Abstract
The growing threat of skin damage due to ultraviolet (UV) exposure, especially in tropical climates such as Indonesia, has encouraged the search for innovative solutions to prevent skin damage. The hibiscus plant (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.), which is abundant in Indonesia, offers exciting prospects as a source of photoprotective compounds and antioxidants for dermatological applications. The objective of this work was to preliminarily evaluate the potential use of hibiscus leaf simplicia ointment in protecting the skin from ultraviolet light-induced damage and to assess its acute dermal toxicity. The activity and acute dermal toxicity test were conducted on white albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) maintained under UV light conditions as a research model. An acute dermal toxicity test was performed in accordance with the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Guideline 402 fixed dose procedure. Hair growth, skin histology, and blood profiles were examined by activity test. According to the findings, the use of hibiscus leaf simplicia ointment kept the red blood cell count, hematocrit value, hemoglobin level, and total leukocyte count close to normal in rats exposed to UV light. Moreover, the preparation was capable of stimulating hair growth, with the 40% concentration group showing better hair growth than the positive and negative controls on days 15 and 18, respectively. Nonetheless, histological examination suggested that the fabrication did not allow for the maintenance of normal skin in the ultraviolet-exposed rats. Acute dermal toxicity tests resulted in LD50 values > 2000mg/kg BW, indicating that the ointment was non-irritating. Hence, hibiscus leaf simplicia ointment could serve as a UV-protective agent and a hair growth promoter. Additional studies on the mechanism of histopathological skin protection and the design of optimal ointments are required.
Keywords: Acute dermal toxicity, Hair growth, Hibiscus leaf, Simplicia ointment, Ultraviolet radiations.

Abstract
The use of rice husks as floor mats in broiler chickens rearing in closed house systems faces sustainability challenges related to availability, inconsistent quality and their role as a source of particulate pollution in the air. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the potential of plastic slat flooring as a substitute for traditional rice husk mats. A comparative study was conducted at a commercial Teaching Farm Closed House PT Hasanuddin Agrivisi Internusa in Makassar, Indonesia. This research compares two treatments in a closed house with a capacity of 25,000 chicks per cage: rice husk litter floor mats and plastic slat floors. The key parameters measured included microclimate conditions, air quality, physiological responses, and broiler production performance. The results showed a significant improvement in air quality (P<0.05) in the slatted flooring cage, evidenced by a much lower concentration of particulate matter (PM)<100?m (304.30±59.65?g/Nm³) compared to litter (618±21.55?g/Nm³). Furthermore, broilers reared on slatted flooring showed significantly higher weight gain (P<0.05) (1,632±35.58g) than those reared on litter flooring (1,572±49.86g). In conclusion, the use of plastic slat flooring not only improves air quality by reducing particulate pollution but also improves the growth performance of broilers.
Keywords: Broiler chickens, Closed-house, Air quality, Plastic slat flooring, Performance, Rice husks.

Abstract
Rabies remains a significant public health and socioeconomic burden in Mauritania, exacerbated by limited diagnostic capacity and surveillance. This study elucidates the molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of rabies virus (RABV) in Mauritania by analyzing 51 whole-genome sequences successfully obtained from 72 RABV-positive brain samples collected from domestic animals between 2013 and 2024. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed all isolates belong to the Africa-2 clade, prevalent in West Africa, with evidence of three independent introductions from Côte d’Ivoire (~1984), an unknown source (~2003), and Senegal (~2022), indicating transboundary transmission. Several amino acid polymorphisms in the glycoprotein (G) were identified, warranting further investigation into their biological significance. This study represents the most comprehensive molecular characterization of RABV in Mauritania to date. Our findings underscore the need for a One Health approach that integrates veterinary and public health efforts and enhances wildlife surveillance to prevent RABV spillover and achieve elimination by 2030.
Keywords: Rabies virus, Molecular epidemiology, Mauritania, Domestic animals, Phylogenetic analysis.

Abstract
The objective of this study is to assess the impact of supplementing minerals (calcium and magnesium) in the diet on the feed intake, average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency of sheep. The investigation was conducted at the Animal Husbandry Department, Agriculture Faculty, Lampung University, located in Bandar Lampung. This study employed a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 3 treatments and 5 groups, and involved a total of 15 male sheep. The treatments were P0: 100% basal feed; P1: P0 + Ca Cl2 25.7mL/kg BK and Mg Cl2 6.5mL/kg feed; and P2: P0 + organic mineral supplementation diet. The results of the research on feed intake were P0 1,009.8; P1 1,023.1; and P2 1,049.6 grams of BK/day, and body weight gain (PBT) was P0 69.3; P1 66.3; and P2 118.3 gram/day, and feed efficiency of P0 6.8%; P1 6.4% and P2 11.4%. The research results showed that giving minerals (Ca and Mg) had no effect in feed intake, it affects ADG and feed efficiency.
Keywords: Average daily gain, Feed intake, Feed efficiency, Macro minerals and Sheep.

Abstract
This study aimed to identify the reproductive characteristics of Bali Polled bulls (libido, semen quality, and sperm kinematics) to enhance breeding and conservation strategies. Semen samples were from three Bali Polled Bulls and one Bali Horned bull. Libido was measured from the bull’s approach to the teaser until ejaculation. Semen quality was assessed macroscopically and microscopically, while spermatozoa kinematics were analyzed using Computer-Assisted Sperm Analysis. The study found significant differences in libido, with the horned exhibiting a significantly (P<0.01) faster rate than Polled 3. Still, there was no significant difference between the Horned, Polled 1, and Polled 2. Polled 1 was significantly (P<0.05) faster than Polled 3. In fresh semen quality of Bali cattle bulls, Horned bulls exhibited a significantly (P<0.01) greater semen volume and sperm concentration (P<0.05) compared to Polled 3, with no significant differences between Polled 1 and Polled 2. Semen color, mass motility, consistency, and motility were similar across all bulls (P>0.05). In frozen semen, the Horned bull showed higher progressive motility (P<0.05) than Polled 3, with no significant differences between Polled 1 and 2. Polled 1 and 2 had fewer sperm abnormalities (P<0.05) than the Horned bull, but did not differ significantly (P>0.05) from Polled 3. Sperm kinematics in the Horned bull showed higher VAP and VSL compared to Polled 2 and higher BCF compared to Polled 2 and Polled 3 (P<0.05). In conclusion, Polled Bali bulls exhibit a longer duration of libido, greater variability in fresh semen quality, and lower abnormality rates in frozen semen.
Keywords: Libido, Sperm Quality, Sperm Kinematics, Bali Polled Bulls.

