Abstract
A parallel designed study was conducted in 24 healthy calves of both sexes post weaning to investigate the bioequivalence of two long acting oxytetracycline OTC formulations. Plasma disposition kinetics were studied for spectropan LA compared to terramycin L.A, as reference standard, following intramuscular administration IM at a dose of 20 mg/kg b.wt. Validated high performance liquid chromatography method HPLC was used for determination of oxytetracycline in plasma with 99% recovery and 1.2% coefficient of variation. Scatterplot and Bland-Altman plot indicated the identical relationship between both products plasma OTC concentrations with average difference of 0.06 µg/mL. Cmax values of 3.28±0.125 and 3.21±0.231 µg/mL were achieved at 3.67±0.534 and 3.66±0.450 h post-administration for both spectropan and terramycin, respectively. Plasma concentration sustained above 0.5 µg/mL for more than 72 h post injection. The hastened OTC elimination probably attributed to, the effect of increased water consumption post weaning, in addition to breed variation. Almost all estimated kinetic parameters; Cmax, Tmax, AUC0-96, AUC0-?, AUMC0-? and Kel, show no statistically significant difference between both formulations. Westlake’s 90% confidence intervals of either untransformed or transformed log of AUC0-96, AUC0-?, Cmax and Tmax, did fall within the 80-125% range for both tested formulations. According to, the guidelines implemented by the Committee for Veterinary Medicinal Products (CVMP) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), both studied formulations are bioequivalent.
Keywords: Oxytetracycline, Bioequivalence, Pharmacokinetic, Weaning, Calves, HPLC

Abstract
In this study, the aim was to collect semen from Van Cats using electroejaculation, to perform spermatologic examinations and to freeze the semen. In the research, 7 Male Van Cats were used. Semen was collected from cats at 10 different times at weekly intervals using electroejaculation with general anesthesia. The semen was diluted with 3 diluents (3% Equiex, 6% Equiex, Biosfos). Motility and vitality values were analyzed. Then the semen was frozen in liquid nitrogen vapor. The semen dissolved was analyzed for motility and vitality values. In the study, amount of semen, sperm motility, dead sperm, sperm concentration, total abnormal sperm, stimulation time and stimulation count were found to be 91.92±21.49 µl, 67.42±4.94%, 23.91±8.59%, 109.20±66.12×106/ml, 25.57±4.57%, 83.08±4.57 sec and 10.35±0.56, respectively. After dissolution, motility and vitality values were found to be, respectively, 45.79±5.49% and 53.57±6.03% with 3% Equiex diluent, 41.78±5.71% and 52.64±6.35% with 6% Equiex diluent, 40.00±5.45% and 51.50±6.72% with Biosfos diluent. After the dissolution, abnormal sperm rates related to the head, middle piece and tail were 3.74±0.91%, 13.62±2.63%, 21.91±4.03%, respectively. In conclusion, approximately 43% motility achieved with the freezing and dissolution of the semen suggests that the semen of Van Cat can be frozen with 43% success.
Keywords: Electroejaculation, Semen Collection, Semen freezing, Van cat

Abstract
Aim: The present study investigates the topographical approach of the carpal joint in one humped dromedary camel included a detailed anatomical description of the carpal bones, carpal joint, joint capsules, ligaments and its arterial blood supply in order to establish a basic reference data for clinical diagnosis, prognosis of the carpal joint affections and deciding the suitable surgical approach.
Materials and Methods: The current work was conducted on eight fresh fore limbs of one humped dromedary camel. The carpal joint compartments injected with different colored gum milk latex to identify their synovial sacs. MRI examination of the carpal joint was performed on cadaveric limb. Other specimens were injected through median artery for studying their arterial blood supply.
Results: There were seven carpal bones in dromedary camel arranged into two rows; the radial, intermediate, ulnar and accessory carpal bones in the proximal row. The distal row contained the second, third and fourth carpal bones. The carpal joint (complex joint) composed of three articulations; the radiocarpal, the intercarpal and the carpometacarpal. The radiocarpal sac was the largest one, while the intercarpal sac was limited and communicated with the carpometacarpal sac. The arterial supply of the carpal joints was mainly derived from the radial artery in the form of the dorsal and palmar carpal plexus.
Conclusion: There were three possible approaches for intra articular injection of carpal joint in camel; the dorso-medial, dorso-lateral and the lateral approaches. The dorso-medial one was the most accurate site and easily applied.
Keywords: Gross anatomy, Carpal joint, Ligaments, Radial artery, MRI, Dromedary camel

