Abstract
Aflatoxin (AF) is a potent immunotoxin enhancing the incidence and impacts of avian diseases as viral and bacterial pathogens increasing the economic losses attributed to AF exposure. Nowadays, researchers found that different feed additives had the ability to relieve aflatoxicosis, but few researches are carried out on incorporation of date seed powder into the diet for poultry production. So, the present work aimed to study the immunological, histopathological and biochemical protective role of date pits (phoenix dactylifera seeds) against aflatoxicosis in broilers. Two hundred and ten-one-day old Arbor Acres broiler chicks were devided into 7 equal groups as the first control (G1) that supplemented by the basal diet, the second (G2) had the basal diet with date pits supplementation 2% (DPS2%) group, the third DPS4% group (G3) fed on the basal diet with date pits 4%, in G4, Aflatoxin (AF) alone was fed a basal diet containing 100 ppb aflatoxin. G5 (AF+HSCAS), fed on a basal diet containing Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminum Silicates (HSCAS) 0.3% plus aflatoxin, G6 (AF+DPS2%) fed a basal diet containing date pits 2% plus aflatoxin, and finally G7 (AF+DPS4%) fed a basal diet containing date pits 4% plus aflatoxin. The aflatoxin supplemented to the broiler ration from day one to the end of experiment at 35 days. Aflatoxins supplementation significantly decreased serum proteins and reduced antibody titers against NDV, additionally induced histopathological changes in the lymphoid organs whereas exhibited lymphoid depletion with widening of medulla on the expanse of cortex in bursa of Fabricius (BF) and atrophy of splenic nodule with sever depletion of lymphocytes in white pulp of spleen. However, addition of date pits (2, 4%) and HSCAS (0.3%) to broiler’s diet partially ameliorated these hazardous effects of aflatoxins immunologically and histopathologically. Addition of DPS (2 and 4%) gave a better results regarding serum proteins, antibody titers against NDV and histopathological examination of lymphoid organs (BF and spleen) overall compared to HSCAS concluding that date pits could be used as an effective feed additive to control aflatoxicosis in poultry avoiding harmful effect of chemical mycotoxin binders (HSCAS).
Keywords: Aflatoxins, Date pits, Antibody titers against NDV, Serum proteins, Histopathological changes, Broilers

Abstract
Potassium bromate (KBrO3) is one of the food additives which often used in bakeries as flour improver and dough conditioner. The salt of bromate ion, is a nephrotoxic in humans and carcinogenic in rats. Bromate is classified as a probable human carcinogen due to its kidney carcinogenicity in male and female rats following exposure in drinking water. The present study was conducted to investigate the toxic and carcinogenic effects of various levels of potassium bromate in male and female rats. The criteria for assessment measured through the biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical alterations.
A total of 105 albino rats of both sexes, weighing 120 gm were used in this experiment, they were kept under standard conditions and housed in a metallic cages for two weeks as an adaptation period, and had free access to water and standard diet. The animals used were 45 male, 45 female and 15 rats of both sexes used as control. Both male and female rats were divided into three groups. KBrO3 dissolved in water at concentrations of 200, 400 and 600 ppm respectively and administered to male and female group rats daily till the end of the experiment. After 6, 9 and 14 months ten animals from each group (5 male and 5 female) and five from the control were sacrificed. Kidneys’ functions markers showed significant variation of parameters than normal control cases. Histological examination of kidneys revealed congestion of its blood vessels, various degenerative and necrotic alterations. Carcinogenic and dysplastic alterations were recorded in some cases which depend mostly on the time and given doses, especially after 9 and 14 months of treatment. Immunohistochemical studies by using CD10 and Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) gave positive results for the carcinogenic alterations that occurred in the renal tubules. Our study concluded that Potasium bromate has toxic and carcinogenic effects on kidneys and in turns in different tissues.
Keywords: Toxic effect, Carcinogenic effect, Potasium Bromate, Pathology, Immunohistochemistry, Albino rats

Abstract
Nowadays, semen diluents that commonly used has high turbidity and it can decrease the semen quality. A renewable formulation for semen diluents which is clear and has low turbidity is necessary. Objectives of this study were to formulate a clear semen diluents using filtration technique without reducing any requirements and functions of the semen diluent and to analyze the microscopic quality of the semen diluted with and without filtration. The material used was fresh semen that collected from 8 Ettawa Grade bucks that were collected two times in a week for 1 month, and semen diluents that made of stock solution (chemical formulations) containing Indigofera sp. leaf extract. The equipment used were one unit of semen quality test, membrane filters, and turbidity meter. Parameters observed were the level of turbidity measured by testing the turbidity of filtered semen diluents (FSD) and non-filtrated semen diluents (NFSD) and the quality of semen diluted by both diluents comprising progressive motility, viability, and abnormalities. The result of the study showed that semen diluents produced was clear (turbidity levels = 26.96 Nephelo Turbidity Unit) by using filtration techniques. Under microscopic observation, the quality of semen was 57.44% of progressive motility, 430 minutes of viability, and 31% of abnormality, which it was still above the normal standard (more than 20%). In conclusion, clear goat semen diluent was produced and had a good effect on progressive motility, viability and abnormality of spermatozoa cell.
Keywords: Diluents, Filtration, Indigofera sp., Stock solution, Turbidity

Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the biochemical characterization of Chelidonium majus flowers and to assess its antitoxic activity against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Extract from Chelidonium majus flowers was prepared then its total phenolic and flavonoid content were analyzed. Moreover, the reducing power and radical scavenging activity were determined. Male albino Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups of ten each: control negative; control positive; treated medium dose; treated high dose. Treatment was carried out simultaneously, for 3 consecutive weeks, on all groups. Animals were sacrificed 48 h after the last injection then hepatic tissues were collected and routinely processed for histopathological examination. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of Chelidonium majus flowers extract were 87.53mgGAE/g and 9.45mgQE/g, respectively. HPLC analysis identified from polyphenolic and flavonoid compounds were estimated. The antioxidant activity by using (FRAP) of methanolic extract plant flowers was 1.467 at the concentrations of 80mg/ml. While the IC50 using (DPPH) was 0.41. Microscopic examination of hepatic tissues from treated rats with Chelidonium majus flowers revealed anti hepatotoxic activity with improved histological tissue changes compared with carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity group. Moreover, Fibrotic change was prevented with both medium and high doses, while near normal tissue condition with microsteatosis and few necrotic cells was noted with the high dose. In conclusion, Chelidonium majus flowers possess beneficial effect as antioxidant and anti-hepatic toxicity.
Keywords: Chelidonium majus, Antioxidant, Hepatotoxicity, HPLC, Rats

Abstract
Soil transmitted helminths (STHs) parasites infections are one of the major public health problems in many tropical countries including Nigeria. The design of this study was a cross-sectional survey involving only school children. Two hundred and twenty four (224) children within the age of between 5-15 years were chosen using random sampling technique from four primary schools. Data were gathered by means of questionnaire survey and laboratory parasitological examination procedures. The pupil body mass index (BMI) was measured, blood samples was assessed for hemoglobin (Hb) and pack cell volume (PCV) level while stool samples were examined for STHs infection using direct wet-mount and Formol-ether concentration methods. Of the total 224 participants examined, 113 (50.4%) were males with 54(47.8%) infection rate and 111(49.6%) female children with 59(52.2%) infection rate. Thus, the overall prevalence of infections of STHs parasites was 50.4%. The STHs parasites species identified in the school children were Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm and Trichuris trichiura with prevalence of 25.9%, 16.1% and 2.2% respectively. The prevalence of STHs parasite infections among school children in age group 6-10 and 11-15 were 59.3% and 40.7%, respectively. Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworm were found as the dominant species of helminths parasites among the people.
Keywords: Neglected diseases, Hookworm, Helminths epidemiology, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura

Abstract
This research was performed to investigate reproduction performance Aceh cattle in two periods of different environmental temperature. Twenty female Aceh cows between 5-8 years of age, 150-250 kg body weight, which were clinically healthy, non-pregnant, had minimal two regular cycles of 18-21 days, and had a good body condition score were included as subjects in this research. The cows were maintained in shepherding field and fed green and concentrate feed. The cows were divided into two groups, each containing 10 cows and was used in two different periods (May-June and November-December). All cows were synchronized by injecting 5 mg/ml PGF2? intramuscularly twice with 11 days interval. Artificial insemination was performed 12 hours after estrous symptoms appeared using Aceh cattle frozen semen. Pregnancy examination was performed using trans rectal ultrasonography on day 25 after artificial insemination. The examination was repeated every 10 days until day 55 after insemination. Blood collection for estradiol examination was performed immediately after artificial insemination. Estradiol concentration was examined using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The average daily temperature (°C) and humidity (%) in May-June and November-December period were 29.5±1.29 and 88.0±5.78; 27.5±1.64 and 85.0±5.07, respectively. Intensity, onset (hour), and duration (hour) of Aceh cattle estrous in May-June versus November-December period were 4.4±1.07 versus 4.3±1.16, 30.8±19.78 versus 31.6±23.05, and 32.0±31.49 versus 28.0±23.01 hour, respectively (P>0.05). Conception rate of Aceh cattle in May-June and November-December periods were 40% and 70%. The average estrogen level of pregnant cows in May-June and November-December periods were 59.46±22.16 and 61.78±10.69 pg/mL (P>0.05), whereas estrogen level of non-pregnant cows in May-June and November-December periods were 49.51±15.71 and 45.28±11.98 pg/mL. The percentage of embryonic mortality was increased as much as 50% in May-June while there was no embryo death in November-December. This result showed that difference in environmental temperature did not affect the exhibition of estrous symptoms and the concentration of estradiol at the insemination. However, it reduced the conception rate and increased the incidence of embryonic mortality.
Keywords: Aceh cattle, Environmental temperature, Embryonic mortality

Abstract
Taenia solium, the causative agent of porcine and human cysticercosis is known to occur at high prevalence in the Alfred Nzo and OR Tambo Districts. Despite the high prevalence of the parasite in the province, no concerted efforts have been made to control and prevent this zoonotic disease despite being eradicable. A cross-sectional study was conducted in selected T. solium-endemic villages of the study areas to determine the pig husbandry and animal health management practices of small holder pig farmers. Interviews were done with pig farmers of Alfred Nzo (n=83) and OR Tambo (n=95) Districts using a structured questionnaire. Information collected on husbandry and health management practices were mainly those related to occurrence, awareness and transmission of T. solium in pigs and humans which included pig husbandry, marketing, slaughter, disease control and prevention. From the 178 farmers interviewed, 68% were females and 32% were males. Although most households had latrines in Alfred Nzo (96.4%) and OR Tambo (92.2%) Districts, they were not regularly used during night times (12.9%), rainy days (3.0%) and by small children (14.9%). There was a lack of routine pig health inspection (94.0%) and disease preventive interventions. Most pigs were slaughtered at home (97.1%) for both local commercial (80.7%) and own consumption (95.9%). The study confirms that the pig husbandry and health management practices of small-holder pig farmers in the study areas are conducive for the occurrence and transmission of T. solium cysticercosis and explains the high endemicity thereof in the two districts. We advocate for a “One Health” approach to control and prevent transmission of the parasite by relevant authorities and stakeholders, such as veterinary services, animal husbandry, farmer organisations, non-governmental organisations and other relevant stake-holders complemented by farmers’ education in pig husbandry and health.
Keywords: Pig husbandry, Taenia solium cysticercosis, Subsistence farming, Smallholder faming, Eastern cape province, South Africa

