Abstract
This review was written to emphasize the clinical importance of the trace elements selenium (Se), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), iodine (I), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) in farm animals especially camels, cattle, sheep and goats. The deficiency of Se can have major economic effects by lowering fertility, causing placental retentions, and increasing the risk of metritis and mastitis. Se contributes to the development and function of cytotoxic T cells, natural killer cells and helper T cells in the immune system. The Cu is a co-factor in numerous enzymatic processes that include the synthesis of collagen, maturation of red blood cells, the production of energy, the formation of hormones, and the defense against oxidative damage. When excessive amounts are present, it can be extremely risky. The Co is required for the formation of vitamin B12 by rumen microorganisms; thus, Vitamin B12 insufficiency is the result of Co deficiency. Co deficiency results in anemia that is both normochromic and normocytic, as well as anorexia, loss of body condition, and wasting of muscles. Decreased weight gain, photosensitivity and lacrimation, scaly ears, wool discoloration, cardiovascular diseases, and cerebrocortical necrosis are all indications of Co deficiency. Iodine deficiency is a common cause of disorders ranging from goiter to metabolic and neurological disorders. These disorders may occur from the embryonic stage until adolescence. Iodine deficiency in ruminants causes goiter, particularly in young animals, and consequently lowers the chance that lambs and newborns will survive. Animals may develop an iodine shortage for two reasons: low iodine intake and goiterogenic substance consumption. Fe is essential for several catalytic events, oxidative metabolism, oxygen transport, and cell proliferation. It functions as a cofactor for several proteins and enzymes required for the metabolism of oxygen and energy as well as for many of other vital functions. Zn is regarded to be necessary for the functioning of many proteins, important enzymes, and transcription factors because they bind to Zn. Mn plays a crucial role in the production and activation of several enzymes. It is involved in the metabolism of glucose and lipids, and it accelerates the synthesis of proteins, vitamin C, and vitamin B. Ultimately, even if trace elements are only needed in little quantities, their lack can result in many diseases and disorders in livestock, leading to significant financial losses Therefore, balanced diets are required to prevent such affections in camels, cattle, sheep and goats.
Keywords: Animals, Diseases, Pathophysiology, Ruminant, Trace elements.

Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the combination of probiotics (Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis) and Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) as a potential supplement for late-phase laying hens through antimicrobial, protease, and lipase activity tests. The research used a completely randomized design with three treatments (T1=1 Pro: 1 BSFL, T2=1 Pro: 2 BSFL, and T3=2 Pro: 1 BSFL) and six replications. The ratio of T3 (2 Pro: 1 BSFL) showed significant sensitivity against S. aureus (P<0.05) but showed no significant difference against E. coli and S. typhimurium. Additionally, the highest lipase activity was significantly (P<0.05) found in T3. In contrast, the T2 ratio (1 Pro: 2 BSFL) resulted in significantly (P<0.05) highest protease activity compared to the other combinations. This finding suggest that the T2 (1 Pro: 2 BSFL) can improve productivity in late-phase laying hens through enzyme stability, especially protease. Keywords: BSF larvae, Probiotic, Protease Activity, Lipase Activity, Antimicrobial Activity.

Abstract
A wide range of pathogenic viruses, fungi and bacteria have been identified in biomaterials from wild animals of 24 species living in the wildlife in Russia, including nature conservations, hunting farms, zoos and wild animal habitant centers. Epizootically significant bovine viruses e.g. rotavirus, coronavirus, infectious rhinotracheitis, parainfluenza-3, viral diarrhea viruses were detected in deer, mouflons, alpacas, monkeys, elephants, tiger. The clinically significant fungi of the genera Candida, Geotrichum, Trichosporon, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Beauveria, Phoma were isolated from skin lesions, respiratory tract, internal organs, muscle tissue, brain from wild animals of 14 species. Cultures of Staphylococcus aureus, S. cohni, Streptococcus parauberis, S. equi, S. suis, and S. bovis were isolated from deers of different species and mouflons with respiratory disease. In some cases, there was a strong correlation between the detected pathogen and pathology, in others, this relationship was not obvious.
Keywords: Wild animals, Viruses, Fungi, Bacteria, Wildlife infectious diseases.