Abstract
The restriction on the use of antibiotics in animal feed has sparked renewed interest in phytogenic additives derived from plants and herbs. These bioactive plant compounds present a natural alternative to enhance animal health and productivity, whilst minimizing the risk of antimicrobial resistance. This study aims to evaluate bitter leaf extract (Vernonia amygdalina) as an alternative feed additive for broiler chickens. A total of 100 mixed-sex broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 20 cages (1×1m) under four treatments, with five replications. Each group received V. amygdalina extract in drinking water at concentrations of 0, 250, 500, and 750mg/L. The chickens were fed iso-protein and iso-energy diets (23% CP, 3200kcal ME/kg for days 1–14; 20% CP, 3200kcal ME/kg for days 15–28). Feed intake and water consumption were recorded daily, and carcass traits, intestinal morphology, and microbial counts were evaluated at the end of the experiment. The study showed that supplementation of V. amygdalina extract in drinking water for 28 days had no significant effect (P>0.05) on body weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, or water consumption. However, there was a noticeable trend towards increased weight and carcass percentage, with the 250mg/L treatment yielding the highest results (1357.20g; 74.78%) compared to the control group. Moreover, no adverse effects were observed on the morphology of the duodenal villi or on microbial counts (P>0.05). In conclusion, V. amygdalina extract can serve as a safe alternative feed additive, potentially replacing antibiotics in broiler chickens without negatively impacting growth performance, gastrointestinal health, or carcass quality.
Keywords: Broiler, Carcass Quality, Feed Additive, Intestine Morphology, Performance, Vernonia amygdalina.

Abstract
Acyclovir, a cornerstone antiviral agent since the 1980s, has played a vital role in treating herpes virus infections. Its widespread use and ongoing relevance have generated substantial research interest across multiple disciplines and regions. This study aimed to analyze global trends, thematic evolution, and collaborative networks in acyclovir research from 1979 to April 2025, offering a comprehensive overview of scientific output, influential contributors, and emerging research directions. A bibliometric analysis was conducted using the Scopus database, retrieving 2,949 English-language publications containing “acyclovir”. Analytical tools including VOSviewer and Bibliometrix, were employed to assess publication trends, author and institutional impact, keyword evolution, and international collaboration networks. The highest annual output occurred in 1982 (118 publications), with consistent activity maintained between 2020–2024. The United States led in publication output (259 articles), followed by India (201). Key institutions included the University of Washington and Rega Institute. Thematic analysis revealed an evolution from early mechanistic studies to current focus areas such as nanotechnology and drug delivery. Thematic analysis of acyclovir research revealed a clear evolution across distinct keyword clusters, beginning with foundational pharmacological and virological studies. Over time, the focus expanded to encompass clinical applications, followed by a recent shift toward pharmaceutical innovation and advanced drug delivery strategies. Acyclovir research exhibits a dynamic and collaborative global landscape. While the USA remains dominant, the emergence of new contributors from the Global South signals a shift toward greater inclusivity. Evolving themes emphasize technological innovation and resistance management, offering direction for future investigations and policy-making to enhance access and therapeutic efficacy.
Keywords: Acyclovir, Bibliometric analysis, Antiviral therapy, Herpes simplex virus, Varicella-zoster virus, Research trends.

Abstract
The present study was designed to assess the impact of extruded feed on laying hens using a meta-analysis approach. The database was established based on 18 articles divided into processed and supplemented extruded feed ingredients. The information was analyzed using OpenMEE software, considering the specific studies as random and extruded feed as fixed effects. The results presented no statistically significant variance in the effects of extruded feed on hen-day production, but there was a significant variance in feed conversion ratio (FCR) and feed intake (P<0.05). Regarding egg quality, there were no alterations in albumin weight, Haugh units, or yolk weight between the processed and unprocessed feed ingredients. Egg weight and albumin height (P<0.05) increased significantly with processed extruded feed ingredients. In terms of comparison of supplementation with extruded feed, the performance of laying hens was not significantly higher with supplementation than without supplementation of extruded feed. The egg quality and egg weights of laying hens fed with the supplemented diets were significantly lower than those of hens fed with the diets without supplementation (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant variance in the effects of supplementation with extruded feed on albumen weight, Haugh unit, and yolk weight. In conclusion, the effects of processing extruded feed and supplemented extruded feed ingredients differ in performance and egg quality.
Keywords: Poultry, Supplements, Extruded feed, Performance, Egg and meat quality.

Abstract
This research aimed to assess how replacing forage with Tithonia diversifolia and adding katuk leaves (Sauropus androgynus) alongside palm kernel meal concentrate affected Peranakan Etawa goat milk intake, digestibility, production, and quality. A 60-day experimental period was conducted at Toni Farm in Payakumbuh, where researchers used 20 lactating goats distributed across 4 treatments, with 5 replicates per treatment in a completely randomized design. The treatments consisted of: A (control: 60% conventional forage + 40% concentrate), B (60% Tithonia + 20% concentrate + 20% palm kernel meal), C (B + 1.5% katuk leaves), and D (B + 3% katuk leaves). The parameters observed included dry matter intake and digestibility, organic matter, crude protein, milk production, and milk amino acid and fatty acid content. Compared with the control, treatments C and D significantly enhanced feed utilization and milk production (P<0.05), along with notable increases in essential amino acids (lysine and leucine) and linoleic acid levels. It was concluded that the combination of Tithonia diversifolia, katuk leaves, and palm kernel meal is an effective local feed formulation for sustainably improving the quantity and quality of goat milk.
Keywords: Tithonia diversifolia, Katuk leaves, Palm kernel meal, Goat milk, Amino acids, Fatty acids.

Abstract
Reproductive performance in poultry is highly influenced by both nutritional and environmental factors. Escherichia coli (EC) infection is one of the most common bacterial challenges that negatively affect male fertility and semen quality in breeder flocks. This research examined the effect of dietary Moringa oleifera (MO) supplementation on fertility and semen quality of roosters with EC infections. Four equal groups (n=10) of forty Lohmann roosters were assigned to the following treatments: control (C), moringa therapy (MO), Escherichia coli treatment (EC), and moringa plus Escherichia coli treatment (MO+EC). The MO and MO+EC groups were provided a baseline diet supplemented with 50g/kg MO powder for six weeks. In contrast, the C and EC rooster groups were administered a baseline diet without moringa therapy. By the end of the sixth week, 0.5mL of a suspension containing 10 million Colony-Forming Units of EC was administered intraperitoneally (IP) to each rooster in the EC and MO+EC groups, whereas 0.5mL of saline was administered IP to the roosters in the C and MO groups. Serum samples were collected one week after infection. Sperm quality and fertility characteristics were assessed using collected semen pools. The results showed that EC infection substantially (P?0.05) reduced serum testosterone, antioxidant biomarkers, sperm quality, and reproductive features. The EC-deterioration effects were considerably (P?0.05) reversed by MO supplementation. It is determined that MO may be used as a possible natural supplement in roosters’ diet to increase fertility and semen output, particularly in cases when EC infection is a problem.
Keywords: Moringa oleifera, Escherichia coli, Semen quality, Fertility, Rooster chickens.