Abstract
The embryo production is carried out through a combination of techniques of collection of immature oocytes, in vitro maturation (IVM), fertilization (IVF) and culture (IVC). Samples collected from slaughterhouse are the cheapest and the most abundant source of primary oocytes for large scale production of embryos through in vitro maturation (IVM) and in vitro fertilization. The culture medium and selection of protein supplements and hormones for IVM play an important role in the subsequent maturation rate, and embryonic development following IVF. The in vitro fertilization procedures in buffalo and requires appropriate preparation of sperm and oocyte, as well as culture conditions that are favorable to the metabolic activity of the male and female gametes. The presumptive zygotes are then cultured in vitro up to the blastocyst stage at which these could either be transferred to synchronized recipients for producing live offspring or cryopreserved for future use.
Keywords: Buffalo, Maturation, Fertilization, Embryo culture

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) essential oil (AEO) and extract (AEX) on rumen fermentation parameters and protozoa population of Sanjabi sheep. Levels of 0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 µL of AEO and AEX were added into 30 mL rumen buffered fluid. Gas production test was performed in a completely randomized design with five replicates for each level. All levels of AEO reduced gas production compare with control (P=0.001), but this value increased as AEX level increased. All AEO levels decreased organic matter digestibility rate (10.3 to 3.3%), but AEX increased this parameter amount (8 to 24.9%; P=0.001). Different levels of both additives resulted in reduction of the nitrogen ammonia concentration (P=0.001). Inclusion of AEO and AEX increased and decreased partitioning factor (PF), respectively. However, total volatile fatty acids were increased by addition of AEX (P=0.001). The metabolisable and net energy lactation were improved by AEO, but AEX had contrary effect (P=0.001). Addition of AEO and AEX increased total protozoa numbers by increasing the Entodinium spp. population. It is concluded that AEO has the ability to improve partitioning factor (PF) and reduce ammonia concentration but AEX was more effective in this regard. It seems that AEO and AEX has no antiprotozoal effect.
Keywords: In vitro, Total gas, Essential oil, Extract, Partitioning factor, Ammonia-N, Sheep

Abstract
Lactococcus garvieae is the causative agent of Lactococcosis in rainbow trout and it is introduced as a significant strain among Gram positive cocci. The scope of this study is detection of lactococcosis in rainbow trout by genotypic method and determination antibiotic susceptibility of Lactococcus strains. In this research, 100 rainbow trout were collected randomly from fisheries of Ayd?n province and its surroundings. The specimens were brought to Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Microbiology in cold chain. Samples taken from liver, spleen, kidney and heart were inoculated to Tryptic Soy agar and L. garvieae strains were identified by genotypic methods. Antibiotic susceptibility of L. garvieae strains were determined by disk diffusion method after PCR application. The antibiotics used in this research were Penicillin G, Florfenicol, Amoxycillin-Clavulanic acid, Ampicillin, Cefoperazone, Erythromycin, Methicillin, Gentamicin, Oxacillin and Cloxacillin. L. garvieae strains were detected susceptible to Amoxycillin-Clavulanic acid (90%), intermediate susceptible to Florfenicol (65%) and resistant to other remaining antibiotics in this study.
Keywords: Lactococcus garvieae, Rainbow trout, Identification, Antibiogram, PCR

Abstract
Members of the genus Brucella are facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens that have the ability to survive and multiply in the phagocytes and cause abortion in cattle and undulant fever in humans. Brucella spp. particularly Brucella melitensis, Brucella abortus and Brucella suis represent a significant public health concern. The ability of Brucella to invade and replicate in host cells which is being linked to its outer membrane properties as well as to structures found within the cell envelope continue to be a major challenge with regards to treatment and control of the disease. The Brucella outer membrane proteins (OMPs) has been proposed to be involved in virulence (i.e., resistance to bactericidal cationic peptides and polycations), permeability to hydrophobic agents, resistance to divalent cation chelators, and poor activation of bactericidal mechanisms by LPS. Studies on a molecular level have now highlighted the mechanisms that are involved surrounding the pathogenesis of Brucella particularly involving OMPs.
Keywords: Brucella, Brucellosis, Outer membrane proteins, Virulence, Immunogenic