Abstract
Sero-epidemiological study on Leptospira infection was done in a closed cattle population. The epidemiology scope includes clinical symptoms, prevalence of infection, serovar of Leptospira caused infection, breeds infected, and its possible transfection to human. Serum samples of 980 cattle and 58 workers were collected in this study. All the serum samples were tested against Leptospirosis using the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT). Fourteen serovars of Leptospira interrogans were used as antigens, namely Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, Ballum, Javanica, Celledoni, Pyrogenes, Cynopteri, Rachmati, Australis, Grippotyphosa, Hardjo, Bataviae, Tarassovi, and Dan Pomona. The data were analyzed using descriptive epidemiology. The study showed that Leptospirosis infected 62 cattle (6.32%). The infection was detected in Bali, Madura, and Onggole Cattle. The most prevalent breed of leptospirosis was in Bali cattle (7.55%). Several Leptospira serovars-infected cattle in the population were found, namely Tarrasovi, Hardjo, Grippotyphosa, and Batavia serovars (single infection) and Hardjo and Tarrasovi serovars (multiple infections). The most dominant serovar-infected cattle in this area was Tarrasovi (64.51%). The infection was not detected in humans, but it was shown that farm workers’ exposure to Leptospira spp. was very low.
Keywords: Leptospira, Leptospirosis, Cattle, Epidemiology, Serology.

Abstract
Coccidiosis is an infectious disease that affects small ruminants, mainly sheep, causing significant economic losses for the industry worldwide. Although the global prevalence of ovine coccidia is high, there is limited information regarding the prevalence of ovine Eimeria in Libya. The current study aimed to identify Eimeria species and their prevalence in native sheep in the Aljabal Alakhdar governorate of eastern Libya. 103 fecal samples were collected and examined using flotation, modified McMaster, and sporulation techniques. The overall prevalence of Eimeria recovered from the samples was 92%, with 12 species recognised depending on their morphological characteristics. The most dominant species were Eimeria ovinoidalis and Eimeria ahsata, accounting for 33.98% and 31.07% respectively. All sheep ages and sexes exhibited the presence of coccidian oocytes; however, lambs had a higher infection rate than adult animals. Also, the current results showed no significant difference in the prevalence of this parasite across the different regions. While Eimeria infection affects sheep growth in the Aljabal Alakhdar region, good hygiene practices and control measures should be implemented for lamb-fattening herds.
Keywords: Coccidiosis, Eimeria, Libya, Prevalence, Sheep.

Abstract
This study aims to find out how to feed the Zophobas morio caterpillar (ZmC) so that broiler diets do not need as much fish meal. The study focused on performance, carcass quality, and physiological organs (liver, gizzard, heart, and intestine). This research utilized 200 broilers of the MB 202 strain. The study employed an experimental approach, utilizing a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and five replications. The intervention involved the incorporation of ZmC into the diet: RA (0% ZmC), RB (2% ZmC), RC (4% ZmC), and RD (6% ZmC). The measured variables included feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, live weight, carcass percentage, physiological organs’ weights (liver, gut, heart, and gizzard), and the percentage of abdominal fat in broilers. Variance analysis indicated that ZmC in the ratio had no statistically significant impact (P>0.05) on feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion, live weight, carcass percentage, abdominal fat percentage, or physiological organ percentage. This study suggests that ZmC can be incorporated into the diet at up to 6% while sustaining broiler performance and carcass quality.
Keywords: Broiler, Zophobas morio, Performance, Carcass, Physiological organ.