Abstract
This study aimed to assess the prevalence and hematological profile of Paramphistomum spp. infection in Bali cattle (Bos sondaicus) at the Pesanggaran abattoir in Bali. A total of 154 post-slaughter Bali cattle were used in this study. Paramphistomum spp. were identified based on their morphology in the rumen and reticulum. The level of infection was determined as slight (<25% of the rumen and reticulum infected), moderate (25–50% infected), or severe (>50% infected). Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis statistical analyses were used to determine differences in hematological profiles. The results showed that 49.35% (76/154) of the cattle were infected with Paramphistomum spp. Most cattle had a moderate infection (26.62%, 41/154). The percentage of monocytes was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Bali cattle infected with Paramphistomum spp. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the percentages of monocytes and red blood cells (RBCs), and in mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCHC), across infection levels. The observed changes in the hematological profile were leucocytosis, lymphopenia, monocytosis, monocytopenia, neutrophilia, and anaemia. Paramphistomum spp. In Bali cattle at the Pesanggaran abattoir, infection is high, and the more severe the infection, the lower the RBC and MCHC values. Changes in the leukocyte profile due to infection were dominated by neutrophilic leukocytosis.
Keywords: Bos sondaicus, Complete blood count, Paramphistomiasis, Rumen flukes, Slaughterhouse.

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the genetic variability of sheeppox virus strains in Kazakhstan, assess their phylogenetic structure, and identify factors contributing to disease spread. Samples (n=250) from sheep with clinical smallpox were collected from Akmola, Karaganda and Almaty regions. Polymerase chain reaction confirmed the virus in 78% of cases, with the highest infection rate in Almaty (85%). Complete genome sequencing identified mutations in key genes (H3L, ORF11), increasing virulence and resistance. Phylogenetic analysis showed kinship with Eastern European and Central Asian isolates, identifying three clusters with distinct mutations. Single-factor analysis (P<0.001) confirmed the impact of population density and sanitary conditions on outbreak frequency. Findings highlight the need for regional vaccine development, biosecurity measures, buffer zones and restrictions on animal movements to reduce epidemiological risks and economic losses.
Keywords: Genome sequencing, Epizootological monitoring, Mutogenesis, Genetic similarity.

Abstract
Growth curves are a common mathematical tool for describing growth, allowing growth parameters to be understood within a biological context. The study was conducted to estimate the growth pattern of indigenous Boschveld chicken using non-linear growth curve models and to compare the performance of the functions. The study used 63 indigenous Boschveld chicken from 0 to 19 weeks. The chickens’ growth curves were defined using four different non-linear models: Gompertz, Logistic, Von Bertalanffy and Richards. The growth curve models were fitted using the Bayesian information criterion (BIC), Akaike’s information criterion (AIC), adjusted coefficient of determination (Adj.R2), and coefficient of determination (R2). The values of R2 were 0.92, 0.91, 0.89, 0.89 while the values of Adj.R2 were 0.91, 0.91, 0.88, 0.88 for Logistic, Gompertz, Von Bertalanffy and Richards, respectively. The AIC were 1087.93, 1088.62, 1088.66, 1089.93 and BIC were 1084.63, 1085.31, 1085.36 and 1085.03 for Von Bertalanffy, Gompertz, Logistic, and Richards, respectively. In conclusion, the von Bertalanffy model is the best fit model to describe the native chicken growth patterns of the Boschveld. The findings will help Boschveld chicken farmers to effectively choose a well-suited model for their breed to take informed decisions on their production systems.
Keywords: Boschveld indigenous chicken, Growth curve modelling, Non-linear models, Body weight estimation, Growth pattern analysis.

Abstract
This study aims to assess the impact of administering carrot leaf (CL) aqueous extract (AE) via drinking water on the performance, histology, and intestinal pathogens of weaned piglets. Carrot leaf aqueous extract (CLAE) was prepared by squeezing 1kg of carrot leaves with 1L of clean water (g/g), then filtering. The basic feed used was a commercial complete feed, CP 511, for weaned piglets. This study used 120 healthy crossbred female weaned piglets (35 days old), divided into four treatment groups and 6 replications. Piglets in group 1 (n=30) served as controls given drinking water without added CLAE, while piglets in groups 2, 3, and 4 received CLAE at levels of 2, 4, and 6%, respectively. The results of the study showed that the administration of 4 and 6% CLAE in drinking water significantly (P<0.05) increased performance, the height of duodenal and jejunal villi, and the number of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the intestine. Pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli and Coliform) in the piglet intestine decreased significantly (P<0.05) as a result of the addition of CLAE to drinking water. In conclusion, adding 4-6% CLAE to drinking water has the potential to improve performance, villus height, and intestinal lactic acid bacteria. Conversely, this addition can suppress Coliform pathogens in the intestines of weaned piglets. To determine the mechanism underlying CLAE’s effects, further research is needed.
Keywords: Carrot leaves extract, Performance, Intestinal histology, Pathogen, Weaned piglets.

Abstract
Modern poultry production requires precision management to maximize productivity and maintain high product quality. Feed additives are commonly employed to enhance broiler performance and resilience, particularly under conditions of rapid growth and physiological stress. Combining functional additives with complementary mechanisms of action offers a promising strategy to achieve optimal production outcomes. Thus, the study evaluated the impacts of dietary spirulina (Sp), selenium yeast (Se-Y), and their mix on broilers’ growth, carcass composition, meat features, antioxidant status, and immune parameters. A total of 300 one-day-old male Cobb 500 chicks were reared under uniform management conditions. At day 22 of age, birds were allocated arbitrarily into four dietary groups: a control group fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet, and three groups fed the basal diet supplemented with either SP (2g/kg diet), Se-Y (0.4mg/kg diet), or a combination of both supplementations at the same inclusion levels (SP+Se-Y). The data analysis indicated a significant improvement in broiler growth and carcass yield due to SP and Se-Y supplementation, with minimal effects on meat quality traits. Additionally, both supplements enhanced redox balance and immune responses, with the combined treatment exhibiting a marked synergistic effect. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of SP and Se-Y may exert superior benefits on broiler performance, antioxidant markers, and immunomodulation compared with their individual application.
Keywords: Spirulina, Selenium yeast, Broilers, Growth parameter, Redox markers, Immune response.