Abstract
The present study was conducted to detect the prevalence of mycotoxins in fish feeds and to assess their effect on fish health and growth as well as to monitor the effect of adding yeast on the improvement of different parameters of intoxicated fish invitro. The aflatoxins and ochratoxins were measured in ration samples using Fluorometeric method and he effects of experimental feeding of ochratoxins (OA) and aflatoxins (AFs) contaminated ration on Tilapia niloticus was studied. The body weight gain in fish fed on ration contaminated with AFs and OA was significantly improved after addition of yeast to the mycotoxicated feed. On the other hand, the hepatosomatic index calculated in the present experiment was increased after administration of yeast to fish with the mycotoxicated feed. Currently, no aflatoxins and ochratoxins residues levels in flesh of Tilapia niloticus were detected at the end of experimental period. The histopathological examination of liver and kidney tissues of fish in treated groups was carried out as well. The beneficial effect of yeast was detected as a marked improvement of hepatic features.
Keywords: Aflatoxins, Ochartoxins, Fish, Yeast, Fluorometer

Abstract
The present study was conducted to describe the normal sonographic anatomy of the carpal region in ten clinically healthy drought stallions. Longitudinal and transverse scans were taken on the different aspects of carpal region using 10 MHz linear probe. Five cadavers were subjected to a fine anatomical dissection, latex injection for joint capsule and cross anatomical sections were also done using bone saw at three levels (distal radius, middle carpal joint and proximal metacarpal). Extensor carpi radialis and common digital extensor tendons were observed at the distal radius, dorsal aspect of carpus and proximal metacarpus. Lateral collateral ligament, medial collateral ligament, superficial and deep digital flexor muscles and tendons were identified easily in both anatomical dissection and ultrasonographic examinations, while lateral digital extensor, extensor carpi obliqus tendon, dorsal and palmar intercarpal ligaments were seen during anatomical dissection but difficult to recognize by ultrasound. Anatomical and ultrasonographic investigations of the carpal region in drought horses provide reference for carpal evaluation and prognosis against different carpal affections.
Keywords: Equine, Anatomy, Ultrasonography, Arthrology, Carpal Region

Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the responses of Yankasa lambs to Ascaris suum infection. Twenty-four (24) male Yankasa lambs aged 6-8 months were purchased and randomly divided into two groups (1 and 2). The lambs in group 1 consisted of 16 animals, and they were orally infected with 1500 infective A. suum eggs daily for seven consecutive days. In group 2, 8 animals were maintained as non-infected/control group. All experimental animals were closely monitored for 10 weeks. PCV, WBC, differential leucocytes count and other haematological parameters were evaluated. Student’s t- test was used to test for differences between groups. Clinical signs observed in the infected animals were cough and dyspnoea. Significant differences (P<0.05) between the mean respiratory and pulse rates of the infected animals (28.03 and 83.78 beats/min) and those of the control animals (23.84 and 81.08 beats/min) were observed on day 14 post- infection. Non- significant (P>0.05) higher eosinophil counts were observed in animals from infected group than in animals from control group on days 7, 28 and 35 post- infection. There were significant differences in the counts of white blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes at various weeks of the experiment between the animals from the infected group and those from the control group. However, the infection did not have any influence on body weight changes, Packed Cell Volume (PCV), serum total proteins, albumins, globulins and haemoglobin concentration. It is concluded that based on the findings of this study, Ascaris suum, although a common roundworm of pigs, is also found to cause clinical symptoms in Yankasa lambs but is only slightly pathogenic to the lambs. Therefore, an improved management system that will curb the infection in pigs so as to avoid accidental infection of sheep and other unusual hosts is recommended.
Keywords: Ascaris suum, Lambs, Experimental infection, Clinical responses

Abstract
In this study, it was aimed to make the pregnancy diagnosis with the determination of glycoproteins (PAG) associated pregnancy after insemination in the cows, and to determine the late embryonic mortality rates. As material, 2919 head cows in different races and ages were used in farms and family businesses in Kahramanmara? province. Milk sample was taken on the 25-30 day after artificial insemination from cows. The level of PAG in these milk samples was analyzed by using the Milk Pregnancy Test Kit for cows. This kit was used according to the manufacturer’s instructions. During the study, it was determined that 1660 cows were pregnant, 188 were suspicious and 1071 were not pregnant. The pregnant animals were examined by rectal palpation on the 50th day when their pregnancy was continued. Controls performed on the 50th day of pregnant cows showed that 1623 cows were still pregnant and 37 cows had late embryonic deaths. As a result, early pregnancies can be accurately detected by measuring the level of PAG in the cow’s milk using the Milk Pregnancy Test Kit. It was concluded that late embryonic mortality rates could be detected and that this analysis could be used routinely.
Keywords: Cow, PAG, Pregnancy, Late embryonic death