Abstract
This study was carried out in order to compare between the used commercially available disinfectants on fertile egg sanitation with new Nano technology based molecule in terms of safety and potency against bacterial causes of late embryonic death in hatcheries. In the present study, five days old 225 specific pathogen free embryonated chicken eggs (SPF-ECE) were divided into 9 equal groups. Egg surface infection was applied for groups 1, 3, 5 and 8 by E. coli and for groups 2, 4, 6 and 9 by Salmonella enteritidis (S. enteritidis). Groups 1 and 2 were fumigated by formaldehyde gas, while groups 3 and 4 were disinfected with Nano disinfectant preparation by dipping method. Groups 5 and 6 were disinfected using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) 5% by spraying methods. Group 7 was considered as control negative group. While groups 8 and 9 were considered control positive experimentally infected with E. coli and S. enteritidis, respectively. Embryonic mortalities in addition to total bacterial counts from egg shell swaps were reported post disinfection. After hatching, weights of one day old chicks as well as liver and spleen to body weight ratios of each group were calculated. Among all the tested disinfectant groups, the highest embryonic mortalities were appeared in groups 1 and 2, followed by groups 3 and 4, and finally groups 5 and 6. Results of total bacterial counts from egg shell swaps revealed that lowest bacterial count was detected in groups 3 and 4, followed by groups 5 and 6, then groups 1 and 2. Results of effect of tested disinfectants on the hatched chicks weights at one day old revealed that the highest body weight hatched chicks was appeared in groups 5 and 6, followed by groups 3 and 4, then finally groups 1 and 2. The lowest liver to body weight ratio was detected in groups 5 and 6, while the lowest spleen to body weight ratio was found in groups 1 and 2. It could be concluded that disinfection of incubated egg is of great value in order to control egg shell surface contamination for production of good quality one day old chicks. H2O2 is still effective and safe disinfectant till now. Nano technique is considered a useful tool when compared with traditional prepared disinfectant in term of rapid control of bacterial contaminant, but more investigations are recommended specially in condition of safety on animal, birds and human beings.
Keywords: Specific pathogen free embryonated chicken eggs, E. coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Egg shell swaps

Abstract
Semen cryopreservation induces detrimental effects on the spermatozoa leading to reduction of fertilizing ability in humans and animals. Nano-protectant additives in extenders included in the freezing protocols could improve overall quality of spermatozoa and enhance in vivo fertility rates. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) were prepared via sonochemical route and characterized using high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) and X-ray difractometer (XRD). Thirty-two ejaculates were collected using artificial vagina from four healthy mature Barki rams. Semen was diluted with Tris-based extender containing 0 (control), 0.5, 1 and 2 ?g/ml SeNPs and frozen in liquid nitrogen. After thawing, semen parameters as well as oxidative stress were evaluated in semen of each treatment. Extenders containing 0.5 and 1 ?g/ml SeNPs improved motility, viability index, membrane integrity and acrosome defects. Moreover, comet assay demonstrated that SeNPs supplemented extenders reduced DNA deterioration. Addition of SeNPs to extender reduced MDA concentrations in ram seminal plasma. It could be concluded that supplementation of SeNPs during cryopreservation enabled ram spermatozoa to bear up freeze-thaw processes competently better than control.
Keywords: Semen cryopreservation, Selenium nanoparticles, Lipid peroxidation, DNA integrity and Ram

Abstract
Pneumonia considered one of the most important and frequent problem facing sheep industry in veterinary practice as it causes high economic losses through mortalities and weight loss leading to poor body condition. Verminous pneumonia is one of main types of pneumonia in Egypt that severely affect sheep with characteristic clinical picture included paroxysmal cough, abnormal lung sound and pulmonary emphysema. This study aimed to detect alterations in total antioxidant capacity, Malondialdehyde, catalase, Protein profile, selected minerals as well as IgE response in verminous pneumonia in sheep. This study conducted on fourteen sheep with age range of approximately 11.5 year. Studied animals divided into seven diseased and seven control animals. Clinical signs were recorded and parasitic involvement was detected using modified Baermann technique. Blood samples were collected and divided into three portions. First part was taken on EDTA for hematological examination. Second, was taken on heparin for estimation of TCA, Malondialdehyde, and catalase. Third portion separated and serum samples were used for estimation of total protein, albumin, zinc and copper. Regarding results, there was significant (P?0.001) elevation in total leucocytic count and significant (P?0.05) elevation of eosinophils. Significant (P?0.01) decrease in total antioxidant capacity was recorded while there was significant (P?0.01) elevation in Malondialdehyde level. Significant (P?0.001) decrease was recorded among total proteins, globulins, zinc and copper levels in diseased group. IgE response indicates significant (?0.01) elevation in diseased sheep in comparison with control group. Verminous pneumonia appeared to be associated with oxidant-antioxidant imbalance manifested by elevation in MDA and reduction in TAC. Reduction in albumin seems to be correlated with oxidative stress status. IgE elevation is expected in respiratory disease especially that of parasitic factor.
Keywords: Total antioxidant capacity, Malondialdehyde, Protein profile, IgE, Verminous pneumonia, Sheep

Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is one of the most widely studied bacteria-mediated cancer therapies. OMVs is a much safer form of Salmonella that could be effective in small doses. This study was directed towards assessing the in vitro S. Typhimurium OMVs antitumor effect, alone or combined with chemotherapeutic drugs. The cytotoxic effect of S. Typhimurium OMVs and chemotherapeutic drugs on MCF-7 and Caco-2 cell lines at different doses was expressed as cell viability. Using neutral red uptake assay revealed that that S. Typhimurium OMVs were cytotoxic to cancer cell lines and decreased their viability more than chemotherapies. It was found that the IC50 value of S. Typhimurium OMVs which caused 50% growth inhibition was 16.7 ?g/ml on MCF-7 and 14.4 ?g/ml on Caco-2 cells. On the other hand, the IC50 of Paclitaxel on MCF-7 was 2.2 ?M, while 5.3 ?M was the IC50 of Doxorubicin on Caco-2 cells. Combining S. Typhimurium OMVs with chemotherapies exhibited a magnificent cytotoxic effect expressed by changes in the morphology and decrease in viability of MCF-7 and Caco-2 cells. These results were significantly different from untreated controls at P?0.001. This may render S. Typhimurium OMVs as a promising novel antitumor monotherapy, just like the parent bacteria and even better or an adjuvant potentiating the antitumor efficiency of chemotherapies and decreasing their harmful side effects.
Keywords: OMVs, S. Typhimurium, Cancer, Cytotoxicity, Chemotherapy

Abstract
Nowadays increasing attention to herbs as natural products used in the medicine exhibit a various and promising resource in poultry health. However, these products are often characterized for their chemical composition as well as mechanisms of action which improve the performance and immunity in chicken’s flocks. The present study investigates the immune-modulatory, health activation and growth promotion effects of CLEANACTIV® which is a mixture of essential oil on broiler chickens. Four hundred one day old commercial broiler chickens were reared in two separated groups each one contains 200 chicks, 1st group “Drinking Water CLEANACTIV® Administrated”, 2nd group “Control non CLEANACTIV® medicated group”. Serum samples and organs as intestine collected for evaluation of immune status and epithelium healthiness at. Immunological Parameters as INF-?, Phagocytic index and Mucosal IgA concentration were evaluated using manufactured kits accompanied by intestine histomorphology. The results proved that CLEANACTIV® Administrated stimulate immune response by increased level of measured immunological parameters and also increase immune cells infiltration in intestinal epithelium with high livability and low feed conversion rate.
Keywords: CLEANACTIV®; Immue-modulator; Health Activator; Growth Promoter; Broiler chickens

Abstract
Introduction: Radiofrequency Bipolar Vascular Sealant (RBVS) has been used to provide a more comfortable and secure sealing of vessels in laparoscopic surgery for more than a decade. However, RBVS is not often used in open surgery due to its high cost.
Objectives: To illustrate the cost- benefit of using RBVS.
Material and methods: This study compared operation time and blood loss between RBVS and conventional ligation in canine ovariohysterectomy (OVH). Blood loss may contribute to delay of operation time or complex surgery may increase the bleeding chance.
Result and conclusion: the result found that RBVS significantly reduced operation approximately time to one-third of conventional ligation and significantly reduced blood loss to approximately one-half of conventional ligation. Operation time and blood loss were related to canine body weight. In conclusion, RBVS provides benefits in laparotomy OVH including shortened operation time and decreased bleeding.
Keywords: Radiofrequency bipolar vascular sealant, Laparotomy ovariohysterectomy, Canine

Abstract
Drinking water of bad quality plays detrimental role in suppression of cattle immunity, causing health and reproductive problems, giving chance for increasing rate of emerged epidemics and resulting in high rates of morbidity and mortality. The present study aimed to evaluate rate of emerged epidemics with different health and reproductive indicators in cattle farms in relation to drinking water quality in these farms. Structured questionnaire is used to survey convenience sample of 132 Egyptian cattle beef and dairy farms suffering emerged epidemics to identify different risk factors and hygienic standards which may affect cattle health and reproduction. 132 water samples were collected for physiochemical and microbial analysis. Statistical analysis was performed to identify the level of association between each water quality parameter and number of emerged epidemics, health and reproductive indicators in each farm. Results revealed that large percent (78.8, 30.3, 70.5, 48.5, 15.9, 13, 86.3, 86.3 %) of the survey farms showed levels of pH, TDS, Hardness, Chloride, Nitrate, Sulfate, TCC and Coliform, respectively out of the permissible limits. Statistical analysis shows moderate positive correlation (rho 0.3-0.7) between number of emerged epidemics and all farm indicators with all water parameters except pH in both winter and summer season. Each farm indicator has specific water parameters that predict its value better, but water nitrate level was the highest predictor of all farm indicators with highest Beta value (0.5-0.8), followed by TDS, hardness, chloride, sulfate and microbial count. Weak to moderate correlation (rho 0.1-0.4) was found with some farm risk factors such as housing system, bedding type, water source type, water tanks and pipes type, drinker lining type, herd size, operation type, pregnancy detection and breeding methods. We could conclude that drinking water quality highly affects the rate of emerged epidemics and different farm health and reproductive indicators, but we cannot exclude the effect of some risk factors and hygienic standards inside each farm.
Keywords: Drinking water quality, Cattle farms, Emerged epidemics, Hygiene, Risk factors