Abstract
Inguinal hernia is a rare condition in cats, characterized by the protrusion of abdominal organs through the inguinal canal. A 5-year-old pregnant Persian cat (3.1kg) presented with right inguinal swelling and rectal prolapse for four days. Examination revealed tachypnea, tachycardia, and a palpable hernial ring. Hematology revealed leukocytosis and mild anemia. Ultrasonography and radiography confirmed intestinal entrapment and fetal death at approximately 45 days of gestation. The surgery included rectal repositioning, ovariohysterectomy, and herniorrhaphy. Postoperative care included systemic antibiotics (amoxicillin and metronidazole), meloxicam, immunomodulators, topical antimicrobials, and wound care. The purse-string suture was removed on day 5, and the skin sutures were removed on day 11. By day 15, the cat had entirely recovered with normal defecation. This case highlights the diagnosis and successful surgical management of a concurrent inguinal hernia, rectal prolapse, and fetal death in a pregnant cat.
Keywords: Inguinal hernia, Rectal prolapse, Ovariohysterectomy, Herniorrhaphy, Pregnant cat.

Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is an important zoonotic bacterium that causes severe infections in both pigs and humans, underscoring the urgent need for effective vaccines. This study evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of an inactivated vaccine derived from a local S. suis strain in BALB/c mice, using different inactivation methods and adjuvant formulations. Mice were randomly assigned to four groups: P1 (control; Montanide ISA 201 VG without antigen), P2 (ultrasonication–heat-inactivated vaccine with Montanide ISA 201 VG), P3 (ultrasonication–heat-inactivated vaccine with Montanide Gel 01), and P4 (ultrasonication–formaldehyde-inactivated vaccine with Montanide ISA 201 VG). Animals (n=6/group) were immunized at week 1 and received a booster at week 4. Antibody responses were monitored weekly for seven weeks using indirect ELISA, followed by challenge with 1×10? CFU of virulent S. suis at week 7. Clinical signs, gross lesions, and histopathology of major organs were assessed. All vaccinated groups developed significantly higher antibody titers compared with controls (P<0.05). The highest ELISA optical density (OD) values were observed in P2 (0.194±0.090) and P3 (0.192±0.113), with no significant difference between them, but both were significantly higher than P4 (0.178±0.132). Antibody levels increased markedly from week 2, peaking after booster immunization. Following the challenge, vaccinated mice exhibited milder histopathological lesions relative to controls, indicating partial protection.
Keywords: Challenge test, Heat inactivation, Humoral immune response, Inactivated vaccine, Montanide adjuvant, Streptococcus suis.

Abstract
Effective stress management is essential for sustaining optimal poultry performance and ensuring high product quality. This study evaluated the properties of the Citrullus colocynthis seed hydroethanol extract (CCE) for mitigating laying hen performance, egg quality, immune responses, stress biomarkers, antioxidant activity, and pro-inflammatory mediators under thermoneutral and thermal stress conditions. A group of 360 40-week-old HY-Line Brown laying hens was randomly assigned to four treatment groups (five replicates × 18 hens each). The first and second groups were maintained under thermoneutral conditions (24°C, 50% relative humidity) and fed a control diet (Control) or the control diet with added CCE 1g/kg feed (CCE). The third and fourth groups were subjected to heat stress (35°C from 10:00 to 18:00 daily, 50% relative humidity) and fed the control diet (HS) or the CCE-added diet (HS+CCE). The experiment lasted for eight consecutive weeks. Heat stress significantly impaired egg production, egg quality, bone characteristics, immune responses, and redox balance. CCE supplementation partially alleviated these adverse effects in heat-stressed hens. Under thermoneutral conditions, CCE supplementation also enhanced plasma total antioxidant and enzyme activity as well as T-lymphocyte proliferation relative to the unsupplemented control. These outcomes suggest that dietary CCE supplementation can serve as an innovative strategy to modulate the detrimental impacts of thermal stress on laying hens by enhancing antioxidant defense mechanisms and immune function.
Keywords: Laying hen; Heat stress; Citrullus colocynthis seed extract; Egg production; Egg quality; Immunity; Stress markers.

Abstract
Early detection of hemorrhage and evaluation of fluid resuscitation are critical in managing hemorrhagic shock, but traditional clinical parameters are often insensitive for dynamic assessment. Echocardiography has emerged as a superior, non-invasive tool to evaluate fluid responsiveness and cardiac function in real time. This study aimed to evaluate the dynamic changes in left ventricular echocardiographic parameters, providing a comprehensive view of structural and functional responses to fluid therapy in a hemorrhagic shock model. Hemorrhagic shock was induced in New Zealand White rabbits by bleeding 35% of their total blood volume. Echocardiography using 2D and M-mode with a 6 MHz probe was performed at pre-hemorrhagic, hemorrhagic, and post-hemorrhagic phases. After fluid resuscitation, both groups showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in left ventricular dimensions and volumes. At 110 minutes post-resuscitation (T110), Group KP2 showed a greater increase in LVIDd (1.30±0.07cm) and LVIDs (0.87±0.05 cm) compared to Group KP1 (1.15±0.09 cm; 0.75±0.07 cm). This was associated with significant improvements in SV (1.74±0.22mL; 2.67±1.35mL), CO (312.95±76.95mL; 437.46±219.08mL), EF (71.32±6.71%; 76.89±7.88%), and FS (36.99±5.71%; 42.28±7.93%). The KP2 group showed more distinct recovery of contractility and pump function. The combination of Ringer’s lactate and gelatin resulted in faster and more significant improvements in left ventricular function. These results emphasize the importance of non-invasive echocardiography for real-time fluid responsiveness assessment and guiding individualized resuscitation strategies.
Keywords: Hemorrhagic Shock, Fluid Resuscitation, Echocardiography, Rabbits, Gelatin.

