Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the quantitative and qualitative status of micro invertebrates at Marala Barrage, River Chenab, Punjab, Pakistan. Five potential sites were selected at Marala Baragge, River Chenab: 3 at upstream (River Tavi, Manawarwala Tavi and Upstream Chenab) and 2 at downstream (Canal Colony site and Bhalopur Site). Thirty three 33 species of micro invertebrates (Zooplankton) that belong to 24 taxa and 5 phylum’s were identified from 1305 individuals collected from selected sampling sites. The numbers of individuals were 230, 339, 225, 199 and 312 were found from River Tavi, Manawarwala Tavi, upstream Chenab, Canal colony side and Bhalolpur side, respectively. Twenty nine 29 species out 33 were found at River Tavi. The most abundant species was Arcella artocrae (Arcellediea) 14 (5.38% of total count). There were 26 species out of 33 species found at Manawarwala Tavi. The most abundant species Cyclocypris globosa (Cyprididae) 25 (5.67% of total count). Ninteen 19 species out 33 were found at upstream Chenab. The most abundant species were Bosmina longirostris (Bosminidae) 22 individuals (3.74% of total count). Thirty 30 species out of 33 were found at Canal colony side. The most abundant species were Osphranticum labronetcum (Centropagidae) 12 individuals (6.03% of total count). Twenty four 24 species out of 33 were found at Bhalolpur side. The most abundant species was Mesocyclops hyalinus (Cyclopidae) 24 individuals (4.91% of total count). The data of diversity indices for Zooplanktons shows that the sites River Tavi, Manawar wala Tavi and Canal Colony side were found to be highly diverse.
Keywords: Marala, Micro Invertebrates, Punjab, Zooplannkton

Abstract
In Theni district of Tamil Nadu, India thirty blood samples were collected from repeat breeder and normal dairy cows. The plasma glucose, serum cholesterol, serum protein, serum total lipid, serum calcium and serum phosphorus were estimated as per the standard biochemical methods. The plasma glucose level (mg/dl) in regular breeding animals and repeat breeding animals were 60.27±2.28 and 55.18±3.10 respectively. The serum total cholesterol level (mg/dl) of regular and repeat breeding cows were 114.14±9.72 and 98.90±12.48 respectively. The serum protein level (g/dl) of regular and repeat breeding cows were 6.70±0.09 and 6.32±0.04 respectively. The serum total lipid content (mg/dl) in regular and repeat breeding cows were 273.50±12.64 and 248.30±8.79 respectively. The serum calcium level (mg/dl) in regular and repeat breeding cows were 11.10±0.01 and 9.98±0.04 respectively. The serum phosphorus level (mg/dl) in regular and repeat breeding cows were 6.01±0.32 and 4.46±0.30 respectively. We conclude that the significantly decreased levels of blood glucose, total cholesterol, total protein, total lipids, calcium and phosphorus in repeat breeding dairy cows compared to normal dairy cows.
Keywords: Blood biochemical, Dairy cows, Repeat breeder crossbred, Tamil Nadu

Abstract
In Theni District, most of the works related to dairy animal management are looked after by rural women but their knowledge in dairy animal management is very poor. The main objective of this training programme was to motivate rural women to learn about knowledge of dairy farming so as to engage themselves in their free time to earn certain amount of income for their family. In the present study three days training programme were conducted for rural SHG Women on dairy farming and value added milk products at Farmers Training Center Theni, sponsored by NABARD, Chennai. Accordingly the transfer of technology work was carried out for 8 batches and total 495 participants were selected. On completion of the training programme feedback analysis was obtained from each batch and data was tabulated and interpreted. Among 495 trainees 156 trainees (31.51%) were 20-30 years of age, 169 trainees (34.14%) of 30-40 years of age, 134 trainees (27.07%) of 40-50 years of age and 36 trainees (7.27%) of above 50 years of age groups respectively. In these rural women trainees 246 trainees (49.70%) had up to primary school level education and 168 trainees (33.94%), 43 trainees (08.69%) , 30 trainees (6.06%) and 8 trainees (1.62%) were belonged to middle school, SSLC, HSC and degree levels of education. Out of the 495 trainees in 8 batches 446 trainees (90.10%) were married and 32 unmarried women (6.46%) and 17 were widows (3.43%). Out of 495 trainees, 422 (82.25%) trainees reared (or) owned dairy animals and 73 trainees (14.75%) had no dairy animals in their houses. Among 495 trainees 398 trainees (80.40%) had agriculture and other allied activities as their main occupation with dairy animals as their subsidiary occupation whereas 97 trainees (19.60%) had non agricultural occupation. Majority of the trainees i.e. 351 women were (71%) interested to start 1-3 dairy animal unit, 134 (27%) gave preference to heifer unit and 10 (2%) gave preference to mini dairy unit (maximum 10 dairy animals unit). Trainings conducted frequently should increase the level of knowledge, which reflects in to better dairy animal management and ultimately increases the dairy animal population and milk production in Theni district.
Keywords: Dairy cattle management training, Effectiveness of training, Profile of SHG women