Abstract
The dramatic increase in antimicrobial resistance for avian pathogenic E. coli constitutes a key threat to Poultry industry. With the misuse and overuse of antibiotics to treat diseases, resistance to the drugs has begun to appear and has become more serious. In this paper, we studied the antibacterial effects of CLEANACTIV® essential oil (CEO) both alone, using a twofold dilution method, and combined with antibiotics, using a microtitre assay, against multidrug resistant avian pathogenic Escherichia coli. The result indicated that multiple drug-resistant APEC was very sensitive to CEO. The antibacterial effects of CEO in combination with fluoroquinolones, doxycycline, lincomycin, and florfenicol displayed synergism against E. coli, so this combination used to treat infections caused by MDR-APEC which may lower, to a great extent, the effective dose of these antibiotics and thus minimize the side effects of antibiotics.
Keywords: CLEANACTIV®; Antibiotic resistance; Avian Pathogenic, E. coli

Abstract
A total of 378 one days-old Arbor Acres chicks was reared up to 35 days old on three types of litters; wood shaving, crushed corncobs and mix of wood shaving and crushed corncobs to study the effect of crushed corncobs on growth performance, broiler welfare indicators, blood biochemical parameters and the litter quality. Obtained results revealed that; the litter type had no significant effect on the broiler performance (body weight, weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion and mortality). Birds reared on wood shaving showed more activities than others, while dust bathing behaviour was prominent in crushed corn cobs group. Wood shaving group recorded the highest catalase and total antioxidant activity and lowest H/L ratio and MDA followed by mixed litter group, finally the lowest moisture and total colony count cfu/g was recorded in corncobs group as litter quality indicators. As conclusion the crushed corncobs may be suitable as litter material and could be used to replace wood shaving with a percentage to obtain the best performance and optimum broiler welfare.
Keywords: Boiler, Deep litter, Corn cobs, Behaviour, Stress, Litter quality

Abstract
Day-old male Arbor Acres plus broiler chickens (n=288) were divided into 4 equal groups (72 each with 3 replicates). Duration of the study extended from one day of age up to slaughter (42 days). At day 22 of age; birds of groups 2 (T1), 3 (T2) and 4 (PC) were subcutaneously infected with E. coli (serogroup O78) in a dose of 109 CFU/bird while those of group 1 served as NC group. Groups T1 and T3 were orally treated with essential volatile oils blend (EVOB) that consist of eucalyptus, thyme and oregano in drinking water at day 22 of age or on appearance of first clinical signs of colisepticaemia respectively. Dead as well as survived birds were sacrificed and subjected to post mortem examination for lesion scoring. Other parameters including productive performance and carcass characteristics assay, HA and HI immune assay against SRBC’S and New Castle disease vaccine, oxidative stability and lipid markers assay, blood oxygen saturation percentage as well as histopathology were measured. Challenged EVOB treatment significantly improved productive performance parameters and carcass quality of colisepticaemic broiler chickens, reduced disease picture clinically and pathologicaly (macroscopic and microscopic lesions as well), prevented hypoxia associated with E. coli infection, improved oxidative stability, lipid markers and immune responsivness (P<0.05). Keywords: Essential Oils, Colisepticemia, Broiler chickens performance, Oxidative stability and Lipid markers test

Abstract
This was a randomized controlled clinical trial conducted to evaluate the effects of butorphanol, meloxicam and butorphanol-meloxicam combination on wound healing in dogs after ovariohysterectomy. Forty-eight healthy client-owned dogs scheduled for ovariohysterectomy were randomly assigned to four treatment groups of twelve animals each. The treatment groups were designated as B, M, BM and C. Dogs were sedated using acepromazine at 0.1mg/kg intramuscularly. Ten minutes later, induction was achieved by administering propofol at 5mg/kg intravenously. Anaesthesia was then maintained using isoflurane. Routine ovariohysterectomy was performed on each dog and test analgesics administered at the placement of the last skin suture. Dogs in group B received butorphanol at 0.2 mg/kg, group M received meloxicam at 0.2 mg/kg, group BM received butorphanol-meloxicam combination at half the dosage of each drug (0.1 mg/kg butorphanol and 0.1 mg/kg meloxicam), and those in group C, acting as the control, received saline at 0.5ml/10kg body weight. All the test analgesics and placebo were administered subcutaneously. Wound healing was assessed at 24, 48, 72 hours and 8 days, postoperatively using clinical appearance of wounds (swelling, erythema, dehiscence, discharge) and histopathology of wound biopsies (collagen, epithelialization, neovascularization, fibroblasts, macrophages and neutrophils). In this study, parametric variables were analyzed using ANOVA and student t-test while non-parametric variables were analyzed using Kruskal Wallis rank sum test and Mann Whitney test. Statistical significant was set at P<0.05. Dogs treated using meloxicam had significantly lower scores for clinical appearance of the wound compared to those under butorphanol (P=0.03) and those in the control group (P=0.02) but statistically similar scores to dogs under butorphanol-meloxicam combination (P=0.39). Dogs in the control group had the highest scores for wound swelling, erythema and dehiscence while those under meloxicam had the lowest scores. Histologically, wound biopsies from dogs under meloxicam and the butorphanol-meloxicam combination had better scores for collagen, epithelialization, neovascularization, fibroblasts, macrophages and neutrophils compared to dogs under butorphanol and those in the control group. Better response to wound healing was elaborated by more wound collagen, better epithelialization and neovascularization, more fibroblasts and gradual diminishing levels of neutrophil and macrophage numbers in dogs treated with analgesics in the postoperative period than in those in the control. This indicates an important interplay between pain, stress response and wound healing in dogs, postoperatively. Thus, to enhance patient comfort and improve on surgical outcome treatment of pain and minimizing perioperative stress is imperative. Keywords: Wound, Ovariohysterectomy, Butorphanol, Meloxicam, Stress-response, Dogs