Abstract
Reducing methane emissions is an important aspect of climate change mitigation, including in goat production. This study evaluated the effect of substituting forage with Binahong leaves on the performance and methane production of Indonesian local goats. This study used 16 Ettawa crossbreds with an average body weight ranging from 18 to 38kg. This study used a randomized group design with 4 treatments and 4 replications, namely P0 : 60% Brachiaria mutica + 40% concentrate; P1 : 55% Brachiaria mutica + 5% Binahong leaf + 40% concentrate; P2 : 50% Brachiaria mutica + 10% Binahong leaf + 40% concentrate; P3 : 45% Brachiaria mutica + 15% Binahong leaf + 40% concentrate. The observed variables were nutrient digestibility, feed intake, and methane production. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed Binahong leaf had no significant effect (P>0.05) on dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility (DMD, OMD), crude protein digestibility (DCP), neutral and acid detergent fiber digestibility (DNDF, DADF), DM and OM intake (DMI, OMI), average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency. However, Binahong leaf treatment had a significant effect (P<0.01) on hemicellulose digestibility and methane gas production. Additionally, there is a tendency for DMI and OMI to decrease, and ADG to increase, followed by an increase in feed efficiency, based on the trend of average values at the 15% level of Binahong leaf use. It can be concluded that methane production can be reduced without adversely affecting performance and nutrient digestibility by using Binahong leaves as a forage replacement in the diet of Ettawa crossbred (PE) which is up to a level of 15%. Keywords: Binahong, Performance, Ettawa crossbred, Nutrient intake, Methane production.

Abstract
The study aims to identify the species and serotypes of pasteurellosis pathogen isolates in cattle and saigas and to distinguish different species within this genus by analyzing their cultural, biological, and biochemical features. A commercial PCR kit was used to identify and confirm the pathogen Pasteurella multocida. Pasteurellosis pathogen isolates were fully adapted on nutrient agar and broth with 10% cattle blood serum. The isolates showed no motility in the experiments, which is characteristic of the pasteurellosis pathogen. The biochemical features of microorganisms were studied using Hiss’s medium. Cultures were grown according to the generally accepted methodology. After 16 and 24 hours of incubation in the thermostat, the results of carbohydrate fermentation were recorded based on changes in the color of the nutrient medium and the formation of gaseous substances. After examining the cultural and biochemical properties of the two isolates, PCR was conducted to re-confirm the results. The studies demonstrated that both pasteurellosis pathogen isolates belonged to P. multocida.
Keywords: Saiga, Cattle, Pasteurellosis, Identification, Differentiation, Biochemical features

Abstract
Veterinary clinical parasitology is a critical field that addresses the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of parasitic infections in animals, impacting both animal and public health. This study comprehensively analyzes global research trends in veterinary clinical parasitology, utilizing data from Scopus mined in July 2024. From 1961 to mid-2024, 2,836 articles were identified, with an average annual publication rate of 45 documents. The United States emerged as the leading contributor with 644 publications, followed by Brazil (421), the United Kingdom (287), Italy (241), and Spain (235). Key topics driving research in this field include veterinary medicine, DNA extraction, RT-PCR, parasites and co-infections, indicating their ongoing relevance and importance. Data visualization through VOSviewer provided valuable insights into the evolving research landscape, highlighting significant patterns and collaborations within the field of veterinary clinical parasitology. Continued advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols and preventive measures are expected to enhance further the control and management of parasitic infections in animals.
Keywords: Veterinary Clinical Parasitology; Research Trends; Scopus Data Analysis; VOSviewer; Parasitic Infections in Animals.

Abstract
This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of catalase and hypotaurine on the rate of nuclear maturation, fertilization rate, and hydrogen peroxide concentration. This study was divided into three stages. The first stage is maturation media supplemented with catalase, the second stage is maturation media supplemented with hypotaurine, and the third stage is maturation and fertilization media supplemented with catalase, hypotaurine and a combination of both. This research employed compact cytoplasm and cumulus oocytes. After 24 hours in a 5% CO2 incubator at 38.5°C, selected oocytes matured. After maturation, 1.5×106 spermatozoa/mL fertilization medium was used in a 5% CO2 incubator at 38.5°C for in vitro fertilization. Oocytes were tested for hydrogen peroxide, nuclear maturation, and fertilization after 24 hours. The study indicated that 150IU/mL catalase led to the highest percentage of oocytes reaching metaphase II (75.4±3.3), with no significant difference (P>0.05) from other treatments. Adding 150IU/mL catalase lowered H2O2 concentration (16.6) (P<0.05) compared to the control (28). Hypotaurine increased oocyte MII to 6 mM (86.9±1.8) after addition, considerably different from the control (64.3±3.0) (P<0.05). The H2O2 concentration in the 6 mM treatment (22.9) was significantly lower (P<0.05) than the control (36.0). The maximum fertilization rate (78.6±2.7) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the control (67.2±1.3) in the 150IU/mL and 6mM treatment. Hydrogen peroxide levels in the combination treatment (33.7) were significantly lower (P<0.05) than the control (47.1). In conclusion, catalase and hypotaurine supplementation promotes metaphase II and fertilized oocytes. Keywords: Hypotaurine, Hydrogen peroxide, In vitro maturation, In vitro fertilization, Catalase.