Abstract
A study on Electron Microscopy of the uroliths was conducted in 9 clinical cases in dogs. Analysis of the calculi revealed calcium oxalate calculi in 55.56 per cent of the dogs, magnesium ammonium phosphate calculi in 33.33 per cent and calcium oxalate plus urate calculi in 11.11 per cent of the dogs. Scanning electron microscopy revealed bar shaped crystals in calcium oxalate calculi, rock like crystals in magnesium ammonium phosphate calculi and spindle shaped crystals in calcium oxalate plus urate calculi.
Keywords: Dog, Ultrastructure, Uroliths

Abstract
The use of haematology as an index of health status is well known, just like the use of erythrocyte osmotic fragility and heterophil-lymphocyte ratio (H:L) as biomarker of oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of molasses supplementation through drinking water on live weight gain, haematologic parameters and erythrocyte osmotic fragility in 7-week-old broiler chickens during the heat stress of the hot-dry season. Thirty unsexed broiler chickens of Arbor acres strain were used for this study. At 4-week-old, the birds were randomly allotted to three groups of 10 birds each. Group I chickens served as control and were given only drinking water. Group II chickens were given 5 mL molasses and group III chickens 7 mL molasses per litre of drinking water. The percentage weight gain was higher (P<0.01) in group II and III chickens than control. Group III chickens had significantly higher mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (P<0.05) and mean corpuscular volume (P<0.01). Lymphocyte counts were higher in group II (P<0.01) and group III chickens (P<0.01), while neutrophil counts and H:L were lower in the treatment groups (P<0.01) as compared with control chickens. Group III chickens had significantly higher platelet count than control. At 0.1% NaCl, erythrocytes of both control and group III chickens were more fragile (P<0.01) than those of group II chickens. While, at 0.7% NaCl erythrocytes of control chickens were significantly more fragile than that of group III. Therefore, it was concluded that molasses increased live weight gain, enhanced haemopoiesis and ameliorated the effect of oxidative stress induced by the heat stress of the hot-dry season in 7-week-old broiler chickens. Keywords: Broiler chickens, Molasses, Haematologic parameters, Live weight, Erythrocyte osmotic fragility

Abstract
Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of the chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla or sympathetic paraganglia and rare tumor of middle or aged dogs which leads to thromboembolism. Adult castrated Doberman dog having anamnesis of weight loss and progressive edema on both limbs for 2 months. At necropsy, left adrenal showed 8×4×4 cm size tumoral nodule of tan to gray, soft. Two-thirds of lumen of the caudal vena cava was obstructed by the mass. Cytopathology showed high cellularity consisting of round intact cells. Marked anisokaryosis, many mitotic figures and high nuclear to cytoplasm ratio were also observed. Histopathologically neoplastic cells differ from adrenal medullary cells with characteristically divided into short cords and nests by a prominent fibrovascular stroma. Cells were cuboidal with moderate amount of eosinophilic cytoplasm and hyper chromatic round to oval nuclei. Marked anisokaryosis and anisocytosis were observed. A final diagnosis of Pheochromocytoma was made based on necropsy, cytopathology and histopathological findings.
Keywords: Adrenal, Chromaffin cells, Cytology, Pheochromocytoma