Abstract
The glandular stomach (proventriculus) of ostrich (Struthio camelus) was examined histologically, histochemically and by electron microscope. (6) Adult ostriches of both sexes were used in this study. The proventriculus was a dilated sac and divided into papillary and non-papillary regions. The proventricular wall was consisted of tunica mucosa, submucosa, musculosa and serosa. Its mucosa was thrown into plica and sulci which lined by simple columnar epithelium changed into simple cuboidal at the base of the folds. These epithelial cells reacted strongly to PAS, alcian blue )pH 1(and moderately to aldehyde fuchsine. While, very few granules appeared in the apical part of the columnar cells by Best’s carmine stain. The lamina propria was loose connective tissue and housed superficial tubular glands which lined by simple cuboidal epithelium. Histochemically, these cells showed moderate to faint reaction to PAS and Best’s carmine. The lamina muscularis mucosa scattered in the deepest part of the lamina propria separating it from the tunica submucosa which composed of dense irregular connective tissue containing compound tubulo-alveolar deep glands. These glands histologically, lined by cuboidal or pyramidal shaped cells which reacted moderately to PAS and Best’s carmine. On the other hand, these cells reacted negatively to alcian blue )pH 1) and aldehyde fuchsine. At the ultrastructural level, these glands lined by oxynticopeptic cells, which demarcated into light and dark cells, and enteroendocrine cells which were recognized as a closed type cell. The main difference between the papillary and non-papillary regions were the absence of the submucosal glands from the submucosa of the non-papillary region.
Keywords: Ostrich, Proventricullus, Histology, Ultrastructure

Abstract
The Negros Island Region (NIR) in Western Visayas, Philippines uniquely possesses a high throughput of pig production from smallholder pig operations and has been recognized for being one of the country’s consistent top backyard pig producers. In order to maintain the progress of backyard swine production in the province, at least one association of pig raisers in every town/city has been instituted. Being recognized as a leader in backyard pig production in the province, this study aimed to evaluate and highlight biosecurity practices adopted by smallholder pig farmers to raise awareness of potential biosecurity concerns and promote good biosecurity measures in place. At more than 80% response rate from door-to-door personal interviews and using multiple correspondence analysis with agglomerative hierarchal clustering technique, our study shows potential areas that need improvement making such results both a challenge and an opportunity for better production outcome. Basic biosecurity practices like deworming, disinfection, bathing of pigs, provision of pens and burying dead pigs were applied but there are still areas needing improvement especially when the purpose of raising pigs is a hobby than as a primary source of income. Membership in a pig raising association is still limited but is encouraged to support dissemination and implementation of good biosecurity practices particularly in disease prophylaxis, control of risks against disease entry and proper waste management.
Keywords: Biosecurity, Pig farms, Smallholder raiser, Philippines, Negros Island Region

Abstract
A total of 9 Salmonella spp strains from avian sources were completely identified as following: S. Entertidis, S. Hadar, S. Kentucky, S. Typhimurium and S. Heidelberg. The current study showed that biofilm genes (adrA, gcpA and csgD genes) were detected with an incidence (8/9) 88.8%, (9/9)100% and (9/9) 100% respectively. High level of antibiotic resistance was detected in all Salmonella isolates evaluated. All 9 isolates were resistant to ampicillin, erythromycin and cephalothin with percentage (100%), followed by tetracycline (44.4 %), gentamycin (22.2%), ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole -trimethoprim (11.1%) respectively as mentioned in (Table 3). In addition to that, the isolates showed intermediate-resistant to ciprofloxacin (55.5%) followed by gentamycin (22.2%) while All Salmonella isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol (100%) and the percentage of susceptibility of the salmonella isolates began to decrease to be detected in sulfamethoxazole –trimethoprim(88.8%), gentamycin (55.5%), tetracycline (55.5%) and ciprofloxacin (33.3%) respectively. The current study found a strong relation between biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance.
Keywords: Salmonella, Antibiotic, Resistant, Biofilm

Abstract
Bovine Ephemeral Fever (Three-day Sickness) is an arthropod-born viral disease of cattle. It still causes a risk to the cattle industry in Egypt. In recent study, we isolated Bovine Ephemoral Fever virus (BEFV) strain during the recent outbreak in Egypt 2018 from El-Wadi El-Geded governorate. Buffy coats from the infected animals were used for Isolation, identification and characterization of recent isolates of BEFV by using virus neutralization tests (VNT), RT-PCR and sequencing analysis. Local and imported live attenuated BEF virus vaccines at Animal Health Research Institute in Doki, Giza, Egypt. Recent isolate was propagated and titrated on Vero cell culture. Ten calves were allotted into two groups of five animals for each where the first group was vaccinated with local live attenuated BEF virus vaccine, while the second group was vaccinated with imported live attenuated BEF virus vaccine, booster dose of different type of vaccines were been inoculated 15 days later. Serum samples had been collected at 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th weeks post vaccination. The sera were tested against recent isolate and vaccinal strain by using serum neutralization test (SNT). It was found that the imported vaccine showed higher protective antibody titer (2.04 log 10) than Local one (1.92 log 10) against isolate strain, while the local vaccine showed higher protective antibody titer (2.1 log 10) than imported one (1.98 log 10) against vaccinal strain, It is concluded that the recent circulating field isolate BEF virus can be controlled by current vaccines and there is not any need for vaccine updating.
Keywords: BEFV, SNT, VNT, TCID50, RT-PCR