Abstract
This article discusses the administration of Budesonide (Entocort) in a seven-year-old Maltese presenting constant diarrhea, low serum albumin, and ascites. Initially, the dog exhibited a positive response to the dietary modification and prednisone; nevertheless, a recurrence occurred subsequently. We opted to provide Budesonide (Entocort) for one month in conjunction with Cannabidiol (CBD) oil. This resulted in an enhancement of clinical symptoms and the improvement of serum albumin levels. This study indicates that Budesonide, utilized in human medicine for chronic enteropathy treatment, in conjunction with CBD oil, may also be useful in dogs and is generally well tolerated.
Keywords: Chronic Enteropathy, Budesonide, CBD oil, Diarrhea

Abstract
This study aims to examine the environmental factors that promote the proliferation of the ectoparasites Argulus and Aeromonas, as well as the impact of infestation on Chitala lopis. Fish rearing was conducted in the ponds that are 20×30×2.5 m3. Feeding with cyprinidae seeds and fresh vanamei prawns occurs ad libitum daily and was sustained for 60 days. DNA samples were obtained from the liver, gills, spleen, and kidneys of fish that died by Argulus disease. The study’s test parameters included weight, survival rate, and fish health indicators (erythrocyte, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and glucose levels). The assessed water quality parameters were temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), conductivity, and total dissolved solids (TDS). A decrease in relative growth rate (-0.8±12.3%) and survival rate (84.3±11%) were observed. Positive DNA electrophoresis bands were observed in the liver and spleen. Erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and glucose were all within the normal range and did not decrease at all. However, the leucocyte value decreased to 125,291±77,929 ×103/mm3 at the end of the study. The water quality was within a suitable range for cultivation, except for low DO values (3.5±1.5mg/L), which might facilitate the development of pathogens. To avoid and safeguard Chitala lopis from attacks by Argulus and Aeromonas, it is imperative to implement periodic water quality optimization and quarantine of fry fishes outside the nursery.
Keywords: Giant featherback, Pathogen, Conservation, Ectoparasite.

Abstract
Phytic acid, identified as an antinutrient in food materials especially in the soybean included jack bean, poses a challenge to nutritional absorption. Previous investigations have presented the promising functional attributes of lactic acid bacteria, such as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum IIA-1A5, isolated from Indonesian local beef, has ability to produce phytase enzyme that can reduce pythic acid level in jack bean. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the functional properties of L. plantarum IIA-1A5 and the utilization of jack bean, in the production of fermented sausage to develop a prototype of probiotic sausage with beef as an ingredient. The results of the combination of beef and jack bean flour showed no significant differences in physicochemical characteristics and nutritional content between fermented sausages with or without the addition of L. plantarum IIA-1A5. The bacteria inhibited the growth of S. aureus and produced phytase enzymes at concentrations ranging from 0.003 to 0.064mg. Furthermore, the highest phytase activity from L. plantarum IIA-1A5 was found at 123 mU/mL. This study showed that the use L. plantarum IIA-1A5, in the fermented beef sausage combined with jack bean flour (Canavalia ensiformis), had the potential to develop functional food products.
Keywords: Fermented sausage, Jack bean, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum IIA-1A5.

Abstract
Protozoal infection is an important factor in reducing the productivity of farm animals. Pathogenic protozoa are able to affect the gastrointestinal tract and reproductive system. The causative agent of protozoal infection causing abortion and infertility in cattle is most often Tritrichomonas foetus. In order to determine the epizootic situation in the region, we studied the representation of pathogenic trichomonads in cattle of the Novosibirsk region. Using specific primers, we detected traces of T. foetus DNA in samples obtained from adult animals with clinical signs of endometritis and vaginitis from different farms. Also, vaginal mucus samples from these animals were examined by direct light microscopy, where active trophozoites of T. foetus were found, indicating the circulation of the parasitic protozoan in the cattle population of the Novosibirsk region.
Keywords: Protozoal infection, Tritrichomonas foetus, Cattle.

