Abstract
Use of herbal drugs has received greater attention in recent times, because of their diverse nature of curing diseases, safety and well-tolerated remedies compared to conventional drugs. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the comparative wound healing activity of R. emodi and its different extracts. The study was conducted on twenty four (n=24) apparently healthy rabbits for a period of 21 days. Animals were randomly divided into four equal groups,of 6 animals each. In group A, povidone iodine ointment was used, which served as control. The animals of group B were treated with, 10% ethanolic extract ointment, group C with 10% aqueous extract ointment, group D with 10% petroleum ether extract ointment of R. emodi. Xylazine-ketamine combination was used for the introduction of general anaesthesia. Two full thickness square excisional cutaneous wounds of 1.5 x 1.5cm size, 2.5 cm apart from one another were created on either side of dorsal spine in the thoraco-lumbar region. A locally fabricated metal marker was used to demarcate the standardized wound margins. The efficacy of herb as a wound healing agent was evaluated on the basis of wound size and percentage healing. Extract treated groups showed complete and better healing. The percentage healing at the end of study period was 77.73% in control group and 100% in extract treated groups, which indicates that Rhubarb and its extracts accelerate wound healing process in rabbit model.
Keywords: Different extract of R. emodi, Full-thickness wounds, Rabbit, Wound healing

Abstract
A study was conducted in two high dairy potential areas of Kenya to determine the bacteriological and compositional quality of milk produced by small scale farmers and the best microbiological test that could be applied at the milk collection level. A total of 297 milk samples were collected from both study sites. Direct and indirect bacteriological analysis of the milk was done using the total count, coliform count, titratable acidity and resazurin tests. Compositional analysis was done by testing for the fat content, solids not fat (SNF), density, protein and added water using a milk analyzer (Lactoscan).
The results obtained from the assessment of the bacteriological and compositional quality were judged against the Kenya Bureau of Standards (KeBS) bench marks.
Both regions had most of the samples analysed (?77%) within the acceptable bacteriological quality levels. Test for correlation was done between the direct and indirect microbiological tests. Significant positive correlation (P<0.05) was found between the Resazurin test and the Total count and Coliform count test in both study areas. No significant correlation was found between the Titratable acidity and the Total count and Coliform count tests. On compositional analysis, the average pH, fat and the freezing point were within the recommended ranges while the SNF, protein and density were below the recommended ranges. Added water was above the limit set indicating presence of adulteration. Most of the milk collected from the study area was within the established bench marks in Kenya. However, there was need to strengthen milk testing at the collection centre level. The resazurin test was found to be a good indicator test for milk quality that could be applied at the collection level. Keywords: Bacteriological, Coliform count, Composition, Milk, Total count

Abstract
Canine babesiosis and ehrlichiosis are tick-borne diseases that often cause life-threatening illness in dogs worldwide. Though the diseases are enzootic in Kenya, their prevalence is currently unknown. The respective median prevalence rates for the 24-year period (1987 to 2010) were 1.41% (interquartile range: 1.15, 1.71) for babesiosis and 0.89% (interquartile range: 0.69, 1.29) for ehrlichiosis. Further, a steady decline in the annual prevalence rates was evident for both diseases. No association was observed between annual prevalence rates of either disease and annual rainfall amounts. The results suggest changing patterns in the frequency of canine babesiosis and ehrlichiosis in this geographic setting.
Keywords: Babesiosis, Ehrlichiosis, Pattern, Prevalence

Abstract
The present study was carried out on ten adult, apparently healthy domestic pigeons of different ages and sexes. Each bird was exsanguinated; the caudal vena cava was cannulated and flushed with warm normal saline solution (0.9%), then injected with blue colored gum milk latex to study the tributaries of the hepatic portal vein. The origin, the course and the drainage of the right and left hepatic portal veins were studied. The hepatic portal venous system collected venous blood from the abdominal viscera including; glandular and muscular stomachs, liver, pancreas, spleen, small and large intestines. The hepatic portal vein drained from left and right hepatic portal veins. The small left hepatic portal vein drained blood from parts of glandular and muscular stomachs through the ventral proventriculus and the left gastric veins. While the main right hepatic portal vein drained blood from the rest of the gastrointestinal tract and spleen through the proventriculosplenic, the gastropancreatico-duodenal and the common mesenteric veins.
Keywords: Domestic pigeon, Gastrointestinal tract, Hepatic Portal vein