Abstract
This study examined the healing of purulent wounds in dogs using ointments containing Artemisia lerchiana at various concentrations. The animals were divided into four groups, including two experimental groups (10% and 20% ointment), one control group without treatment, and one group with the traditional Vishnevsky liniment application. The active ingredient in the ointments was Artemisia lerchiana essential oil, and the formative substance was petroleum jelly. Four days after the wounds were made, all animals developed a purulent process, accompanied by an increase in body temperature to 39.5°C, a 22.8% increase in pulse rate, and a 24% increase in respiratory rate. In the control group, the indicators normalized by the seventh day, whereas in the treatment group, recovery occurred by the third day. By the fourteenth day, the wound area decreased by 73.4% with 10% ointment and 74.6% with 20% ointment, whereas in the control group, the decrease was only 56.3%. Leukocytosis in the experimental groups normalized by the tenth day, while in the control group it persisted until the end of the study, exceeding the norm by 39.1%. By the seventh day, the bactericidal activity of blood serum increased by 9-10% in the experimental groups and by 16.4% in the control group, after which it gradually returned to its initial values. The persistent increase in bactericidal activity in the control group reflects the ongoing infection and intensity of the inflammatory process, while the decrease in this indicator to baseline levels in the experimental groups correlates with effective treatment and wound healing. Artemisia lerchiana-based ointments were well tolerated and contributed to the normalization of clinical indicators. The 20% ointment demonstrated the most excellent effectiveness and can be recommended for veterinary use in the treatment of purulent wounds.
Keywords: Artemisia lerchiana, Infusion, Essential oil, Dogs, Biochemistry, Bactericidal activity.

Abstract
Lipomas are benign tumors derived from mature adipocyte tissue and are common in domestic animals, although less frequently reported in cats than in dogs. This case report aims to describe the results of hematological and cytological examinations (fine needle aspiration biopsy/FNAB) and the surgical removal of a lipoma in a female domestic cat with a mass in the hypogastric region. Hematological examination revealed mild leukocytosis and lymphocytosis, indicating a mild chronic inflammatory process, and thrombocytopenia, suspected to be related to local consumption or sampling artifact. Cytological examination of FNAB showed a predominance of small-nucleated adipocytes with cytoplasm containing large fat vacuoles, without pleomorphism or mitotic activity, accompanied by a few inflammatory cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages, thus supporting the impression of a benign lipoma. Surgical procedure was performed through total excision with a longitudinal incision along the mass, followed by layered wound closure using absorbable and non-absorbable sutures to minimize dead space formation. Postoperative results showed good wound healing without significant complications. These findings are consistent with previous reports that lipomas in cats have a good prognosis if complete excision is performed. In conclusion, the diagnosis of lipoma can be confirmed through clinical examination and FNAB, while surgical excision remains an effective and safe definitive treatment option to prevent recurrence.
Keywords: Adipocyte tissue; Domestic cat; Fine needle aspiration biopsy; Lipoma; Tumor; Surgical excision.

Abstract
This study evaluated the impact of varying levels of fermented banana peel in the diet on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Jawa Super native chickens. Parameters measured included feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, slaughter weight, carcass weight, and carcass percentage. A completely randomized design with a single-factor treatment consisted of four groups, each with six replicates (24 experimental units total). The treatments were: P0 (0% fermented banana peel), P1 (10% fermented banana peel), P2 (20% fermented banana peel), and P3 (30% fermented banana peel). Results revealed that fermented banana peel inclusion did not significantly influence feed intake, body weight gain, or feed conversion ratio (P>0.05). However, carcass percentage was significantly affected (P<0.05); Duncan’s test showed the lowest carcass percentage in P3, which differed significantly from P0 and P1 but not from P2. Slaughter weight and carcass weight remained unaffected (P>0.05). In summary, incorporating up to 30% fermented banana peel in the diet of Jawa Super chickens can be done without detrimental effects on slaughter or carcass weight.
Keywords: Fermented banana peel, Feed intake, Body weight gain, Feed conversion ratio, Jawa Super native chicken.

Abstract
Streptomycin, the first aminoglycoside antibiotic discovered in 1943, revolutionized tuberculosis treatment and has since found diverse applications. This study offers a bibliometric analysis of streptomycin research from 1995 to 2025, detailing publication trends, collaboration networks, and thematic developments. Using the Scopus database, we analyzed 1,057 documents from 565 sources involving 4,379 authors. Bibliometrix and VOSviewer were employed for network analysis and visualization. Annual publications increased notably after 2013, reaching 50 articles in 2022. China dominated with 180 corresponding author articles (17.03%), followed by the USA (9.74%). International collaboration averaged 17.5%, with European countries showing higher rates. Citation analysis revealed the sustained impact of foundational papers, with an average of 27.39 citations per publication. Thematic evolution progressed from basic resistance mechanisms (1995-2000) to sophisticated applications, including aptamer-based biosensors and nanotechnology (2015-2025). Agricultural and food safety applications emerged alongside traditional clinical research. Streptomycin research has successfully transitioned from a purely clinical focus to interdisciplinary applications spanning biosensing, agriculture, and environmental monitoring. Future priorities should include enhancing international collaboration, particularly with TB-endemic regions, and supporting convergent technologies while maintaining focus on antimicrobial resistance challenges.
Keywords: Streptomycin, Bibliometric analysis, Antimicrobial resistance, Nanotechnology, Biosensors.

Abstract
This study investigates the effects of various doses of Peperomia pellucida extract on broiler chicken performance. To improve the growth of Lactobacillus plantarum in vitro, synbiotics were prepared by combining 10mL of L. plantarum (bacterial concentration of 1×10? CFU/mL) with different concentrations of P. pellucida extract (2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10mL per 100mL of distilled water). The resultant synbiotics were then tested for their survivability under temperature, bile salt, and stomach acid conditions. Broiler chicks (n=250) raised together from 0 to 7 days of age were used in the in vivo experiment. Synbiotics were added to the diets of treatments T1, T2, T3, and T4 at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0mL/kg of feed, respectively, starting on day 8, while the control group (T0) received no synbiotic supplementation. The findings showed that the growth of L. plantarum was strongly impacted by the concentration level of P. pellucida extract (P<0.05). Additionally, supplementation with P. pellucida extract at the maximum concentration (10mL/100mL distilled water) effectively sustained L. plantarum populations (P<0.05) in survival tests against temperature, bile salts, and gastric acid. Compared with T0, the T1, T2, T3, and T4 groups showed greater body weight gains (P<0.05) over the rearing period. Nevertheless, there were no significant effects (P>0.05) on the internal organ weights of the broiler chickens. In summary, it has been demonstrated that P. pellucida extract promotes L. plantarum growth, and its application as a synbiotic in broiler diets can enhance growth performance.
Keywords: Synbiotic, Peperomia pellucida, Lactobacillus plantarum, Broiler, Feed additive.

