Abstract
Many techniques are described to correctly identify rabbit leukocytes. Both automatic and manual counts are used for this purpose of identifying different subsets of rabbit white blood cells. However, other techniques such as Flow Cytometry are used in veterinary medicine to identify different surface and intracellular antigens of cells in a short period of time and with high accuracy. Antibodies are needed when a flow cytometric analysis takes place and it is mandatory that these antibodies react with the cells of the species of interest. Antibodies should always be chosen carefully in order to have the best performance when their use is predicted, especially when taking into consideration their species specificity. However, antibodies reacting to a specific species can react also to other species. To prove this statement, antibodies have to be tested in order to define and confirm their reactivity to other species. In this study thirty-three peripheral blood samples from healthy rabbits were collected and tested for the following antibodies: CD21 (Clone: LT21), CD5 (Clone: YKIX322.3), CD4 (Clone: YKIX302.9), CD8 (Clone: YCATE55.9), CD11b (Clone: M1/70). All antibodies report different species reactivity from rabbits. Results showed that only CD11b reacts with rabbit myeloid cells showing satisfactory results. The clone used in this study showed higher performance on monocytes compared to granulocytes. However, further studies with a higher caseload are warranted to confirm the results.
Keywords: Flow Cytometry, Rabbits, Antibodies, Leukocytes.

Abstract
A preliminary study of total protein from the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strain Pediococcus pentosaceus SR6 was proven to have an anticancer role in T47D cells. On the other hand, studies on the specific protein of this strain regarding its anticancer effect have so far never been revealed. Based on these considerations, this research was conducted. Research activities began by cultivating of LAB Pediococcus pentosaceus SR6 isolates, analyzing protein fragments using SDS-PAGE, isolating and electroeluting specific proteins from SDS-PAGE results, preparing MCF-7 breast cancer cell cultures, cytotoxic tests using the MTT cell proliferation and cytotoxicity kit method, and analyzing cell morphology via observation using the DAPI and Acridine Orange/Propidium Iodide (AO/PI) tests. The test results were then analyzed statistically using the SPSS25 program and then displayed in the form of Tables or Figures. The research results showed the 28.4kDa protein from Pediococcus pentosaceus SR6 was known to have anticancer activity with an IC50 of 5.42ppm. Their anticancer activity is selective because it is less toxic to normal cells which require a higher toxic dose, namely 28.36ppm. The protein has an ability to stimulate MCF-7 cells’ apoptosis and necrosis that is proved from the double staining with Acridine Orange/Propidium Iodide (AO/PI) and DAPI stainings. In conclusion, The 28.4kDa protein from LAB isolate Pediococcus pentosaceus SR6 was proven to be used as an breast anticancer compound with its selective ability against normal cells.
Keywords: Apoptosis, Pediococcus pentosaceus SR6, MCF-7 cell line, Vero cells, IC50.

Abstract
Accurate identification of infectious molds from clinical specimens is crucial, as evidenced by the rising incidence of invasive fungal diseases in birds and their growing frequency. Fungal DNA was found in parrot feather samples linked to Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease (PBFD) virus infection following the detection of culture isolates. Internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) have been employed as targets for phylogenetic research as they typically exhibit sequence variation between species, with modest change within strains of the same species. Numerous sequence variations were found when comparing ITS region sequences from reference and clinical isolates of six Aspergillus species, one Rhizopus arrhizus, and two Penicillium species, The addition of 5.8S rRNA gene sequences had little effect on the species as a whole due to the presence of little diversity between species in this region. Amplification, sequencing, and comparison with non-reference strain sequences in GenBank were performed on strains and clinical isolates of aspergilli and other fungi. Aspergillus and other species amplified ITS region had a size range of 540 to 608 base pairs (bp). A bootstrap of 1000 replications of every fungal isolate was also displayed on the phylogenetic tree, along with varying percentage rates among the fungal isolates.
Keywords: Circovirus, PBFD, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Penicillium, Sequencing and Phylogenetic Tree.

Abstract
The effect of dehydrated bovine rumen digesta (DBRD) on crossbreed weaner rabbits were tested. A total of 48 four-weeks-old crossbreed (New Zealand × Chinchilla) weaner rabbits of average initial weight of 0.88±0.02 to 0.92±0.02kg were assigned randomly into four dietary treatment groups with three replicates of four rabbits each. Dietary treatments include: DBRD0, DBRD5, DBRD10, and DBRD15. Body weight and daily weight gain of crossbreed weaner rabbits that consumed DBRD15 were higher (P<0.05) compared to those in other groups. Rabbits on DBRD15 consumed less (P<0.05) diet than those provided DBRD5 and control (DBRD0) diet. Rabbits that consume DBRD15 had the lowest (P<0.05) feed gain ratio value than those fed in other groups. Rabbits fed DBRD15 recorded the highest (P<0.05) digestibility of crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), and dry matter (DM). The digestibility of crude fat increased (P<0.05) in crossbreed weaner rabbits fed DBRD10 and DBRD15. Rabbits fed DBRD10 and DBRD15 had the highest (P<0.05) hemoglobin and packed cell volume production. Red blood cell production was significantly higher (P<0.05) for crossbreed weaner rabbits that consumed DBRD15. Rabbits fed dietary DBRD10 and DBRD15 had the lowest (P<0.05) lymphocyte counts than those provided the control (DBRD0) diet. The carcass weight was higher (P<0.05) for rabbits fed DBRD15. There was an increased (P<0.05) length of the large intestine for rabbits fed DBRD10 and DBRD15. Liver, heart, kidney, spleen, and lungs weights were higher (P<0.05) for rabbits fed DBRD10 and DBRD15. We concluded that 15% graded levels of DBRD improved the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and health status of crossbreed weaner rabbits. Keywords: Abattoir Waste, Body Weight, Carcass, Crude Fiber, Hematology, Visceral Organ.

Abstract
Surveillance for genetic markers of adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 in dogs and cats could help to predict the risk of variant emergence, that resulted from virus adaptation to the new host. The Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 collected from dog and cat is of high interest, since this variant caused global major cases and fatality during the pandemic. All complete and high coverage sequence data of Delta variant of dog and cat origin, as well as samples of human origin SARS-CoV-1 were downloaded. All selected sequence data were subjected to Clustal Omega alignment. Evolutionary history was inferred by using the Maximum Likelihood method using Mega11. Species-specific markers indicating a probable species adaptation of the pandemic SARS-CoV-2 in dog and cat could not be identified. The markers found in many dog and cat samples is confirmed to be location specific markers that occurred in human origin virus.
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Companion animals; Adaptation; Genetic markers

Abstract
Leptospirosis is a serious zoonotic disease causes by Leptospira spp. infection, and Thailand is an endemic area for both humans and animals. Infected animal such as cattle, sheep and goats can mostly be asymptomatic but can experience foetal abortions and stillbirths. Infected animals play a role in spreading the bacteria via urine. This study determined leptospirosis in meat goats of Southern Thailand by a molecular detection method. In total, 323 serum samples were collected from meat goats from representative provinces of Southern Thailand, namely Songkhla (179) and Yala (144), from April to June 2022 by the veterinarian of the Regional Livestock Health Unit 9, Songkhla, Thailand. Antibodies from previous infections were screened using the lepto-latex test. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeted the LipL32 gene, and overall positivity was 76.47% (247/322). There was no statistically significant difference between the results from Songkhla (76.54%) and Yala (76.39%). The LipL32 PCR indicated an overall positivity of 9.29% (30/323), positive samples from Yala (18.75%) were significantly more abundant than those from Songkhla (1.68%) (P<0.00001). This study indicates a low active infection with a high previous infection (seroprevalence) of leptospirosis in meat goats, suggesting the circulation of leptospirosis of meat goats in Southern Thailand. DNA sequencing for analysing the serovars distribution among goat is needed. Disease prevention via vaccination based on serovar in Thailand be considered. Moreover, molecular detection of leptospirosis be applied for surveillance at herd level, and farmers and persons in contact with goats should be aware of Leptospira infections. Keywords: Molecular detection, Leptospirosis, Meat Goat, Southern Thailand.