Abstract
The abdominal wall reconstruction with fresh swim bladder, a cellular swim bladder and autografts after creating an abdominal wall defect of 3x4cm was performed in rabbits and the biocompatibility of the grafts were studied. The study revealed no adhesions, herniation and eventration in the acellular graft group where as minimal adhesions in the fresh graft and autograft groups. Neovascularization on the peritoneal side of the graft at the reconstructive site was seen by day 14 in all the groups. Histologically all the sections showed inflammatory cells, like neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages, at the host graft interface, marked fibroblastic activity towards subcutaneous layer with the formation of thin fibrous tissue and neocapillaries on the peritoneal side on 14th postoperative day. Acellular graft and autograft groups showed early mesothelialization on the peritoneal side of the graft on 7th day which prevented adhesion formation with visceral organs where as in fresh graft group mesothelialization was noticed on 14th postoperative day. Absence of foreign body giant cells and tissue reaction suggested the biocompatibility of the both fresh and acellular swim bladders with the host tissue.
Keywords: Abdominal wall, Acellular matrix, Rabbits, Swim bladder

Abstract
The present investigation was aimed to study the efficacy of the acellular swim bladder graft for augmentation cystoplsty in rabbits.A total of 24 rabbits of either sex divided in to three groups; augmentation cystoplasty with autogenous bladder graft, fresh acellular swim bladder and acellular swim bladder graft, following partial cystectomy procedure. Post operatively Lateral and ventrodorsal plain and contrast retrograde cystography studies were performed in live rabbits by using urographin material on 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th of postoperative day to study the patency of the reconstructed urinary bladder. Pneumoperitoneography is also conducted for better visualization of the abdomen. The acelluar swim bladder was well accepted by the host tissue and is ideal for augmentation cystoplasty rabbits followed by auto graft and fresh swim bladder graft.
Keywords: Acellular matrix, Cystoplasty, Rabbits, Swim bladder

Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the haematological alterations in cattle suffering from traumatic reticuloperitonitis. A series of case studies were conducted from December 2012 to February 2014 in cattle referred to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Science; Proddatur. A total of 11 cattle were diagnosed with traumatic reticuloperitonitis and most of them were referred with a history of fever, anorexia, sudden milk drop, stiff gait etc., upon examination, the cattle revealed fever, tachycardia, tachypnoea, with ruminal atony associated with mild bloat and dehydration. Condition was diagnosed with metal detector. Haematology revealed significant (P<0.05) erythrocytopenia, higher packed cell volume, lower haemoglobin concentration, lower mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, higher mean corpuscular volume, significant (P<0.05) leucocytosis with neutrophilia, presence of more number of immature neutrophils and decreased lymphocyte count. Keywords: Band cells, Cattle, Hematology, Traumatic reticuloperitonitis

Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) frequently known as “goat plague” or “Small ruminant plague” is a very noteworthy disease for the economy of any nation. The objective of the study is based on clinical signs, physical evaluation, clinical parameters, complete blood count (CBC) and serum biochemistry. Three animals (two bucks and one ram) were evaluated completely as suffering from PPR after critical investigation. All animals were presenting lymphopenia. In the absence of appropriate treatment all three animals were recommended enrofloxacin dosed at 2.2 mg/kg b.w and ketoprofen dosed at 2 mg/kg for 7 days along with fluid therapy and multivitamins powder for regular use. One of the buck died after 3 days but remaining two animals starts presenting recovery signs after 6 days and ultimately recovered up to 15 days but with weak body condition. Post-mortem of dead animal reveled hemorrhagic trachea, necropsied kidneys and mesenteric swollen lymph nodes. After fifteen days recovered animals were again passed through critical examination to investigate recovery progression. Increase in lymphocytic count to standard ranges was a durable mark of recovery.
Keywords: Gross pathology, Hematological parameters, Peste des petit ruminants (PPR), Small ruminants