Abstract
The poultry industry plays a crucial role in global food security because the chicken microbiome significantly influences bird health, productivity, and disease transmission. However, regional differences in the microbiome composition remain underexplored, particularly in Kazakhstan. This study used high-throughput sequencing to analyze the taxonomic diversity of the chicken microbiome across multiple regions of Kazakhstan, identifying key microbial taxa and potential pathogens. A total of 108 tracheal and cloacal swabs were collected from private farms, and metagenomic sequencing was conducted using the Ion Torrent PGM platform. Taxonomic classification identified genera including Chlamydia, Pseudomonas, Avibacterium, Gallibacterium, and Aeromonas, some of which are associated with poultry diseases and zoonotic risks. Alpha and beta diversity analyses showed microbiome variation between regions, indicating that environmental and management factors shape the microbiota composition. These findings underscore the importance of metagenomic surveillance for poultry health management, early pathogen detection, and the development of targeted intervention strategies. Understanding the regional microbiome dynamics can contribute to sustainable poultry farming practices, reduce antibiotic dependency, and enhance food safety in Kazakhstan’s rapidly expanding poultry sector.
Keywords: Metagenome; NGS; Microbiota; Pathogen; Chicken; Poultry.

Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the potential of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit, serving as a natural saponin source, for influencing rumen fermentation as well as reducing the production of methane during fiber feed fermentation. A randomized block design was applied with four treatments and four replications. Grouping was based on rumen fluid from 4 ruminants and an in vitro experiment was performed to examine the effects of P. macrocarpa fruit supplementation (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%) on corn straw substrate. The parameters that were observed were methane, total volatile fatty acids (VFA), ammonia (NH3), rumen pH, individual VFA and protozoa population. It was found that P. macrocarpa supplementation reduced protozoa population, methane and ammonia concentration significantly (P<0.01). Total VFA production and rumen pH showed no significant differences (P>0.05) with the addition of P. macrocarpa fruit from 1 to 3%. The greatest decrease in protozoa population (63.7) and methane (24.5) was observed at 3% supplementation. Propionic, butyric and branched-chain fatty acids were found to be significantly improved (P<0.01) at 1% addition that decrease the ratio of acetate to propionate (2.15). The suppression of protozoa and the decrease in hydrogen transfer between protozoa and methanogens were indicated to be the causes of the reduction in methane production. Conclusively, P. macrocarpa fruit serves as a good natural additive to enhance the efficiency of rumen fermentation to lower protozoa and methane formation without changing rumen pH and total VFA. The most suitable supplement is 3% that offers a sustainable approach to the mitigation of methane production and enhance feed efficiency in ruminant systems.
Keywords: Phaleria macrocarpa, Methane emission, Rumen protozoa, Ruminal fermentation, Saponin.

Abstract
The study aimed to conduct a comparative assessment of clinical (rectal, vaginal) and laboratory methods (Whiteside test, cytology, visual test) for the diagnosis of uterine inflammation in cows in various periods after calving (14-30, 31-60, and 61-120 days). The study was conducted with 122 Holstein Friesian cows. Five diagnostic approaches were used: rectal and vaginal examination, Whiteside test, cytological examination, and visual test using 10% hydrogen peroxide and 0.01% methylene blue. To evaluate the effectiveness of each method, sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic accuracy, the prognostic value of positive and negative results, and the concordance coefficient were calculated. According to the results, the vaginal method and visual test demonstrated the most stable and high diagnostic efficacy, especially on the 31-60 days after calving (sensitivity up to 90.5% and specificity up to 93.5%). The cytological method provided high specificity (up to 100%) but was characterized by variable sensitivity. Rectal examination was more effective at a later stage, and the Whiteside test lost its specificity in the period of 61-120 days. The Kappa coefficients confirmed the best concordance of vaginal test and visual test both with each other and with the clinical diagnosis. The combined use of the vaginal method and the visual test is the most informative for the diagnosis of endometritis in cows, especially between 31-60 days after calving. The combined vaginal and visual tests are most informative for diagnosing endometritis in cows, particularly 31-60 days post-calving, with the cytological method recommended as an additional tool in later periods, highlighting the need for diagnostic algorithms to account for temporal inflammatory features and variable method sensitivities.
Keywords: Endometritis, Diagnosis, Visual Test, Sensitivity, Kappa coefficients.

Abstract
The research aims to analyze the possibility of using tithonia instead of concentrate in the animal’s ration. The study was designed as a randomized-block, four-treatment, four-group design. The treatments were P1 (50% Pakchong grass + 35% tithonia + 14% concentrate + 1% minerals), P2 (50% Pakchong grass + 40% tithonia + 14% concentrate + 1% minerals), P3 (50% Pakchong grass + 45% tithonia + 4% concentrate + 1% minerals), and P4 (50% Pakchong grass + 49% tithonia + 1% minerals). Digestibility, rumen fluid properties, gas production, microbial biomass, and protozoa populations were observed. Analysis of variance was utilized to analyze the data obtained in this research. The analysis revealed that the treatments produced a statistically significant effect (P<0.01) on dry matter digestibility (62.05-65.08%), digestibility of organic matter (63.95-68.26%), crude protein digestibility (62.82-67.76%), NH3 (10.31-16.47mg/100mL), and total gas production (83.22-121.43mL/g DM). The results showed no significant change (P>0.01) in microbial biomass (2.2168-2.5568mg/mL) and protozoa population (0.78×104-1.64×104 cells/mL). Significantly affected (P<0.05) methane production (17.84-24.90mL/g DM), VFA (125-140mM), ADF digestibility (54.72-57.84%), and hemicellulose digestibility (61.84-64.08%). The impact on the pH (6.81-6.91) was not statistically significant (P>0.05), NDF digestibility (55.80-57.91%), and cellulose digestibility (60.83-63.28%). Based on the study results, it can be concluded that incorporating 40% Tithonia diversifolia (P2) into the ration provided the best results for dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), crude protein digestibility (CPD), volatile fatty acids (VFA), NH3, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), cellulose, hemicellulose, gas production, microbial biomass, and protozoa population. This study aligns with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2 and SDG12 through sustainable feeding.
Keywords: Tithonia, Digestibility, Concentrate, Rumen, SDG2, SDG12.

Abstract
The effects of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) meal supplementation on broiler productivity, carcass traits, meat quality, blood biochemical markers, and economic efficacy were evaluated. A total of 300 one-day-old Cobb500™ male chicks were arbitrarily allocated to five experimental groups: a control group fed a basal diet and four groups receiving the basal diet supplemented with 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, or 10g/kg BSFL meal for 35 days. Increasing BSFL inclusion linearly improved (P<0.05) body weight gain, feed efficiency, and the European broiler index. Carcass yield as well as breast, thigh muscles, and abdominal fat relative weights were also significantly increased in a linear manner (P<0.05). Meat pH, redness, yellowness, and water-holding capacity were increased, while drip loss and cooking loss were reduced (P<0.05), indicating meat quality improvement. Moreover, dietary BSFL reduced plasma triglycerides and cholesterol levels as well as hepatic enzyme activity, suggesting hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects. Economically, BSFL inclusion linearly increased (P<0.05) total production costs and gross return; however, net return, cost–benefit ratio, and return on investment declined at higher supplementation levels. In conclusion, BSFL meal can enhance broiler performance and meat quality, though it’s commercial application will depend on reducing production costs.
Keywords: Broiler chickens; Insect meal; Meat quality; Carcass characteristics; Growth performance; Economic efficiency.