Abstract
Bacteria in the environment are naturally the target of predators, including various types of prokaryotes. This study aims to determine the effect of feeding Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus (Bb) isolate against Salmonella enteritidis (SE) inoculation in intestinal villi of mice models. Sixteen mice were used and were divided into 4 groups, namely the control with placebo (D0), the SE (D1), the SE+Tiamphenicol (D2), and the SE+Bb inoculation group (D3). Inoculation of SE was carried out intraperitoneally at a dose of 2.5×108 CFU, and B bacteriovorus feeding treatment was given orally as a single dose containing 1×107 CFU. On the 5th day post-treatment, all groups were euthanized, and blood samples were taken for examination of the hematological profiles in intestinal organs. Data analysis was performed using one way ANOVA test and Duncan’s post hoc test (P<0.05). The results showed that there was a significant increase in the D3 group for the variables of leukocytes, lymphocytes, and neutrophils. Histomorphology analysis indicated that feeding of isolate inhibited the destruction of epithelia and enterocytes in duodenal tissue. Consequently, it was concluded that feeding of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus can improve hematological value and the proliferation of villus in the intestine in SE-inoculation mice. Keywords: Health, Environment, Salmonella sp, Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus, Salmonella enteritidis, Predator-prey interaction, Intestinal health, Hematological profiles

Abstract
This experiment was designed to assess the status of acute phase proteins (APPs) serum amyloid A (SAA) and haptoglobin, cardiac marker troponin I (cTnI), hematobiochemical profiles, acid–base and blood gas alterations in postnatal camel calves with tick infestation. Twenty-one camel calves (Camelus dromedarius), aged 1-4 weeks and weighing 30-65 kg were used. They were presented because of off milk, lethargy, recumbency and convulsions. Ten age-matched apparently healthy camel calves were used a control group. From both diseased and control groups, 3 blood samples were collected; one on EDTA for hematological analysis, the second on heparin for the determination of acid-base, blood gases, biochemical metabolites, electrolytes and lactate and the third on plain tubes for serum harvesting. Treatment has consisted of subcutaneous injection by ivermectin twice 15 days apart at a dose of 1mL per 50kg BW. Diseased calves were also sprayed with diazinon twice 72h apart at a concentration of 1mL/1L water. Hyalomma dromedarii predominated in all the diseased camel calves. Seventeen calves were presented in lateral recumbency position while the remaining 4 were admitted in sternal recumbency. The means ±SD of cTnI were 2.23±1.0 ng/mL versus 0.012±0.014 ng/mL in healthy animals. Serum concentrations of SAA in camel calves were 6.57±2.39 ng/mL in diseased versus 0.59±0.45 ng/mL in controls. Serum concentration of Hp were markedly elevated in camel with tick infestation (2.33±0.54mg/L in diseases group versus 0.25±0.26 mg/L in controls). There were significant increases in total white blood cells, lymphocytes and neutrophils in diseased camel calves compared to healthy ones. Red blood cells, hemoglobin and hematocrit were significantly lower in diseased group versus healthy calves. Serum concentrations of albumin, calcium, blood urea nitrogen and phosphorus differed significantly between diseased and healthy calves. The serum activity of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, ?-glutamyl transferase and creatine kinase were significantly higher in tick infected camel calves versus healthy animals. The blood pH and anion gap were different significantly between diseased and healthy group. Highly significant differences were measured for lactate values in tick-infected calves competed to healthy group. In conclusion, this study showed that postnatal camel calves infested with Hyalomma dromedarii ticks had different clinical presentations either in lateral or sternal positions. Diseased calves have a prove of cardiac injury as a result of cTnI increases and acute phase reaction documented by significant alterations in SAA and haptoglobin. Unsound camel calves have also leukocytosis, anemia, metabolic acidosis and severe lactic acidosis.
Keywords: Biomarkers, Camels, Hyalomma dromedarii, Pathophysiology, Ticks.

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the benefits of using cisplatin as a chemotherapeutic agent in camels with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) that were surgically treated with either a scalpel blade or an electrosurgical technique. Twenty adult camels with histologically confirmed SCC were randomly divided according to the method used for tumor removal into group 1 (n=10) using scalpel blade, group 2 (n=10) using electrosurgical technique. Five camels from each group were treated postoperatively with cisplatin. In group 1 treated with scalpel blade alone, all the 5 camels with SCC (100%) had tumor recurrence and died before the end of the experiment. In group 1 treated with scalpel blade with the use of cisplatin, recurrence was noticed in 4 out of the 5 camels (80%) with skin SCC and 2 out of the 5 camels (40%) died. In group 2 treated with electrosurgery alone, all the 5 camels with SCC (100%) had tumor recurrence and all died before the end of the experiment. However, in group 2 treated with electrosurgery with the use of cisplatin, recurrence was noticed in only 2 out of the 5 camels (40%) with skin SCC and only 1 out of the 5 camels (20%) died. The results of the present study show that in both groups of skin SCC, all tumors in camels treated with a scalpel blade or electrosurgically but without the chemotherapy cisplatin recurred and collapsed. However, recurrence in group 1 treated with cisplatin was not noted in 1 camel (20%) and 3 camels (60%) survived. Interestingly, in group 2 treated electrosurgically with the use of cisplatin, 80% of the camels survived and recurrence occurred only in 2 (40%) of the camels. The results of this study showed that 4 out of total 10 cases treated with cisplatin post-surgically continued to be alive for 12 months without tumor recurrence. In addition, this study showed that hemorrhage and tumor recurrences were less when using electrosurgical technique compared to sharp scalpel blade method. It was concluded that chemotherapy using cisplatin appeared to be effective postoperatively in camels with SCC especially if treated surgically with electrotherapy. Administration of cisplatin decreased the rate of tumor recurrence and increase the survival rate in the camels with cutaneous SCC. Although, this study is the first that use the chemotherapy cisplatin in camels with SCC, results are preliminary. Another study with large numbers of diseased camels is warranted.
Keywords: Animals, Electrosurgery, Cancer chemotherapy, Cisplatin, Squamous cell carcinoma.

Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) is a blood parasite, the causative agent of Trypanosomiasis (Surra) in many animal species primarily horses. In Indonesia, surra is a major disease of horses causing a catastrophic outbreak in Sumba Island killed thousands of horses during 2010-2012. Diagnosis of the disease is frequently based on parasitological technique. The aims of this study were to investigate T. evansi infection using both serological, parasitological and hematological techniques in horses in East Sumba. A total of 270 blood samples were randomly collected from both sexes of the healthy-looking animals for serum tested with Card Agglutination Test for Trypanosomiasis (CATT), and blood smear for detecting the presence of the parasite and for the leukocyte sub-population respectively. The results showed that 24.81% (67/270) of the samples were positive antibody to T. evansi antigen, and only 2.2% (6/270) of the serologically positive samples were also confirmed positive with the parasite. The leukocytes sub-population of the parasite-positive animals consisted of lymphocytes 60-98% (82.17 ± 14.43%), monocyte 0-4% (1.5 ± 1.76%), neutrophiles 0-40% (16.17±14.57%), eosinophils 0% and basophils 0-1% (0.17±0.41%) respectively. It was concluded that the seroprevalence of investigated animals were almost 25%, 2.2% of them suffered with parasitemia, lymphocytosis and neutropenia. This data suggesting a positive correlation between the applied tests, and it was considered as a novel diagnostic confirmation regarding Surra infection in the region.
Keywords: Trypanosoma evansi seroprevalence, Surra, CATT, Leukocyte sub-population.

Abstract
The etiologic factors of abortion in sheep can be complicated by infections with more than one pathogen. This makes it difficult to identify the pathogen involved in abortions. In this study, we developed a real-time PCR-based diagnostic panel that can analyze many infectious agents simultaneously and allow faster diagnosis of some important infectious agents in ovine abortions. For this purpose, some important pathogens that are frequently detected in the study region and cause abortion in sheep (Bluetongue virus, Border disease virus, Peste des petits ruminant’s virus, Chlamydophila abortus, Coxiella burnetii, Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii) were selected as targets. In order to evaluate the diagnostic test panel, standard curves of positive standard nucleic acid samples were first generated, and the analysis processes checked. According to the test results, the panel proved to be highly sensitive and specific. All target pathogens were also detected within a few hours. On the basis of results obtained, it can be concluded that the developed system can be used as a diagnostic panel with a broad detection of infectious agents in sheep abortion.
Keywords: Sheep abortion, Diagnosis, Infectious agents, Real-time PCR, Verification.

Abstract
The acceleration of fish growth is often accomplished through individual selection programs. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate growth performance in climbing perch (Anabas testudineus) over three generations by analyzing heritability, selection response, as well as genetic gain and distance using the molecular marker RAPD. Climbing perch broodstock was sourced from Musi River in South Sumatra, which produced three individually selected offspring. A total of three treatment types were used, namely first-generation (F1), second-generation (F2), and third-generation (F3). The treatment was replicated four times, and the experiment utilized a randomized design. Furthermore, gene diversity was compared among generations and natural populations using 19 primary RAPD markers. The results showed that low and high heritability was found in F1 (0.18) and F3 (0.40), respectively. The lowest selection response was observed in F1 (3.09g), while F3 (8.04g) demonstrated the highest. F1 also had the smallest genetic gain (5.58%), and F3 produced the largest (13%). Genetic distance (0.28) between F3 and the wild population was not significantly different. The results indicated that the next generation of climbing perch might not experience a significant genetic increase.
Keywords: Climbing perch fish, Breeding, Family, Genetic.

Abstract
Global concern surrounds Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii), a dangerous pathogen. The fact that this bacterium can develop resistance to carbapenems used in clinical practice is one of the biggest worries associated with it. Furthermore, it has a strong propensity to rapidly disseminate this resistance, affecting healthcare settings across national borders and socioeconomic levels. Based on our research, out of 70 bovine milk samples were positive for Acinetobacter spp with an incidence (17.14%). Phenotypically, all Acinetobacter spp were confirmed as A. baumannii. Thus, the frequency of A. baumannii in milk samples was 17.14% (12/70). The isolates of A. baumannii exhibited the highest frequency of resistance to imipenem (10g), gentamicin (10g), and ceftazidime (30g), with an incidence of 100%. The PCR results showed that all A. baumannii strains (100%) carried the blaOXA-51, blaOXA-23, blaOXA-24 and blaOXA-58 genes. These results raised the possibility that raw milk consumption could expose humans to a zoonotic risk of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAB).
Keywords: A. baumannii; Milk; CHROM agar; Carbapenem-resistant; ?-lactamase genes.

Abstract
The current study aimed to evaluate the relationship between seminal plasma proteins and sperm quality in Toraya buffalo bulls. Semen samples were obtained from eight Toraya buffalo bulls aged 4-10 years. Semen collection was conducted using an artificial vagina, followed by assessment through macroscopic and microscopic analysis. The concentration of seminal plasma protein was measured utilizing the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay, followed by protein analysis through 1D SDS-PAGE based on protein molecular weight. The sperm quality of Toraya buffaloes showed an average semen volume of 2.08±1.12mL, sperm motility of 73.87±5.30%, sperm concentration of 883.12±381.35×106/mL, viability of 81.47±3.79%, abnormality of 7.36±3.24%, membrane integrity of 83.14±5.19%, and acrosome integrity of 92.98±2.56%. The parameter intact acrosome in sperm quality showed a positive correlation (0.73) with sperm viability with a significant (P<0.05). The total motile sperm per ejaculate was 1326.61±714.99×106, and the total straw per ejaculate was 54.06±28.59. The average seminal plasma protein concentration in Toraya buffalo was 161.41±12.41µg/mL. The Pearson correlation results of seminal plasma protein correlated with intact acrosomes with a significant P<0.05. The analysis of seminal plasma protein bands using 1D SDS-PAGE founded the presence of 12-19 protein bands with molecular weight ranging from11-155kDa. This study concluded a significant correlation between the seminal plasma protein concentration and sperm acrosome integrity in Toraya buffalo bulls. The identification of 12-19 protein bands that correlate with these factors is a promising finding and can be utilized to determine the reproductive quality and fertility of the bulls. Keywords: Fresh semen, Seminal plasma, SDS Page, Sperm quality, Toraya buffalo.

Abstract
The development of a feeding diet is necessary for the development of the poultry industry. In the West Kazakhstan region, we studied the technology of feeding waterfowl and the chemical composition of feed and feed additives. The analysis of the chemical composition and nutritional value of the feed was carried out, based on which feed mixture formulae for ducks of different sex and age groups bred at the Zhangir Khan Agricultural and Technical University were compiled. The experiment included one control and three experimental groups with different diets. Each group included 50 heads, and the birds were selected by the live weight analog group method. The study showed that when a composite mineral feed additive in a dosage of 4% was added to the ducklings’ diet, the ducklings gained more live weight. The study concluded that the incorporation of 4% composite mineral feed additive significantly enhanced the growth rates of young ducklings compared to the control group. This suggests that such feed formulations could improve productivity and offer a cost-effective strategy for poultry development in the region.
Keywords: Breeding, Cross, Diet, Drake, Duck breeding, Duck meat, Poultry farming.