Abstract
Moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) is a plant that contains active compounds, so it has the potential as a source of natural antioxidants to improve animal health. This research aims to analyze the supplementation of Moringa leaf meal on stress indicators, immunity and performance of quail in the growth period. This research used 120 quails with a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 4 levels of treatment with the supplementation of moringa leaf meal to the feed and 3 replications. The treatment levels included P0 (without moringa leaf meal), P1 (feed + 2.5% moringa leaf meal), P2 (feed + 5% moringa leaf meal) and P3 (feed + 7.5% moringa leaf meal). The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA (Analysis of variance) and descriptive analysis. The results showed that the supplementation of moringa meal to quail feed can reduce stress, improve immunity, and increase quail body weight gain. In conclusion, the supplementation of moringa meal reduces stress, increases immunity and body weight gain with the optimal level achieved at the 5% level of supplementation (P2).
Keywords: Growth, Immunity, Moringa, Quail, Stress.

Abstract
This meta-analysis evaluated the effects of dietary inclusion of microalgae on performance, health and quality of broiler chickens. A total of 18 journal articles obtained from the Scopus search engine were used as the database. Data of production performance, internal organs, blood hematological and serum metabolites, and fatty acid profiles in breast muscle were analyzed using linear mixed model methodology. Elevating microalgae levels in the diets did not affect feed intake, daily gain, organ weights, and health parameters of the blood. Dietary levels of microalgae had positive linear relationship (P<0.05) with C22:5n-3, C22:6n-3, and total omega-3 fatty acids levels in the breast meat of broilers while negatively affected (P<0.05) certain types of n-6 fatty acids. According to the type of microalgae, supplementing brown microalgae decreased the omega-6/omega-3 ratio (P<0.05), but no effects were found for the daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in broilers. In conclusion, microalgae supplementation in diet of broilers could be a promising approach to improve fatty acid profiles of the meat by elevating the omega 3 fatty acids while decreasing the omega 6, thus offers health benefits for human. The supplementation only limitedly affects production performance, internal organs and blood profiles of broilers. Keywords: Broiler meat, Fatty acid, Meta-analysis, Microalgae.

Abstract
The work aimed to create dosage forms (infusion, extracts) from walnut leaves and bark, to experimentally study their toxicity, and use them to treat dyspepsia in calves. The study was based on observation, statistical analysis, and scientific experiments. The experiments were conducted with the division of calves into experimental and control groups. Laboratory tests included hematological and biochemical analysis. The experiments simulated pathological processes in animals in the vivarium of the Kazakh National Agrarian University and farms of Kazakhstan. The effectiveness of the preparation for activating the immune system was confirmed, and the dosage and method of use were determined. Regarding toxicological methods, general and special types of toxicity were used. According to the developed methodology, alcoholic and aqueous extracts and infusion from the medicinal plant collection were produced. The study developed a liquid phytopreparation derived from walnut (Juglans regia L.) containing bioactive compounds such as tannins, flavonoids, and essential micronutrients. The preparation was proven low-toxic (hazard class IV) with no significant adverse effects. Its application significantly reduced recovery time and normalized blood parameters in calves with dyspepsia, improving therapeutic effectiveness by 20–25% and reducing mortality by 30%. The findings offer a sustainable alternative to antibiotics, enhancing the health and safety of newborn calves in livestock farming.
Keywords: Growth, Immunity, Moringa, Quail, Stress.