Abstract
The research aims to examine the impact of providing papaya leaf water extract on meat quality, meat microstructure, intestinal histology, and pathogen contamination in duck feces (Anas spp.). This study used 200 healthy, DOD male ducklings with an average initial body weight of 47.15±2.21g. The first group of ducklings (n=50) was without papaya leaf water extract (PLWE), while groups of ducklings 2, 3, and 4 received drinking water with PLWE at levels of 2, 4, and 6%, respectively. PLWE is made by chopping 1000g of dark green papaya leaves into small pieces, weighing them in a volume of 1000mL. Then, mix them with 1000mL of clean water. Blend until smooth, let stand for 24 hours, then strain and give the ducklings the desired treatment. The results showed that the protein and microstructure of meat in ducklings in the PLWE group increased significantly (P<0.05), as did the height of the intestinal villi and crypt depth. Conversely, the fat content of meat and pathogenic bacterial contamination in feces decreased significantly (P<0.05) compared to those without PLWE. It can be concluded that the duckling group that received PLWE can increase meat protein and improve its microstructure, increase intestinal villus height, and crypt depth. Conversely, it reduces pathogenic bacterial contamination in duckling feces.
Keywords: Papaya leaf water extract, Meat quality, Intestinal histology, Pathogen, Bali duck.

Abstract
This study provides the first region-specific evidence that supports the adoption of climate-optimized livestock housing systems in Kazakhstan and similar continental regions. The study is an integrated evaluation of microclimate optimization in cattle barns in Kazakhstan, which has a continental climate. The study was conducted from March 2024 to February 2025 across three dairy and beef production systems (farms) with populations ranging from 2500 to 3500. It used an elaborate methodology that involved structural insulation, improved ventilation, humidity control, and optimized lighting. The environmental parameters, including temperature, humidity, NH3, CO2, air velocity, and indicators of animal productivity, such as milk yield, live weight, and the incidence of respiratory disease, were measured throughout the study period. Findings showed a significant reduction in barn temperatures, humidity, and ammonia levels. These gains were linked to increases in milk production (15-17%), live weight (17-20%), and reductions in respiratory disease, among others (33-40%). Economic analysis showed that payback periods were short and profitability in all facilities was high. Correlation analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between barn temperature and milk yield (r=0.82) and a negative correlation between humidity and respiratory diseases (r=-0.65). Taken together, these results support the idea that even low-cost, easy-to-implement environmental changes can enhance the welfare and productivity of animals, as well as the profitability of farms.
Keywords: Cattle, Housing, Microclimate, Kazakhstan, Sustainable livestock production.

Abstract
Ticks are important vectors of various tick-borne pathogens causing animal diseases. This study aimed to assess prevalent tick species and the resistance status of the acaricides frequently used to control ticks and tick-borne diseases (TBDs). A cross-sectional study design and purposive sampling method were employed, whereby 952 ticks were collected and stored in plastic bottles containing 70% ethanol, while engorged ticks were placed in perforated plastic containers. Ticks were identified using morphological features. An experimental study design using the larval packet test method was adopted to evaluate the effectiveness of the selected acaricides, whereby a discriminatory dose for each acaricide was prepared by doubling the recommended dose and control using diluents composed of olive oil and acetone at a 1:2 ratio. Out of the 952 tick specimens collected, Rhipicephalus microplus was the predominant species, accounting for 552 ticks (57.9%). This was followed by Amblyomma variegatum with 247 (25.9%), R. decoloratus 65 (6.8%), Hyalomma rufipes 41 (4.3%), R. evertsi 37 (3.8%), and R. appendiculatus 10 (1.1%).
On the other hand, susceptibility status was low for the acaricides cypermethrin (15g/L) and ?-cypermethrin (100g/L), with mortality rates of 84.60% and 85.70%, respectively. In contrast, the acaricides amitraz (125g/L), amitraz (12.5%), chlorpyriphos (500g/L) + cypermethrin (50g/L), and Chlorfenvinphos (300g/L) showed no resistance, with mortality rates of 97.80%, 97.90%, 99.80%, and 99.90%, respectively. The study revealed that almost all tick species were susceptible to amidines (amitraz) and organophosphates (OPs) (chlorpyriphos and chlorfenvinphos). At the same time, synthetic pyrethroids (SP) (cyclomethrin and ?-cypermethrin) showed signs of developing resistance. Therefore, regular monitoring of acaricide resistance is crucial for effective control of ticks and tick-borne diseases.

Keywords: Acaricide, Acaricide malpractice, Resistance status, Susceptibility status, Ticks.

Abstract
Thoracolumbar surgeries in canines have become increasingly important in veterinary surgery, requiring precise anatomical knowledge to accurately identify the site of the lesion during surgery. This accuracy is crucial to minimize the risk of wrong-site spinal surgeries (WSSS). This study aims to identify reliable and practical anatomical landmarks in the thoracolumbar region. In addition to existing landmarks and imaging techniques, the identified landmarks may aid surgeons in safely orienting themselves during operative procedures and ensuring the correct surgical site during the surgical approach. Nine cadavers were examined. After thawing, dissections were performed to identify anatomical landmarks between the tenth thoracic and first lumbar vertebrae. Additionally, the intercristal line has likewise been investigated as landmark caudal to the thoracolumbar region. Mammillary processes were palpable at T12-T13 and most prominent at T13-L1. The facet joints displayed a horizontal orientation at T10-T11 and a vertical caudo-dorsal, better palpable orientation at T11-T12. The spinalis and semispinalis musculature are consistently inserted into the mid-layer of the thoracolumbar fascia at the level of T11. The tendons of the lumbar longissimus attached to the L1 accessory process. The intercristal line consistently marked the L6-L7 interspinous space across all specimens. These landmarks provide practical intraoperative guidance for thoracolumbar surgeries. This study provides less-known anatomical structures to the currently known and used landmarks, supporting their use for preoperative planning and intraoperative navigation. Combining these anatomical findings with digital imaging techniques may enhance surgical accuracy and therefore reduce the risk for WSSS.

