T1), ration + 6% PFAD + 0.5% mangrove fruit extract (T2), ration + 6% PFAD + 1.0% mangrove fruit extract (T3), and ration + 6% PFAD + 2.0% mangrove fruit extract (T4). This study measured the following parameters: dry matter and nutrient intake; dry matter and organic matter; crude protein digestibility; milk production and composition; and hormone levels of cortisol, oxytocin, and prolactin. The results indicated that the use of PFAD and mangrove fruits did not affect feed intake or milk production (P>0.05); however, it significantly improved nutrient digestibility (P<0.05). The treatment also significantly increased milk fat content and decreased cortisol levels, while oxytocin and prolactin levels increased (P<0.05). Therefore, combining PFAD and mangrove fruits can improve nutrient utilization efficiency, milk quality, and hormone balance in dairy goats without affecting feed intake or milk production.
Keywords: Dairy Goats, Palm Fatty Acid Distillate, Sonneratia alba, Nutrient Digestibility, Milk Quality.

Abstract
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) is increasingly recognized as a functional food rich in bioactive compounds; however, its molecular effects on mitochondrial function and smooth muscle physiology remain insufficiently characterized. In this study, we investigated the impact of sweet potato tuber extract on mitochondrial Ca²? homeostasis, oxidative stress parameters, and smooth muscle contractility using in vitro experimental models. Flavonoid profiling by HPLC confirmed the presence of quercetin, rutin, and isorhamnetin as major constituents. Treatment with the extract significantly enhanced mitochondrial membrane potential (??m), reaching up to 126% of control values, while lipid peroxidation, assessed by malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, was reduced by approximately 40% compared with untreated mitochondria. The extract markedly attenuated Ca²?-induced mitochondrial swelling, indicating inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening. In isolated intestinal smooth muscle preparations, the extract produced a clear dose-dependent spasmolytic effect, achieving 55–65% relaxation at the highest concentration, with kinetics slower than verapamil but comparable to papaverine, consistent with a multi-target mechanism. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that sweet potato-derived bioactives modulate mitochondrial stability, Ca²? signaling, and smooth muscle excitability, providing strong mechanistic evidence for Ipomoea batatas as a functional food with clinically relevant antioxidant and spasmolytic potential in molecular nutrition and preventive health contexts.
Keywords: Ipomoea batatas, Functional food, Mitochondria, Ca²+ signaling, Flavonoids, Oxidative stress, Smooth muscle.

Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly virulent and economically devastating transboundary animal disease, characterized by up to 100% mortality in affected pig populations. Since its initial outbreak in 2020, ASF has continued to sporadically affect pig farms in Ngada Regency, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, posing a persistent threat to smallholder livelihoods and food security. This study aimed to elucidate the epidemiological dynamics of ASF by assessing the association between outbreak incidence and multiple risk factors, including demographic, biosecurity, socio-cultural, economic, and pig movement variables. A cross-sectional design was employed, utilizing both primary data from structured farmer interviews (n=325) across 33 villages in six sub-districts, and secondary data on confirmed ASF cases, pig mortality, and population statistics. Stratified sampling ensured broad regional representation. Data were analyzed using chi-square tests, binary logistic regression, and odds ratio estimation (SPSS v26). Significant associations were identified between ASF incidence and farmer demographic profiles, economic vulnerability, pig husbandry practices, awareness of ASF, and animal movement patterns (P<0.05). The principal novelty of this study lies in its integrative approach, explicitly incorporating socio-cultural and economic determinants, particularly traditional pig exchange systems and ethnically embedded practices, into ASF risk modeling. The findings highlight the urgent need for context-sensitive control strategies that combine enhanced biosecurity, culturally adapted outreach, and targeted regulation of animal movement to mitigate ASF spread in smallholder-dominated settings.
Keywords: African swine fever, Risk factors, Socio-cultural, Pig, Smallholder farming.