Abstract
The main goal of the current work is to break the undesirable genetic linkage between milk yield (MY) and length of days open (DO) by using partial restricted selection indexes. Eight unrestricted selection indexes to increase MY and decrease the number of DO and the number of services per conception (NSC) were constructed. The sources of information were various combinations of yields of milk, fat (FY), and protein (PY) beside DO and NSC. Required phenotypic and genetic parameters were estimated from 2538 lactation records of 846 Holstein cows, offspring of 98 sires, and 588 dams, adopting a multi-trait animal model with repeated records. Positive genetic correlations (0.33 to 0.99) were obtained among productive traits. Lactation curve traits were lowly genetically inter-correlated (-0.16 to +0.24). Genetically, MY was more related to DO (0.85) than the NSC (0.58). Selection for aggregate genotype involving MY, DO and NSC would develop Holstein cows with abundant MY (643.5 to 994.8kg) and longer DO (11.3 to 21.3 days) and higher NSC (0.15 to 0.37 service). Due to the collapse of selection accuracy, complete restriction of full index failed to break the unfavorable genetic associations between MY and DO. Meanwhile, it is possible to alleviate the rate of deterioration in reproduction in high lactating Holstein cows using the partial restricted indexes in the case of accepting the barter between the gains from increasing MY by the loss from prolonging DO.Keywords:High yielding dairy cows; Productive traits; Lactation curve traits; Reproductive traits; Selection indexes; Expected gain

Abstract
Sperm quality plays a crucial role in determining the success of fertilization. This study aimed to assess the quality of both fresh and frozen ram semen, as well as examine changes in semen protein content. Four local rams, aged 3-4 years, were selected for the study. Semen collection was conducted in the morning using an artificial vagina. The collected semen was divided into two parts: one for analyzing fresh semen and the other for freezing. The freezing process involved using a diluent consisting of Tris hydroxy amino methane, citric acid, egg yolk fructose, 20% egg yolk, and glycerol. Both fresh and frozen semen samples underwent analysis using the same method, including examination of concentration, motility, viability, and various kinematic motility parameters, such as VAP, VCL, VSL, LIN, and STR, with the assistance of CASA (AndroVision®). Following collection, both samples were centrifuged at 4500rpm for 10min, and the supernatant and precipitate were stored at -40°C until analysis. Protein concentration was determined using the Bradford kit, and semen protein profiles were evaluated through SDS-PAGE and Coomassie Blue staining. The study revealed a significant decrease in semen quality following cryopreservation (P<0.05). Protein analysis results indicated that fresh semen exhibited ten specific proteins, whereas frozen semen expressed six specific proteins. These findings suggested a correlation between protein content and sperm quality, with the cryopreservation process altering the composition of proteins in sperm. Keywords: Ram, Sperm, Fresh, Frozen, Protein

Abstract
Cow mastitis is a multifactorial disease caused by the interaction of various factors, including the host, specific pathogens, the environment, the season, and keeping conditions. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of mastitis in farms of the Almaty region (Kazakhstan), identify its pathogens, and study their properties. The authors conducted a study at the Biological Safety Laboratory of the Kazakh National Agrarian Research University using samples from several farms. 430 lactating cows of the Holstein and Alatau breeds were selected, with a total of 468 samples over two years. The ability to form biofilm in the isolated strains, as well as antibiotic sensitivity, was studied. Most of the isolated strains were Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus. The cultures were isolated using microbiological methods, and DNA was analyzed using the CAMOMILE-NKMag-PCR kit. The results showed that the prevalence of mastitis in the Almaty region was 27.2%, mainly in the form of a subclinical manifestation. The authors also found a link between the degree of morbidity and the age of cows, as well as the number of calvings. Among the investigated strains, only 4.3% did not form biofilm. A high prevalence of antibiotic resistance was identified, and methicillin-resistant strains were isolated among S. aureus and S. epidermidis.Keywords:Staphylococcus aureus; S. epidermidis; S. haemolyticus; Biofilm; Sample analysis; Antibiotic resistance

Abstract
Utilizing mangrove (Sonneratia alba) fruit as an alternative feed source presents a viable avenue for enhancing livestock feed efficiency and sustainability. However, the intrinsic high tannin content of S. alba poses a significant barrier to its digestibility and utility as a feed component. The application of fermentation processes facilitated by Aspergillus niger emerges as a strategic intervention to diminish tannin impediments and elevate the feed material’s nutritional profile. This investigation delves into the ramifications of varied fermentation periods with A. niger on the digestibility, nutrient quality, and fermentative by-products of S. alba fruit. Adopting a completely randomized block design, the study administers treatments spanning fermentation durations of 7, 10, 13, and 16 days, scrutinizing their influence on a spectrum of digestibility indices, ruminal fluid properties, microbial protein synthesis, and gaseous production. The findings articulate that protracted fermentation markedly augments the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein, alongside elevations in volatile fatty acids and ammonia levels, while sparing rumen pH and overall gas output from significant alterations. Notably, a 16-day fermentation tenure culminates in optimal feed digestibility and nutritional amelioration, underscoring the potency of extended A. niger fermentation in curtailing tannin contents and fostering the adaptability of S. alba fruit as livestock feed, thereby advocating for advanced, sustainable feed formulation methodologies.
Keywords: Aspergillus niger, In vitro digestibility, livestock feed, Mangrove fruit, Sonneratia alba, Tannin

Abstract
The article presents the results of assessing the morphometric and densitometric parameters of biofilms of reference strains and clinical isolates of Enterobacterales. In a private rabbit farm, there was an outbreak of indigestion among young animals. Thirteen young rabbits with severe diarrhea were observed for over a week. Other animals did not have such symptoms. Sick rabbits were placed in a separate room. They took a stool test and blood from the ear (experience, n=13). For comparison purposes, the same samples were taken from healthy animals of the same age from the same farm (control, n=13). Among the 20 Gram-negative bacteria of Enterobacterales isolated from the fecal mass of ill rabbits, 14(70.0%) isolates Escherichia coli O78, O20, and O101; 4(20.0%) isolates Klebsiella pneumoniae; 2(10.0%) isolates Salmonella genus: one S. enteritidis and one S. dublin were identified. Morphometric and densitometric indices of biofilms of reference strains and fecal isolates from ill animals had common patterns of biofilm formation. However, the clinical isolates formed more robust biofilms than the museum strains. Many types of microorganisms can increase their pathogenicity when exposed to susceptible animals. Our study proved this fact in Enterobacterales by comparing it with museum strains at all stages described in detail, which formed one of the main pathogenic factors – robust biofilms.Keywords:Rabbits; Digestive system; Biofilms; Salmonella; Escherichia; Klebsiella; Phenotypic signs

Abstract
Mycotoxicosis is a serious threat to poultry, caused by ingesting contaminated feed with toxigenic fungi or mycotoxins. It is characterized by loss of performance, poor immune response, and/or even death within a short period. The traditional approaches for the control of mycotoxicosis are based on the use of synthetic feed additives or toxin binders, which have certain limitations, such as the appearance of residues in poultry products, the emergence of drug resistance, and consumer’s demand to use natural material for sustaining the health of animals. Therefore, this review was planned to explore the promising role of botanicals in ameliorating mycotoxicosis in poultry. The pathogenesis of mycotoxicosis involves the initiation of oxidative stress. Phytogenic or botanicals such as turmeric, garlic, ellagic acid, and curcumin exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antifungal, and immunomodulatory properties. These properties help to detoxify mycotoxins, improve immune responses, protect against oxidative stress due to reactive oxygen species, and mitigate inflammation. Despite the use of synthetic compounds, farmers can employ a sustainable and natural approach i.e. the use of botanicals to control mycotoxicosis.
Keywords: Phytogenic; Mycotoxins; Medicinal plants; Plant extracts; Essential oils