Abstract
This communication describes the different diagnostic methods employed in diagnosis of hepatic disorders in canine. The current clinical study was conducted on a total of forty nine (n=49) dogs were suffering from various hepatic disorders. The diagnosis of disorders were made into acute hepatitis (n=14), chronic hepatitis (n=23) and Cholestasis/cholangiohepatitis (n=12). Ultrasonographic examination was carried out using 3-6.5 MHz transducer for various organs viz, hepatobiliary, urogenital and spleen. The ailing dogs with hepatomegaly were subjected to plain radiography by following the standard procedures. The mean values of haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total erythrocyte count and total platelet count were recorded to be 8.15±0.30g/dl, 25.33±1.06%, 3.81±0.14×106/µl, and 2.47±0.12×105/µl, respectively. A non-significant increase in the TLC (14.35±0.53×103/µl) was observed. Mean ALT, AST, ALP, Total bilirubin and BUN were 670.50±68.66 IU/L, 364.19±52.21 IU/L, 585.12±46.91 IU/L, 2.51±0.50 mg/dl and 25.69±1.90 mg/dl, respectively. Mean GGT and creatinine values were 16.38±5.53 IU/L and 1.51±0.11 mg/dl, respectively. Mean values of total protein, albumin, globulin, A/G ratio, plasma glucose and plasma cholesterol were 5.32±0.12 g/dl, 2.29±0.07g/dl, 3.01±0.07g/dl, 0.76±0.02, 66.28±2.03 mg/dl and 135.67±6.27mg/dl, respectively. Six (12.25%) dogs showed reduced parenchymal echogenicity with enhanced visualization of portal vessels suggestive of acute hepatitis. Dogs with hyperechoic bright liver and normal size were diagnosed as chronic hepatitis, which was observed in nine (18.36%) dogs. Bright and small liver with irregular margins was diagnosed as hepatic cirrhosis and was observed in four (8.16%) dogs. Cholestasis/cholangiohepatitis was diagnosed in 10 (20.40%) dogs having increased echogenicity of the wall with thickening of 2.9 to 3.7 mm. In three (6.12%) dogs which have been referred as the ultrasonographic murphy sign characteristic of acute cholecystitis.
Keywords: Dog, Hepatic disorders, Serobiochemical, Ultrasonography

Abstract
The elastic fibres are essential tissue elastic macromolecules created by fibrillin-rich microfibrils. They appear in dermis much later than the collagen fibres. The study has shown that these fibres were completely absent in group I fetuses (Crown Rump length up to 20cm), appears originating in group II fetuses (20 cm and above C R length). Micrographs show very clear genesis of fibres in group II fetuses. Grown-up fetuses of this group (CR length 30 to 35 cm) show the intensity invariably elevated very high, a common feature of growing dynamic tissues continues up to group III, neonate group. There is clear view of histogenesis of elastic fibres in fetal stage and remarkable changes with the growing age.
Keywords: Ageing, Elastic fibres, Elastin, Fibrillin microfibrils, TEM

Abstract
Study was conducted on 10 goat fetuses(5 from group I- CR length upto 20 cm and 5 from group II- CR length 20 cm and above), 5 neonatal goats (group III) and 5 adult goats (group IV) to study the configuration of collagen fibers in the skin of Capra hircus. Connective tissue in the dermis is composed of the fibrous proteins collagen, elastin, and reticulin in which collagen accounts for 70% of the total fibres. The observation (Transmission Electron Microscopic study) revealed that the fibre formation in the sections of group I fetuses was not apparent. In group II fetuses the collagen fibres appeared to arise at the angles of the fibroblast cell mainly in deep zone of dermal matrix. Micrographs show very clear histogenesis of fibres in this group. In group II (around 30 to 35 cm CR length) fetuses the growth in due course of time elevated very high. There is clear view of histogenesis of collagen fibres in fetal stage and remarkable changes with the growing age. The collagen assimilation was intense in group III goats coupled with a dynamic rearrangement of the tender collagen bundles in the dermal region. In group IV showing distribution of dense collagen bundles found in rigorously scattered and slack slender groups running parallel to the epidermis. In this group samples the variation is associated with a loss of fibrous tissue, slower rate of cellular renewal, and a reduced vascular and glandular network.
Keywords: Collagen, Fibroblast, Histogenesis, Microfibrils, TEM