Abstract
To investigate the immunopathogenesis of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) O78 strain in broiler chickens treated with gentamicin (sensitive in vitro) versus enrofloxacin (resistant in vitro). An APEC O78 susceptibility to gentamicin and enrofloxacin was assessed?by the Kirby-Bauer method. A total of 480 one-day-old broilers were assigned to six groups [Control (C), Gentamicin-only (G), Enrofloxacin-only (E), APEC-infected (APEC), APEC-infected + Gentamicin (APEC-G), and APEC + Infected-?+ Enrofloxacin (APEC-E). Birds were infected subcutaneous (s.c.) at 5 days of age. Mortality, hepatic bacterial load (log10 CFU/g), and hepatic cytokine gene expression (IL-1?, TNF-?, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17) via qRT-PCR were assessed at 3 hours, 9 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, and 6 days post-infection. Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism version 9.0; P<0.05 was considered significant. The APEC O78 isolate was confirmed to be sensitive to gentamicin and resistant to enrofloxacin. Mortality rates differed significantly (Fisher’s exact test, P<0.001): APEC-only (39.5%, 95% CI: 29.8-50.0%), APEC-G (0%, 95% CI: 0-4.8%), and APEC-E (44.0%, 95% CI: 33.8-54.7%). At 6 days, gentamicin significantly reduced hepatic bacterial load (2.60±0.31 log?? CFU/g) compared to APEC-only (4.41±0.18 log?? CFU/g; mean difference=-1.81, 95% CI: -2.64 to -0.98; Tukey-adjusted P<0.001; Cohen’s d=3.24) and APEC-E (4.50±0.15 log?? CFU/g; Cohen’s d=3.56). Two-way ANOVA revealed significant group X time interactions for all cytokines (P<0.001, ?²p=0.71-0.80). Gentamicin induced an early massive pro-inflammatory response at 3h: IL-6 (155.2±12.4-fold; vs. APEC: Cohen’s d=3.94), IL-1? (8.6±0.7-fold), and TNF-? (6.5±0.5-fold) that quickly subsided. Enrofloxacin was associated with blunted early IL-6 response (46.1±5.2-fold at 3h; vs. APEC-G: Cohen’s d=5.18), prolonged IL-1?/TNF-? elevation, and an excessive late IL-10 peak at 48h (13.5±1.2-fold; vs. APEC-G: Cohen’s d=5.47). In conclusion, the clinical effect of antibiotic treatment for APEC is fundamentally reliant on its ability to alter the host’s early immune response.
Keywords: Avian Pathogenic E. coli, Immunity, Pathology, Cytokines, Antimicrobial resistance.

Abstract
The short-finned eel (Anguilla bicolor) is an important tropical aquaculture species in Southeast Asia, but its expansion is limited by insufficient knowledge of its reproductive biology, which constrains seed production efforts. This study examined sex-differentiated morphological and reproductive characteristics in A. bicolor by rearing 80 individuals (120 – 1340 g; 44.6 – 86.6 cm) for 24 months in a recirculating aquaculture system. Clear sexual dimorphism was observed, with females exhibiting larger and rounder while males were smaller with elongated mandibles. Females achieved significantly greater growth, with total length ranging from 80.2 – 83.7 cm and body weight from 1035.0 – 1205.0 g, compared to males which ranged from 45.7 – 50.7 cm and 215.0 – 330.0 g. Relative condition factors were 1.15 ± 0.04 for females and 1.24 ± 0.12 for males. Histological analysis confirmed the presence of previtellogenic and vitellogenic oocytes in females, whereas males displayed only undifferentiated spermatogonia, indicating limited reproductive advancement under the culture conditions. Length – weight regressions showed positive allometry overall, but sex-specific analyses revealed weakened correlations at the end of culture, with females showing moderate association (R² = 0.4402) and males lower association (R² = 0.3118). Organosomatic indices indicated no significant differences in gonadosomatic index between sexes, although males exhibited a significantly higher hepatosomatic index (1.10 ± 0.17%), with liver weight positively correlated with total length (R² = 0.6508, P = 0.0108). These findings provide essential baseline information on morphological and reproductive differentiation in A. bicolor, supporting improved broodstock selection and management strategies for enhanced eel seed production.
Keywords: Anguilla bicolor; Sexual dimorphism; Reproductive biology; Morphological identification; Organosomatic index.

Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in the clinical practice of companion animals such as dogs and cats, with Escherichia coli bacteria being the main cause of these infections. Therefore, this study sought to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Eucalyptus radiata essential oil against Escherichia coli strains from urinary tract infections in dogs and cats. The study was conducted using the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). In addition, the disc diffusion technique was used to evaluate E. radiata essential oil associated with synthetic antimicrobials. The Minimum Inhibitory Adhesion Concentration (MICA) was also performed. The results demonstrated that E. radiata exhibited antimicrobial activity against the E. coli strains tested, obtaining MIC values ranging from 500?g/mL to 1000?g/mL and MBC values greater than 1000?g/mL. According to the results of the associations, it was observed that E. radiata oil exhibited synergistic interference with the antibiotic amikacin in most strains. It is also effective in inhibiting the adhesion of E. coli bacterial strains, showing an antibiofilm effect as efficient as 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate, an antibacterial agent. Therefore, E. radiata essential oil showed antimicrobial potential against E. coli strains from urinary tract infections in dogs and cats. It may be a viable and promising alternative to prevent or combat the spread of infections caused by this bacterium, subject to further complementary research.
Keywords: Canines, Felines, Microbiology, Bacterial resistance.