Abstract
The study was focused in degenerative lumbosacral stenosis (DLSS) in dogs, a condition clinically evident by lower back pain and other neurological issues due to narrowing of the spinal canal. This research was aimed to identify predispositions to DLSS in dogs of different breeds, gender and age. The study included 194 dogs subjected to clinical, neurological, and radiographic evaluations to diagnose DLSS with particular focus on their size, age, and gender differences in the occurrence of DLSS. The findings reveal a significantly higher prevalence of DLSS in large breeds (p=0.0008), specifically German Shepherd, with a significant predominance in male dogs (p=0.0228). Age-wise, the condition was most common in dogs aged 7-10 years, with no cases detected in dogs under 3 years of age. The results underscore a significant breed and gender disparity in DLSS occurrence, with large dog breeds and males being more susceptible. Conclusively, the study highlights the need for breed-specific health strategies and emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis, especially in predisposed breeds like German Shepherd. This research offers valuable insights for veterinarians, breeders, and dog owners in managing DLSS in susceptible dog populations.Keywords:Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis; Low back pain; Gender predisposition; Breed predisposition

Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is currently one of the most economically significant growing livestock diseases in Bangladesh due to its widespread occurrence and considerable cattle population. The goal of this study was to provide animal-level seroprevalence and risk factors for seropositivity without a history of immunization against LSDV in Bangladesh. Between October 2021 and March 2022, cross-sectional research was carried out throughout Bangladesh. Seven hundred thirty-six (736) cattle serum samples were collected, and each sample was examined using a commercial ELISA kit. The overall seroprevalence of LSD among cattle in Bangladesh was estimated as 24.59% (181/736) (95% CI: 21.62-27.83). The study found a significant variation in seroprevalence rates across different geographic areas studied. Barisal had the lowest prevalence (16.3%), while Khulna and Mymensingh had the highest prevalence (30.4%). Additionally, young animals (OR=4.97 95% CI: 2.12 – 8.50) and crossbred cattle (OR=2.71, 95% CI: 1.90-3.80) had a higher risk of contracting LSD infection. Furthermore, there was a strong correlation ((P<0.05)) found between the sex of the animals (male 16.57% (55/332), 95% CI: 12.95-20.94 and female 31.2%, 95% CI: 1.58-3.26) and the incidence of LSDV in cattle. However, there were no discernible (P>0.05) variations in the prevalence between lactation and LSD infection. The study suggests that LSD prevalence in Bangladesh is moderate and highlights the need for effective control measures.
Keywords: Seroprevalence, Risk factors, Lumpy skin disease, Cattle, Bangladesh.

Abstract
Environmental noise is an important factor that contributes to maternal stress during pregnancy. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) is an important angiogenesis factor that plays a major role in maintaining homeostasis and fetal development. In the medical field, nano-curcumin is often used for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study used 25 mice that were allotted 5 treatment groups: K(-) with no treatment, K(+) with an induced disturbance of 135dB for 40min with a continuous pattern, P1, P2, and P3 were given a disturbance of 135dB for 40min with a continuous pattern and nano-curcumin doses of 14, 21, and 24.5mg/kg BW, respectively. The Post Hoc Bonferroni Test was applied to determine real differences between each treatment and analysis of fetal length data using Pairwise Comparison tests. The result analysis revealed that treatment 3 (135dB noise for 40 minutes continuously @ concentration of 24.5 nano-curcumin) showed a decrease in VEGF. It was concluded that noise treatment of 135dB for 40 minutes in a continuous pattern with a dose of 24.5mg/kg BW leads to a decrease in expression of VEGF as compared to the negative control. Treatment with 135dB noise for 40min in a continuous pattern with doses of 21 and 24.5mg/kg BW showed an increase in fetal length compared to the positive control.Keywords:VEGF, Nano-curcumin , Noise, Fetus length

Abstract
This paper aims to highlight the situation of brucellosis infection in the Republic of Kazakhstan. To achieve the goal, methods of analysis, regression analysis, and statistical processing were used. The study of brucellosis prevalence revealed that geographical features play a key role: small ruminants are usually preferred in mountainous and arid areas, while highland areas are chosen for cattle. Cattle infections are particularly high in areas located in western, northern, eastern Kazakhstan, and Turkestan. Notably, the maximum number of brucellosis cases among sheep and goats was recorded in the south-eastern regions. Identified as critical, risk factors include large herds and management practices such as lack of veterinary and sanitary facilities and their poor sanitary condition, which increase the chances of spreading the disease. Meat and mixed herds were also found to be more susceptible to the disease compared to dairy herds, and environmental factors, including the presence of unfavorable areas and the use of rented pastures, further increase the risk of spread of infection.
Keywords: Epizootic, Cattle, Zoonotic disease, Seropositivity, Vaccination

Abstract
The study evaluated the impact of enzyme-treated soybean meal with yeast (HP AviStart; HPA) on broiler performance, nutrient digestibility, and carcass quality. A total of 900 Ross 308 chickens of mixed sexes were randomly allocated to six treatments, each with six repetitions. The dietary treatments were corn-soybean diet with HPA 5% replacement soybean meal in four treatments: 1-10d for pre-starter; 1-21d for both pre-and starter in combination with methylene disalicylate (BMD) in pre-starter (1-10d) and 1-21d for both pre- and starter compared with the control (corn soybean diet) and the control with BMD in feeding. The overall study (1–42d) showed that the overall feed conversion ratio values were similar to those of BMD or HPA, but they were much better than the control group (P<0.05). They were also better for the percentage of survival rate, the productive index, and the drop in feed cost per gain, but these differences were not significant. However, supplemental HPA, including 5% replacement of SBM in the control diet, showed evidence of economic returns and showed a higher return on investment than the control group; it was higher when supplementing HPA for the whole period of the pre-starter and starter diets (1-21d). For nutrient digestibility in 21-year-old broilers, the results showed better significant digestibility of crude protein, ether extract, calcium, and phosphorus when broilers were fed with HPA or HPA plus BMD in the diets (P<0.05). There were no big differences in the carcass’s quality or the organs’ weight between the treatments. However, the white stripes on the breast meat got significantly less noticeable (P<0.05), and footpad lesion scores decreased in all treatments that included HPA in the feed. Supplementation with HPA showed a significant increase in fat deposition in the small intestine at 42d of age versus the control and antibiotic BMD groups (P<0.05). HPA supplementation (1-10d or 1-21d) promotes antibiotic growth with improved broiler performance and carcass quality and, thus, a higher return on investment. These data indicate that HPA provided both a high quality of protein and metabolizable energy value compared to a control diet.Keywords:Broiler, Enzyme treated soybean meal, Performance, Nutrients digestibility, Carcass quality.