Abstract
Riemerella anatipestifer infection in ducks is an epizootic disease causing huge economic losses. In the current study, samples from 50 duck (five ducks / farm) showing septicemia and polyserositis were collected from four governorates and subjected to phenotypic and genotypic identification to exclude Pasteurella multocida due to similar clinical picture. Only 20% (10 out of 50) bacterial isolates gave presumptive characters as Riemerella anatipestifer which confirmed by pathogenicity test and genotyping where only four out of 10 samples were PCR positive (40%). The PCR positive samples were subjected to sequence analysis of OmpA gene which revealed 100% homology and identity of the four positive samples which revealed that the cause of the epidemic picture in the four different locations in the nearby governorates may be due to the serotype 1 of R. anatipestifer which has been verified by both nucleotide and amino acid sequences. Multiple alignment revealed single nucleotide substitution at the base pair number 500 from the start codon of the open reading frame of OmpA which lead to single amino acid Substitution from ACA (Threonine(Thr/T)) which is considered as a polar Amino Acid to ATA (Isoleucine (ILe/I) which is a non polar amino acid which is very characteristic for the local isolate that caused the epidemic picture than the rest of isolate and strains. The sequence of this isolate was submitted to Genbank Accession No# MK587441 as GERD/VSVRI/Giza 2018. So, the present study assures that PCR and sequence analysis of OmpA gene of R. anatipestifer was found to be a highly sensitive and rapid method for detection of R. anatipestifer and could be an alternative method especially in case of unavailability of reference hyper immune serum for serotyping of the circulating isolates here in Egypt as the outer membrane proteins (Omp) is a good candidate for serotyping of the organism by sequence analysis.
Keywords: Riemerella anatipestifer, Ducks, PCR, Egypt

Abstract
This study aims to provide information on the parameter changes in the acute myocardial infarction model of a Chinese Rural Dog. All dogs were fixated in the conscious state and recorded in the prone position. The data were retrospectively analyzed. The P wave interval increased in the first 5 h and then reached the stable phase by the 77th day. T wave interval increased from the 10th to the 12th day, and after 16 days, the T wave interval in the intervention group became lower than that of the control group. Moreover, the amplitude of the T wave peaked at the 10th day and dropped to the preoperative level. The most obvious change of AO was 90 days after surgery. The AMI model of the Chinese Rural Dog was established and the ECG parameters (Pd, Pa, QRSd, QRSa, Td, Ta, PRd, and QTd), and myocardial enzymes (CK, CK-MB, LDH, and AST) changed significantly following AMI.
Keywords: Dog, ECG, Six-limb leads, Acute myocardial infarction model

Abstract
Probiotic lactobacillus strains constitute a group of probiotic bacteria which confer health benefits on the host when consumed in appropriate amount. The aim of the current study was to isolate and identify naturally occurring probiotic Lactobacillus species in some non-ruminant animals including horses, donkeys and pigs to investigate interspecies differences in probiotic Lactobacillus contents. A total of 39 samples including rectal, buccal, and nasal swabs were collected under aseptic conditions from horses, donkeys and pigs. The samples were cultured on MRS medium and the isolated strains were identified using 16S rRNA multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis following DNA extraction from the isolated bacteria. A total of 37 isolates were identified as lactobacillus strains including 19, 8 and 10 isolates from horses, donkeys and pigs respectively. The pig samples showed the lowest variability in lactobacilli contents with the amplification of L. rhamnosus, L. gasseri and L. delbrueckii. The lactobacilli contents of both horses and donkeys were comparable; however, L. casei was isolated only from horses. The diversity of probiotic lactobacillus strains isolated from nun-ruminant animals including the close relatives, horses and donkeys, indicates the uniqueness of lactobacilli contents in different animals. Further studies are needed to investigate the beneficial effects of these strains, either separately or in combination, on the host. Understanding the interaction of these strains with other members of the bacterial community inside each host as well as their interaction with the host cells especially the cells of the immune system, will provide important information on how they function in both health and disease states.
Keywords: Lactobacillus, Microbiota, Non-ruminant, Probiotics

Abstract
The peculiar features of the hepatosinusoidal blood flow decrease with age, shaped by pseudocapillarisation, represent a key factor in normal aging. The ability to dissect the certain pseudocapillarisation beneficial and detrimental function highlights a target for anti-aging. We performed anatomical and histological examinations of the young and old liver goats and identified ultrastructural changes associated with advanced age in the defenestration and capillarisation of the hepatic sinusoids. Furthermore, the accompanied secretory vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) crucial for liver sinusoids was measured at protein expression level. The old liver goats were exhibited constant age changes resulted in age-impaired defenestration with reduced porosity of the hepatic sinusoids, thickness of the endothelium lining, infrequent developmental basement membrane formation, and collagen deposition achieved in the space of Disse. In turn, the release of secretory VEGF was significantly lowered in old goat livers. Overall, these findings suggest that the aging goat livers are impaired because of decline in the fenestration of hepatic sinusoids while the accompanied VEGF release implying a therapeutic anti-aging target. The lobation of the goat liver formed from four lobes, left undivided large ventral located, undivided right, quadrate and caudate lobe. The hepatic artery branched into right, left and middle branches which ramified to each lobes of the liver.
Keywords: Pseudocapillarisation, Lipofuscin, Endothelial fenestrate, Anti-aging therapies, Anatomy