Abstract
In Bali, monkeys and humans share a close relationship that presents both opportunities and challenges. While this proximity enhances tourism appeal, it also raises concerns about disease transmission, particularly parasitic infections. This study aimed to identify the types and prevalence of parasites in monkey habitats across Bali, considering variations in location, altitude, and habitat characteristics. A total of 1,011 fresh fecal samples from long-tailed macaques were analyzed using the formol-ether method. The findings revealed the presence of various gastrointestinal parasites, including nematodes, trematodes, cestodes, and protozoa. The most prevalent parasite was Entamoeba spp. (83.44%), followed by Isospora spp. (31.6%), Balantidium spp. (29.87%), Strongyloides spp. (14.07%), Dicrocoelium spp. (9.31%), Diphyllobothrium spp. (8.23%), Ascaris spp. (3.25%), Taenia spp. (3.03%), and Trichuris spp. (1.84%). Altitude significantly influenced infections by Strongyloides spp., Ascaris spp., Dicrocoelium spp., Taenia spp., Diphyllobothrium spp., Entamoeba spp., Balantidium spp., and Isospora spp. Similarly, urbanization was found to affect infections of Strongyloides spp., Dicrocoelium spp., Taenia spp., Diphyllobothrium spp., Entamoeba spp., Balantidium spp., and Isospora spp. However, Trichuris spp. infections appeared unaffected by these factors. In conclusion, long-tailed macaques in Bali are hosts to a diverse range of parasitic infections, with altitude and urbanization playing key roles in influencing infection prevalence. These findings provide essential baseline data emphasizing the need for prevention and control strategies and increased public awareness of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites from long-tailed macaques to reduce the risk of transmission to other animals and humans.
Keywords: Bali, Gastrointestinal parasite, Long-tailed macaque, Macaca fascicularis, Monkey.

Abstract
The safety and quality of fisheries products, particularly smoked fish, are critical public health concerns. Smoked fish sold in traditional markets are prone to contamination by pathogenic microorganisms such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp., major causes of foodborne illnesses. This study aimed to assess the safety of smoked fish sold in Kendari City’s traditional markets based on the presence of E. coli and Salmonella spp. using microbiological tests compliant with Indonesian National Standards (SNI) 2526:2013 for hot-smoked fish. A total of 26 smoked fish samples were collected from seven traditional markets in Kendari City. The results revealed that none of the samples tested positive for E. coli. However, 17 samples (65.4%) were contaminated with Salmonella spp. Contamination likely occurred post-smoking due to unsanitary production environments contaminated by livestock waste and during sales, where smoked fish came into contact with fresh products such as chicken and meat. The high percentage of Salmonella spp. contamination highlights a significant food safety risk for consumers of smoked fish in Kendari City.
Keywords: Escherichia coli, Salmonella. spp., Smoked fish safety, Traditional market, Kendari.

Abstract
West Nile Virus (VNV) produces encephalitic West Nile Fever (WNF), a zoonotic disease that can affect birds, is a viral disease that can infect horses as well as other mammals, birds and humans as a result of infection by arbovirus – Orthoflavivirus nilense, from family Flaviviridae. Cases of dead affected wild birds during the summer season have been positively related to predicting WNV in human populations. We conducted the present study aiming to detect serological evidence of the WNV in horses in western and central Romania and in northern and southern Bulgaria. Previous studies conducted in neighboring countries – Serbia and Hungary, confirmed the presence of the virus in horse populations. Between July 2022 and July 2023, a total of 147 horse serums were collected from three counties in West Romania – Arad, Bihor and Timis, and one in central Romania – Sibiu. Additional sera were collected from Lovech municipality in North Bulgaria and Topolovgrad municipality in South Bulgaria. The presence of antibodies in the serum was detected using the commercial ELISA kit. In order to remove the cross-reactivity of the Usutu virus, another representative of the Mosquito-borne Japanese encephalitis virus group, an epitope-blocking ELISA kit with specificity to WNV’s Glycoprotein E and absence of cross-reactivity with other Flaviviruses was used. The sera were further tested via RT-PCR for presence of the viral RNA. Seropositivity was confirmed for 45% of the sera in West Romania and for 63% of the sera in Central Romania; for 23% from North Bulgaria and 20% from South. All PCR results were negative, demonstrating an absence of the viral RNA in the horses’ body at the time of sampling. The study confirms the presence of WNV in horse populations of all tested regions. The results from the different countries and areas demonstrate that there is no difference between the populations in forested areas and those in field areas.
Keywords: West Nile Virus, West Nile Fever, equines, ELISA, Zoonosis, Emerging, Endemic, Romania, Bulgaria; Banat.