Abstract
Anthrax cases in animals and humans are registered annually in Kazakhstan, causing significant economic and human losses. Therefore, the study aims to monitor the disease outbreaks in all regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan during 2019-2023, as well as to study the immunogenic characteristics of Kazakhstani biological preparations for the prevention of anthrax in farm animals. The study used analytical, monitoring, and statistical methods, as well as serological studies in determining the titers of specific post-vaccine antibodies. As a result of monitoring studies for the period from 2019 to 2023, two “active” anthrax foci were detected in Kazakhstan – the southern region (Zhambyl and Turkestan regions) and the northern region (Kostanay, North-Kazakhstan, East-Kazakhstan, and Akmola regions). At the same time, a tendency of increasing morbidity among the population in recent years has been revealed. The greatest correlation of anthrax morbidity was found with the growth of the cattle population in the region. The correlation coefficient was 0.87 at P<0.001. All Kazakhstani biopreparations for disease prevention caused the level of postvaccine antibodies sufficient for the protection of animals. At the same time antibodies in immunised animals after application of preparations of different manufacturers were detected at the same level. The study results enable us to forecast the development and spread of anthrax epizootic foci in the country and to develop effective methods of vaccine prophylaxis. Keywords: Monitoring, Correlation analysis, Enzyme immunoassay, Vaccine, Antibody titre.

Abstract
The study aimed to determine the effect of “Biofeed-H-lysine” on production performance, blood lipid profiles and pathogenic bacteria in the intestines of ducks. A total of 240 male Bali ducklings (Anas sp.) were randomly divided into four experimental groups with 6 replicates and each replicate with 60 ducklings. Ducklings in Group 1 (n=60) served as healthy controls and were fed a basic diet without the addition of Biofeed-H-lysine. Ducklings in Groups 2, 3 and 4 were fed with addition of 1, 2 and 3% Biofeed-H-lysine per kg of feed. The results showed that the body weight gain, and feed efficiency in the group of ducklings that received biofeed-h-lysine were significantly different (P<0.05) higher than the control. Supplementation of 2-3% Biofeed-H-lysine in feed significantly (P<0.05) reduced blood serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and significantly (P<0.05) reduced the population of Coliform and E. coli bacteria in the intestines of ducks. It can be concluded that supplementation of 2-3% biofeed-H-lysine in feed can improve performance, as well as reduce serum cholesterol and pathogenic bacteria in the intestines of ducks.Keywords:Ducklings, Lysine, Pathogenic bacteria, Probiotics.

Abstract
This study aimed to identify Spirulina (Athrospira sp.) supplementation to examine the effects on the blood estrogen and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and the ovarian activity of Peranakan Etawa (PE) goats during anestrous conditions using ultrasound. A completely randomized design (CRD) was employed in the study, with three treatments totaling six replications (6 individuals) in each group. Group 1 (K-) consisted of untreated normal PE goats; Group 2 (K+) treated anestrus-prone PE goats with prostaglandin (PGF2?) and Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) hormones; Group 3 (KP) treated anestrus-prone PE goats with PGF2? and GnRH hormones with super-antioxidant feed at a dose of 0.5% body weight for 21 days. The data observed included the onset of estrus, ultrasound picture of the ovaries, serum estrogen levels using the Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method, and MDA levels using the Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA) test method. ANOVA (Analysis of variances) post hoc LSD test was used to examine the collected data, and a significance value of P<0.05 was set. The findings indicated no significant difference between the goats in the KP and K-control groups (P<0.05) regarding estradiol 17? levels in those goats experiencing post-partum anestrus. Moreover, significantly lower serum MDA levels (P<0.05) were seen in the KP group. The ultrasound observations’ outcomes further demonstrated the presence of a dominating follicle image, which suggested ovarian activity following microalgae feeding. In goats undergoing post-partum anestrus, administering two injections of PGF2? in conjunction with microalgae supplementation was found to dramatically raise serum estradiol 17? levels. Keywords: Anestrus, Estrogen, Goat, MDA, Microalgae.

Abstract
This study correlated morphometric and motility characteristics of Lusitu boar spermatozoa. A total of 30 ejaculates, with five collected per boar, were used for the study. Data were analyzed using Spearman’s rank- and Pearson correlation coefficients. The head length was correlated (P<0.05) positively with its derivative shape parameters, namely ellipticity and elongation. The relationship was negative (P<0.05) in the correlation of head width with elongation and ellipticity. No head morphometric parameter was associated with midpiece characteristics (P>0.05). Head length was positively correlated (P<0.05) with the swimming speed parameters, VCL, VAP, VSL, and WOB. In contrast, a negative association between these speed parameters and head width was insignificant (P>0.05). Both elongation and ellipticity were associated with BCF (P<0.05). Insertion angle was negatively associated with the VCL (P<0.05). Spermatozoa hyperactivity was positively associated with head length and perimeter, while its observed significant association (P<0.05) with head roughness, midpiece width, and insertion angle was negative. It is concluded that Lusitu boar spermatozoa head and midpiece morphometric characteristics are not correlated; however, some individual traits are associated with the CASA kinematic characteristics. Head length, area, midpiece width, and insertion angle may be additional candidates for improved hyperactivation and spermatozoa fertility prediction in Lusitu boars.Keywords:Correlation, Lusitu boar, Morphometry, Motility, Spermatozoa

Abstract
This study was conducted to obtain genetic markers in the PRL gene as one of the basic foundations of selection methods for the egg production performance of Sikumbang Jonti ducks. DNA extraction was performed using Promega’s Genomic DNA Purification Kit procedure. Amplification of the PRL gene was performed using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method using a pair of forward and reverse primers for each fragment. Furthermore, the results of PRL gene amplification were electrophoresed using agarose media, which was as much as 1.5% with Ethidium Bromide staining. Finally, sequencing of PCR products of PRL gene fragments of Sikumbang Jonti ducks was carried out using the services of First BASE Laboratory in Singapore to be analyzed by direct sequencing using Dideoxy Sequencing ABI 3730 XL Automated DNA Sequencer. The results showed that there were six (6) mutations in the PRL gene at the position of intron 2 (g.1997 G>A, g.2090 C>A, g.2300 G>C), exon 4 (g.3778 T>A), and exon 5 (g.5929 C>A, g.5963 G>A) which were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and associated with total egg production and length of egg stopping time. So, it can be concluded that the diversity of the PRL gene is used as a candidate genetic marker for egg production of Sikumbang Jonti ducks.
Keywords: Local Duck, Indonesian, Performance Reproduction, Sequencing.

Abstract
The use of therapeutic and prophylactic drugs based on organosilicon sorbents promotes rapid recovery by normalizing intestinal microbiocenosis, suppressing lipid peroxidation, detoxification, activation of liver function and gentle healing of ulcers, early eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Also, the use of organosilicon sorbents reduces the toxic load, leads to natural detoxification, and leads to healing in erosive and ulcerative processes of the gastrointestinal tract, in contrast to adsorbents based on coal and clay. Based on the available data, a new approach to the pharmacological assessment of enterosorbent from the point of view of their specific action – adsorption activity – has been proposed using a test drug with previously described pharmacokinetics – lornoxicam – as an analyte. In view of the best compliance with the requirements for an “ideal” enterosorbent, several experimental samples of the sorbent were selected to test the method proposed in this work. Using High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS) on Chinchilla rabbits, the bioavailability of Lornoxicam, selected as a test drug, was studied when Lornoxicam and Lornoxicam were used together with selected enterosorbent. It has been established that the bioavailability of Lornoxicam with the simultaneous use of the studied enterosorbent decreases sharply. The data obtained make it possible to judge the adsorption activity of enterosorbent and evaluate it by changes in the relative bioavailability of the test drug. Thus, as a result of the conducted research, an original method for determining the adsorption activity of enterosorbent in vivo was proposed, which claims to be a new pharmacological model.Keywords:New pharmacological model, Determination of adsorption activity in vivo, Use of Lornoxicam as a test drug, Experimental samples of sorbent.