Abstract
Day-old male Arbor Acres plus broiler chickens (n=1120) were used to study the effect of dietary supplementation of the Probiotic S. c. boulardii on production performance, intestinal microbiota and gut integrity under HSD challenge. Duration of the trial extended from one day of age up to slaughter (42 days). The birds were allotted into 4 groups (1-4). Those of groups 1(NC) and 3 (T1) consisted of 240 birds. While those of groups 2 (PC) and 4(T2) consisted of 320 birds each. All groups ran contemporaneously. The birds of each group assigned into 10 replicates. Those of groups NC and T1 consisted of 10 birds/replicate/m2 floor area; while those of groups PC and T2 consisted of 13 birds/replicate/m2 floor area. Chickens of groups T1 and T2 were dietary supplemented with S.c. bululardii; while PC and NC groups were kept as controls. All experimented birds were vaccinated against different diseases according to the vaccination programs usually adopted in Egyptian chicken broiler farms. The used dietary supplement in challenged and unchallenged HSD improved productive performance variables including BW, BWG, FCR. It improved V/C ratio, fecal and cecal LAB counts and GIT integrity. It also Reduced macroscopic and microscopic lesion scores post vVND virus challenge.
Keywords: High Stocking Density Challenge, Productive performance, S.c. boulardii, Intestinal microbiota, Gut integrity

Abstract
This endeavor addresses the utility of rabbits versus susceptible calves, for relative potency evaluation of a newly prepared combined inactivated oil adjuvanted vaccine containing: Bovine Rotavirus, Bovine Coronavirus, Escherichia Coli K99 and alpha Toxoid of Clostridium perfringens type A. The new vaccine, namely Entero-4 was prepared and inoculated into six groups, each of seronegative three calves and five rabbits, by two different doses (3ml and 4ml /animal) using both intramuscular and subcutaneous routes. Two weeks later, all vaccinates received a similar booster dose. Seroconversion was monitored post vaccinations in sera of all vaccinates by Virus Neutralization, Micro Agglutination and Toxin-Antitoxin Neutralization Tests along with an indirect Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The prepared vaccine was proved safe and potent, manifested by high mean antibody titers specific to all viral and bacterial components as detected by all tests, relatively in sera of vaccinated calves and rabbits, using different routes and doses. Calves vaccinated with either doses of 3 ml or 4 ml seroconverted similarly, suggesting a better economic use of the 3 ml as an initial and a booster dose with revaccination every 9 months. Nevertheless, our data signified the validity of rabbits, as laboratory animals, to evaluate the relative potency of bovine enteric vaccines. That could initiate a potential to utilize rabbits as a versatile and cheaper alternative for potency verification of other veterinary vaccines, overcoming expensive and difficult availability of seronegative naive animal hosts.
Keywords: Bovine Coronavirus (BCoV), Bovine Rotavirus (BRV), Clostridium perfringens type A, E. Coli K99 (ETECK99), ELISA, Entero 4 vaccine, Relative potency in rabbits

Abstract
Bovine respiratory diseases (BRD) are a viral diseases of cattle, It causes a risk to the cattle industry in Egypt especially BVD as It causes diarrhea, reproductive disorders, immunosuppression and mortalities. So the present study zylexis was used as immunomodulator to enhance the immune response of calves to the inactivated Pneumo-4 virus vaccine. Twenty calves were allotted into four groups (five animals /group) where the first group was inoculated with Zylexis (2ml/calve) two days before vaccination with the field dose (5ml/ I/M) of inactivated pneumo-4 vaccine; the second group was inoculated with Zylexis simultaneously with the vaccine; the third calves ‘group was inoculated with the vaccine only while the fourth group was kept as non-vaccinated and non-inoculated control. Booster dose of the vaccine was inoculated 15 days later. Blood samples were collected at heparin as anticoagulant at 0.3rd, 7th, 10th, 14th, 21th, 28th for lymphocyte proliferation and Nitric Oxide assay, while serum samples had been collected weekly then monthly till the end of the experiment period for monitoring of the induced antibodies using SNT and ELISA. The obtained results of serological tests demonstrated that calves inoculated with zylexis with the vaccine exhibited higher humoral and cellular immunity than those inoculated with zylexis two days before vaccination and other inoculated with the vaccine only. These findings suggested that zylexis has an immune stimulating action in calves vaccinated with the inactivated pneumo-4 vaccine.
Keywords: BVD, IBR, BRSV, PI-3, SNT, Zylexis, ELISA and BRD

Abstract
This experimental study was proceeded to explore the immune-impact of black cumin seed ”Nigella sativa” which is considered the most common and important medical herb known in Middle East and Islamic countries. The seed was dissolved in a mixture of (ethanol?+?water) mixture, then filtered, evaporated and dried under reduced pressure to obtain seed extract. The macrophages of three different origins; blood derived, splenic and peritoneal were provided from rats and mixed with two different seed extract doses and incubated then one part was stained with fluorescent acridine orange and examined under fluorescent microscope while the other part was inspected through transmission electron microscopy to assess the phagocytic and killing potency. The results showed a remarkable increase in both parameters and interestingly higher in peritoneal and splenic than blood derived macrophages. The obtained data indicated the immune-stimulant impact of the black cumin seeds.
Keywords: Black cumin seed, Immunomodulation, Killing assay, Macrophages, Nigella sativa, Phagocytic activity