Keywords: Canine anatomy; Surgical landmarks; Thoracolumbar surgery; Wrong-site spinal surgery.

Abstract
This research aims to determine the prevalence of ketosis, both subclinical ketosis (SCK) and clinical ketosis (CK), in dairy cows in Asia. This study involves a meta-analysis of studies investigating ketosis detection or prevalence trends using cross-sectional or survey designs. Only articles published in English were included. PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Agricola, and ProQuest were searched for relevant studies published from inception until February 9, 2025. Guided by the PRISMA guidelines, we carefully selected relevant studies and analyzed the collected data using a random-effects model to determine the overall prevalence of ketosis in Asia. Considering the differences between studies, we used Cochran’s Q and I² stats, along with sensitivity analysis and meta-regression, to determine the influence of different factors, such as region, diagnostic tools, or study design, on ketosis prevalence. A total of 25 studies, investigating 35 study groups from seven countries, were analyzed. Approximately 29% of dairy cows in Asia had ketosis (95% CI: 23–35%), with subclinical cases slightly more common (32%) than clinical or unclear cases (30%). West Asia had the highest prevalence rate (39%), possibly due to harsher climates or feed-related challenges, followed by East Asia (25%) and then South Asia (19%). Moreover, our analysis reveals an upward trend in ketosis prevalence. The results were stable, as no single study substantially affected the findings. The results show that the prevalence trend of ketosis is increased in Asia, and thus is an urgent health concern in dairy farms in the region.

Keywords: Ketosis, Clinical ketosis, Subclinical ketosis, Beta-hydroxybutyrate, Dairy cows, Asia.

Abstract
Varroosis, a parasitic disease caused by Varroa destructor, continues to pose a serious threat to global apiculture by undermining honey bee (Apis mellifera) health and productivity. The mite not only feeds on the fat body tissue of bees, impairing metabolic and immune functions, but also transmits several pathogenic viruses, including deformed wing virus and acute bee paralysis virus, contributing significantly to colony collapse disorder. While the morphological characteristics of Varroa mites have been studied in various countries, there is a notable lack of ultrastructural data from Indonesia. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to describe the surface morphology of Varroa mites from Indonesian Apis mellifera colonies using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mite specimens were collected from a commercial apiary in Central Java using the powdered sugar method. Subsequently, they examined under high-resolution SEM at the Integrated Research and Testing Laboratory, Universitas Gadjah Mada. The findings provided detailed ultrastructural descriptions of the gnathosoma, pedipalps, chelicerae, apotele claws, dorsal and ventral shields, ambulacra, and peritreme. Distinct morphological features were documented, including the bidentate cheliceral structure and dual clawed apotele, which are crucial for feeding and host attachment. This descriptive study offers a comprehensive morphological baseline for Varroa destructor in Indonesia, serving as a valuable reference for mite identification, diagnostic support, and future comparative acarological research. The insights gained may also inform local surveillance efforts and the development of targeted control strategies within Indonesian apiculture.
Keywords: Apis mellifera; Varroa destructor; SEM; Indonesia; Morphology.

Abstract
Plant-based feed is the primary protein source in poultry nutrition. It includes legume seeds, cakes and meals. White lupine is of particular interest, as its seeds contain up to 35% protein, but its use as feed is limited by the presence of alkaloids. This study evaluated the effects of white lupine protein concentrate as a dietary replacement for soybean meal in quail feed. Three groups of quail chicks at the age of 10 days were formed. The experiment lasted 38 days. Double-decker cages were used to keep birds in accordance with zootechnical standards. All the birds had free access to drinking bowl and feeder. Quails of all groups received factory-prepared compound feed (PK). Birds of the first group were fed compound feed (95%) and extruded soybeans (5%) (Positive control). Instead of soybeans, the diet of quails from the second group consisted of extruded seeds of the white lupine equivalent in protein. The third group of quails was fed lupine concentrate obtained by enzymolysis of extruded seeds of the white lupine. Observations of the survivability, physiological state, live weight dynamical changes in quails, and feed consumption were made in the course of the experiment. A positive effect on the growth dynamics, live weight gain and meat productivity of quails was observed after replacing extruded soybeans with white lupine processing products in the compound feed. Quail receiving compound feed with lupine protein concentrate had carcasses with breast and leg muscle weight higher by 19.63% and 10.63%, respectively (P?0.05). The use of lupine feed additives did not have a negative effect on the physiological status and blood composition of quails. Compared with the control, the blood of quails that received lupine additives had hemoglobin and hematocrit levels higher by 9.8% and 3.7%, 21.8% and 7.6%, and decreased level of creatinine and bilirubin, urea, uric acid, liver enzymes, such as gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). The feasibility and economic efficiency of using lupine additives is confirmed by the fact that the consumption of compound feed per unit of live weight gain of quails in the second and third groups was reduced by 3.5% and 8.5%, respectively. Feed additives based on extruded and fermented white lupine seeds can be an alternative to soy products in feeding poultry, in particular quails.
Keywords: Protein, Soy, lupine, Extrusion, Enzymolysis, Protein concentrate, Quail, Blood, Productivity.

Abstract
Practical, sensitive, and specific techniques are required for the detection and management of Toxoplasma disease. One of the most commonly used techniques for this purpose is the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The current study was carried out to create a protocol for the isolation and characterization of glycoprotein antigen (TGA) from Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). The diagnostic performance of an isolated glycoprotein antigen was evaluated in comparison with the crude antigen using an indirect ELISA. The TGA-based ELISA consistently yielded higher optical density (OD) values than the crude antigen using twofold serially diluted sheep serum, with a cut-off value of 0.35. Furthermore, the TGA-ELISA demonstrated a remarkable sensitivity of 100.00% and a specificity of 96.67%, along with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 92.3% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 100.0%. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis highlighted the TGA-ELISA’s outstanding diagnostic accuracy, with an Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.963, compared with 0.867 for the crude antigen-based ELISA. Additionally, the TGA-ELISA showed no significant cross-reactivity with other parasitic diseases, including cryptosporidiosis, Blastocystis, giardiasis, and sarcocystosis, confirming its specificity for T. gondii detection. This study underscores the potential of TGA-based ELISA as a more reliable and accurate diagnostic tool for T. gondii infection in sheep, offering enhanced sensitivity and reduced cross-reactivity. When employed in a seroprevalence study, the TGA-ELISA detected anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies in 83.6% of the tested sheep sera. This in-house TGA-based ELISA presents a cost-effective alternative to expensive commercial products, enabling broader application in serodiagnosis in animals and humans.

Keywords: Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, Glycoprotein, Toxoplasma gondii, IgG, ROC curve.