Abstract
In the dairy animals, a critical stage particularly 3 weeks before and 3 weeks after parturition is named as the transition phase or period (TP), which is one of the most crucial physiological periods as almost all of the metabolic as well as infectious diseases happen during this stage. For addressing nutritional requirements and fulfill managemental strategic approaches to overcome these physiological and metabolic changes occurring at this period, a lot of research had been carried out for the better understanding of the biology of the animals during transition stage. Although these attempts, the dairy animal persist to show higher rates of metabolic diseases that are harmful to the welfare of animals and also for its productivity with following a significant financial impact on the stockholders. Several production diseases were encountered during TP; these disorders may include lameness, mastitis, rumen acidosis, ketosis, milk fever, left-displaced abomasum, fatty liver, hypophosphatemia, post-parturient hemoglobinuria, subacute ruminal acidosis, retained placenta and metritis. This review article emphasizes the significance changes during the TP in farm animals including cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats and camels. This review will discuss alterations that occur physiologically during TP either in the hematological or biochemical parameters. In addition, hepatic fat contents, acute phase proteins, bone biomarkers, apoptosis of leukocytes and hepatocytes and nutrient metabolism biomarkers, oxidative stress and biomarkers of inflammation changes during TP.
Keywords: Animals, Diagnosis, Diseases, Physiology, Transition period

Abstract
Poultry-rearing systems generally consist of intensive, semi-intensive, or free-range systems. Currently, free-range is a system that guarantees healthy poultry products. This meta-analysis aims to assess the effects of intensive and free-range rearing systems on live weight (LW), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), body weight gain (BWG), carcass weight (CW), breast meat weight (BM), water holding capacity (WHC), shear force (SF), flavor (Flav), tenderness (Tend), juiciness (Juic), thigh meat (TM), meat water content (MW), protein content (Prot), color (Col), and mortality (Mort) in native chickens. Literature search served as the data source using searches in platforms such as Elsevier, Google Scholar, Springer, Wiley, and Oxford University Press. Twenty-seven (27) articles were identified, covering seven parameters related to the growth performance and carcass characteristics of 30 free-range chickens. The influence of the maintenance system significantly affects the live weight (g) parameter (SMD=-1.21; C.I. 95%=-1.73 to -0.687) (P<0.001) and the carcass weight (g) parameter (SMD=-3.02; C.I. 95%=-4.59 to -1.45) (P<0.001). Regarding breast meat quality parameters, there is a significant influence on part b* (SMD=3.048; C.I. 95%=1.31 to 4.79) (P<0.001). The meta-analysis results concluded that performance and carcass characteristics are better in the intensive system. At the same time, the breast meat quality parameter is better in the free-range system.Keywords: Carcass, Meta-analysis, Native chicken, Performance

Abstract
Chronic stress exposure is detrimental to the modern poultry industry’s profitability. Stress exposure induces physiological changes that consequently impair broiler performance. The bioactive compounds found in Moringa oleifera (MO) leaf exert beneficial anti-stress and anti-inflammation properties. Thus, we examined the effects of MO supplementation on heat-stressed broilers’ performance, immunity, and stress responses. Three hundred 1-day-old Cobb 500 chicks were reared, and at day 21 of age, birds were weighed and symmetrically assigned to three experimental groups (5 replicates × 20 birds). The groups were a control group fed a basal diet under thermoneutral conditions, and two heat-stressed exposed groups received either 0 or 0.2% MO supplementation per kilogram of the basal diet. Growth was monitored during the 3rd to 6th week of age. Moreover, immune responses, stress, and pro-inflammatory markers were quantified in blood samples. In addition, relative weights of the liver and lymphoid organs were measured post-slaughter. Results revealed that heat stress negatively impacted broiler performance and immunity with substantial elevation in corticosterone and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. However, MO supplementation to heat-stressed broilers mitigated these negative impacts. MO supplementation significantly enhanced broilers’ growth performance parameters while reducing stress responses and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and demonstrated immune modulation effects. These findings confirmed that MO supplementation can improve broiler productivity and alleviate heat stress-leading damages by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.
Keywords: Broilers, Moringa oleifera, Heat stress, Growth performance, Immune responses, Stress markers

Abstract
The development, clinical and instrumental characterization, and evaluation of the effectiveness of various schemes of combined general anesthesia in dogs are important problems in veterinary surgery. The effects of varying doses of dexmedetomidine in combination with tiletamine–zolazepam and isoflurane have not been studied in the surgical treatment of dogs with kyphosis. We aimed to evaluate the changes in the functional characteristics of the cardiovascular system and the clinical effectiveness of intramuscular administration of dexmedetomidine (Dex) at doses of 5, 7.5, and 10?g/kg followed by intravenous administration of tiletamine–zolazepam and isoflurane inhalation for anesthesia in dogs with kyphosis. The study involved 60 dogs with kyphosis, with an anesthetic risk group of categories I or II according to the ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) classification and without anomalies of the cardiovascular system. All dogs were randomly divided into equal 3 groups: Dex 5, Dex 7.5, and Dex 10. Intravenous administration of tiletamine–zolazepam (induction) in dogs with kyphosis and inhalation of isoflurane (maintenance of anesthesia) did not cause changes in the heart rate, or systolic, diastolic or mean arterial blood pressure compared with baseline values. Combined dexmedetomidine–tiletamine–zolazepam–isoflurane anesthesia is highly effective and safe in the surgical correction of kyphosis in sick dogs. Dexmedetomidine intramuscularly administered at a dose of 5.0-7.5?g/kg is the optimal premedication for examining or performing the surgical correction of spinal pathologies in dogs.Keywords:Anesthesia, Dexmedetomidine, Tiletamine, Zolazepam, Isoflurane, Kyphosis

Abstract
This study aimed to isolate and study several pathogenic clostridia in the Republic of Kazakhstan and to statistically analyze disease outbreaks in each of the regions. Thus, in 2021 and 2022, by taking samples from several regions of the country and subjecting them to bacteriological examination using methods of sampling on Kitt-Tarozzi medium, identification of isolated cultures under the microscope, culture on glucose-blood agar, and conducting bioassays on guinea pigs, several key factors were identified. The result was the characterization of the main cultural and morphological properties of bacteria of the genus Clostridium, such as Cl. perfringens (types A, B, SVT, and D), Cl. septicum 1098, and Cl. oedematiens 34. Also, it was found that the Republic of Kazakhstan was favorable in terms of Bradsotome and anaerobic enterotoxaemia outbreaks. In the last 10 years, there have been only 15, mostly isolated, cases of radsotum in sheep. Anaerobic enterotoxaemia is similar, with 44 cases in 10 years. The only exception was Zhambyl oblast, where the number of cases was 34 (1-8 cases per year). Such statistics are attributed to the continuous vaccination of sheep in unfavorable areas and even areas outside the risk zone. The data will provide insights for improving disease control strategies and can serve as a vaccination impact model for other countries’ agricultural settings.
Keywords: Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium septicum, veterinary, Vaccination, Strain