Abstract
The management of uterine torsion in a 4 years old pluriparous ewe at parturition is described. On examination, all the sign of parturition were present. Live male lamb delivered by using Schaffer’s method uterine torsion was corrected and animal was recovered.
Keywords: Pluriparous, Rambouillet ewe, Schaffer’s methods, Uterine torsion, Uterus

Abstract
The present study was under taken to find out the comparative efficacy of commonly used diagnostic tests for detection of subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle of Andhra Pradesh. Present communication aims to find out the specificity, sensitivity and predictive value of different indirect tests California mastitis test (CMT), electrical conductivity (EC) and somatic cell count (SCC) taking cultural test as standard in sub clinical mastitis affected cattle. Out of 135 quarter milk samples subjected to CMT, EC and SCC taking cultural examination as standard, the per cent accuracies were found to be 73.33, 70.37 and 71.00 respectively. The false positive reactions were more in CMT (24.60%) followed by SCC (23.70%) and EC (20.40%) where as the false negative reactions were highest in EC (34.90%) followed by SCC (31.60%) and CMT (28.60%). The sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of different tests were studied and it was found that EC had the highest specificity (84.84%) and predictive value (79.59%) with lowest sensitivity (56.62%) than compare with the other diagnostic methods for diagnosis of sub clinical mastitis in cattle. Electrical conductivity can be used as the decision criteria to treat or to cull the animals in herds with high prevalence of subclinical mastitis.
Keywords: Cattle, California mastitis test, Electrical conductivity, Somatic cell count, Subclinical mastitis

Abstract
A three year old male boxer dog was presented with unknown history of trauma resulting in dropped right hock and partial weight bearing on the limb. Physical examination and ultrasonography revealed complete rupture of superficial digital flexor and gastrocnemius tendons. Under the combination of atropine, diazepam and ketamine general aneasthesia, termino terminal suturing of both the tendons by locking loop suture pattern with No.1 polyglactin was done. Post operatively, the limb was immobilized with a padded plaster of paris (POP) bandage with a window at the incision site for regular dressing. The dog showed partial weight bearing on the operated limb from 3rd post operative day which improved progressively. After 4 months of surgery there were no signs of lameness / gait abnormality and the dog showed complete recovery.
Keywords: Limb immobilization, Locking loop suture, Tendon rupture

Abstract
The objective of our study is to investigate the prevalence of canine gastrointestinal nematodes and identify the potential risk factors in different areas of China. Total 358 fecal samples from different regions were examined by the method of flotation-centrifugation and precipitation. The results suggested that the overall prevalence rate was about 41.1%; no differences of prevalence rate were discovered in age and gender, however, significant difference in regions. Different prevalence of common nematodes were Ancylostoma caninum, Toxocara canis, Strongyloides stercoralis, Physaloptera, Trichuris vulpis and the percentage were 19.0, 16.5, 7.8, 4.2 and 0.3% respectively. From our finding, it is concluded that canine gastrointestinal nematodes are heavily prevalent in China, which increase the transmission of zoonotic pathogens from sick dogs to human.
Keywords: China, Dogs, Gastrointestinal nematode, Prevalence, Risk factors

Abstract
The present study was carried out to determine the in situ degradation kinetics of total mixed rations supplemented with or without exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) using Nylon bag technique in bulls. Four dietary treatments viz., TMR with R: C ratio of 60: 40 (T1), T1 supplemented with exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (T2), TMR with R: C ratio of 70: 30 (T3) and T3 supplemented with exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (T4) were evaluated for their rumen degradable DM, CP, NDF and ADF using three buffalo bulls fitted with a permanent rumen fistula. In sacco study revealed that the effective degradability (ED) of DM, CP, NDF and ADF were higher (P<0.01) in TMR with R: C ratio of 60: 40 (T1) when compared to that with 70: 30 (T3). Further, the % effective degradability of DM, CP, NDF and ADF increased (P<0.01) with the supplementation of EFE in TMRs irrespective of R: C ratio. It is therefore concluded that supplementation of EFE in TMRs has a positive effect irrespective of the R: C ratio as evidenced by their increased degradation rates in the rumen. Keywords: Buffalo bulls, Degradation kinetics, Exogenous fibrolytic enzymes, Total mixed rations