Abstract
Theileria equi, a protozoal parasite transmitted by ticks, is a significant pathogen affecting equine health. This study aimed to investigate the potential impact of T. equi infection on Arabian stallion fertility by assessing serological and hormonal changes. A total of 100 Arabian stallions in Egypt were screened for T. equi infection, and only 30 stallions were found to be positive by microscopic examination (30%) and 39 stallions by cELISA (39%). Microscopic examination detected T. equi in lymphocytes and erythrocytes in the infected stallions. Serum analysis revealed significant alterations in hormone levels associated with fertility. Both total and free testosterone levels showed a significant decrease in the serum of infected stallions compared to non-infected individuals. This decrease in testosterone levels could potentially impact various aspects of reproductive function in stallions. Thyroid hormone levels in T. equi infected stallions showed a decrease in triiodothyronine (T3) and an increase in thyroxine (T4), crucial for metabolism and reproductive function. Infected stallions show increased serum cortisol levels, indicating stress response activation, which can negatively impact reproductive function and fertility in stallions. Therefore, these findings suggest a potential link between T. equi infection and impaired fertility in Arabian stallions. The observed decrease in testosterone (total and free) and tri-iodothyronine (T3) hormone levels, along with the increased thyroxine (T4) and cortisol hormone levels in infected animals, may contribute to compromised reproductive performance. These findings highlight the importance of considering T. equi infection as a potential factor in assessing and managing fertility issues in Arabian stallions.Keywords:T. equi, Arabian Stallion, Seroprevalence, Hormonal Perspectives, Fertility

Abstract
The ovine stifle joint is one of the most studied animal models and is highly similar to the human knee joint. Early knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is challenging to assess with conventional radiography. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T2-map technique can assess cartilage at the subcellular level before alterations in the cartilage surface occur. However, no studies have evaluated the T2-map values for the ovine osteoarthritis (OA) model. A total of 6 ovis aries “sheep” that underwent total lateral meniscectomy of the right hind limb and two control groups were sacrificed in the animal laboratory after 12 weeks of surgery. Then, the stifle joints were transported to the MRI facility in a cool box with a temperature between 2-4oC and subjected to a 3.0 Tesla MRI with a cartigram protocol. The imaging was divided into three compartments (cranial, medial, and lateral). Comparisons with standard negative control were recorded and analyzed. The standard T2-relaxation time for the negative control “sheep” in the lateral vs. medial vs. cranial compartment was (51.5±9.18ms vs. 45.57±3.67ms vs. 54.88±1.56ms; P=0.785). A significantly (P=0.024) different mean T2-relaxation time was found in the OA stifle joint with lateral compartment vs. medial and cranial (68.24±20.26ms vs. 45.57±3.67ms vs. 55.59±5.34ms). MRI T2-mapping evaluation can detect relaxation time changes in sheep’s distal femoral, proximal tibia, and patellar cartilages with low-grade OA. The normal sheep T2 relaxation time ranges from 45.57–54.88ms, while the low-grade OA sheep T2 relaxation time ranges from 45.57–88.50ms throughout compartments, with the indexed compartment significantly showing the highest T2 relaxation time. This study has the potential to function as a dependable source to track changes in OA progression and to evaluate the effectiveness of potential therapeutic agents in sheep and as a model in humans.
Keywords: MRI 3.0 Tesla, T2-map, Low-grade Osteoarthritis, Post-meniscectomy, Ovis aries

Abstract
This report describes an 8-year-old, 2-month-pregnant, Thoroughbred mare that was admitted with a week history of pyrexia, decreased appetite, respiratory distress, lethargy and recurrent fits of colic. The referring veterinarian had administered electrolyte solution and glucose, anti-inflammatory, antibiotic and analgesics; but this treatment had resulted in no improvement. The mare was admitted with a history of fever, colic, weight loss, inappetence, and signs of depression. Ultrasonographic examination was performed on both sides of the abdomen using a real-time scanner equipped with a 3.5 and/or 5.0 MHz convex transducer but no mass was imaged as there was relatively long distance between the mass and the anus. After sedation with xylazine and infiltration of 10mL of procaine Hcl, sampling of the abdominal lesion was carried out by the use of a 14-gauge spinal biopsy needle. Ten mL of the mass contents were collected and then submitted immediately for bacteriologic culture and antibiotic sensitivity. On day 7, percutaneous ultrasound-guided aspiration of the mass was performed for cavity evacuation under sedation with xylazine 2%. The area between the 9th and the 17th intercostal spaces was clipped, shaved and aseptically prepared. With ultrasonography, the best site for aspiration was determined to be the 14th intercostal space where 10mL of procaine HCl was infiltrated locally. The aspiration location was selected so that the needle was advanced through the thickest portion of the mass. With ultrasound guidance, a 14G×170mm spinal needle was inserted into the abdominal mass using a free-hand technique. When the needle was advanced to the correct depth, the inner needle was removed, and a 50-mL syringe attached and pus was gradually aspirated. In conclusion, in the present report, results of physical and laboratory examination were not helpful. Sonography accompanied with fine-needle aspiration yielded a diagnosis and assisted in suspecting the prognosis of the case. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this case represents the 1st confirmed report of successful treated abdominal abscess in the horse caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Early sonographic location of abdominal abscess, accompanied with transcutaneous aspiration of the lesion and ultrasonographic follow-up monitoring is therefore recommended in horses with such presentations.Keywords:Animals, Mesenteric abscessation, Pathology, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Ultrasound

Abstract
Culling is a critical step that excludes the herd’s unhealthy, low-than-average milk yield and sub-fertile cows. Heat load in the Arabian Gulf area imposes more burdens on cows’ performance. Thus, the main goal of the present study was to explore the leading causes of culling in a private dairy farm located in the Arabian Peninsula and their inherent metabolic and hormonal attributes. This study encompasses 45 Holstein cows that were sorted to be culled from the farm due to repeated abortion (n=9; 20%), general health illnesses (n=9; 20%), low milk yield (n=10, 22%), repeat breeder (n=9, 20%), and udder diseases (n=8; 18%). Results revealed an increase in the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in cows with udder illnesses; however, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) exhibited the highest activity in cows with low milk yield and general health issues and the lowest activity in cows that had abortions. Glucose concentration was higher (? 105mg/dL, P<0.05) in low milk-producing cows, cows with general health problems, and those with udder diseases than in repeated abortion and repeat breeder cows (? 75mg/dL). Plasma total protein concentration was higher in the case of the diseased udder (85.01g/L) than in aborted (64.35g/L) cows. Low milk yield- cows revealed the highest low-density lipoproteins (LDL; 151.16mg/dL) and the lowest high-density lipoproteins (HDL; 45.13mg/dL). Progesterone concentration was lower (0.54ng/mL; P<0.01) in low-milk cows compared with other categories. Luteinizing hormone (LH) concentration was highest in cows suffering from general health issues; however, other culling categories revealed low LH levels. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations were lowest in cases of low-milk yield and udder illnesses; however, other categories revealed higher levels of both hormones. In conclusion, cows suffering from reproductive inefficiency possesses lower pituitary functions, as shown by low LH. In contrast, cows suffering from udder issues and low milk yield exhibited less metabolic hormone concentrations, i.e., IGF1. Keywords: Dairy cows, Culling reasons, Metabolic parameters, Hormones, Heat stress