Abstract
This work was carried out on the heads of ten apparently healthy adult Egyptian domestic cats of both sexes, from ten to nineteen months of age. Manually dissected specimens conducted for studying the morphology and metrical aspects of the tongue of the adult Egyptian cat. Different regions of tongue, position, shape and density of the lingual papillae as well as the lingual muscles origins, insertions and actions are expressed by five figures to study the morphology of tongue. For metrical aspects of the tongue, this study supported by Charts and tables to demonstrate the length, average length, width, average width, thickness and average thickness of each part of the tongue. The obtained results were photographed using Nikon digital camera 20 mega pixel, 16X and discussed with their corresponding features of authors who performed earlier studies in other species. The nomenclature used was adopted according to the Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (2005).
Keywords: Egyptian domestic cats, Morph-metrical studies, Tongue

Abstract
The study was carried out on small ruminants slaughtered at the Dagoretti and Kiserian abattoirs in Nairobi and Kajiado Counties, from April to June 2013. The objective was to determine the prevalence and types of indigestible foreign bodies in the rumen of sheep and goats and potential risk factors associated with their occurrence. A total of 1,040 sheep and goats, 520 from each abattoir were examined after selection by systematic random sampling. The sheep were 666 and the goats were 374. Of these, 112 (10.8%) had indigestible foreign bodies in the rumen. Of those with foreign bodies, 67 (10.1%) were sheep and 45 (12%) were goats. A slightly higher prevalence was found in females (12.0%) than males (10.1 %) in both animal species. Prevalence of rumen foreign bodies was higher (17.7%) in 2-3 year old sheep and goats than other age groups. The foreign bodies recovered were plastic bags (72.3%), fruit seeds (8.0%), nylon ropes (4.5%), metals wires (4.5%), clothing (1.8%), stone pebbles (0.9%) and mixture of materials (8.0%). The weight of the foreign bodies recovered from the rumen varied from 0.91g to 2.10kg. Age and body condition were found to be significantly (P<0.05) associated with the occurrence of foreign bodies while breed, sex and location had no association (P>0.05). A prevalence of 10.8% foreign bodies in sheep and goats is due to environmental pollution at the origin of the animals that may adversely affect the overall productivity and production of sheep and goats in Kenya.
Keywords: Abattoir, Environmental pollution, Foreign bodies, Sheep and goats

Abstract
A study was carried out from March 2012- September 2012 to estimate the prevalence and assess contribution of major risk factors for the occurrence of bovine mastitis in small holder dairy cows in Northern state, Sudan. Out of 400 lactating cows in 121 smallholder dairy farms were investigated. The prevalence of clinical and sub-clinical mastitis at cow level was 10.5% and 72% respectively. Risk factors such as previous exposure to mastitis (?2 = 158.9, P = 0.00,), type of quarter (?2 = 3.678, P = 0.055), sharing of milkman between farms (?2 = 3.518, P = 0.061) and yielding milk (?2 = 3.769, P = 0.052) showed statistically significant association with mastitis. However, risk factors such as age, health score, injuries in udder, presence of ticks of udder, herd size, washing of udder and teats and stage of lactation did not show statistically significant association with the occurrence of mastitis. In the multivariate analysis, previous exposure to mastitis (Exp (B) = 5.929, P= 0.00) and sanitary practice (Exp (B) = 5.979, P= 0.033) were found to be the most statistically significant risk factors.
Keywords: Clinical, Mastitis, Prevalence, Risk factors, Sub-clinical

Abstract
There was no report yet on the effective methods of estrus synchronization in Aceh cattle. The aim of this study was to determine percentage and intensity of estrus, pregnancy, relationship between intensity of estrus and percentage of pregnancy resulted from artificial insemination artificial insemination in Indonesian aceh cattle induced by two estrus synchronization methods. Group I (K1, n=5), were synchronized with double injection using prostaglandin (PGF2?) 5 ml intramuscularly with interval 10 days, whereas Group II (K2, n=5) synchronized using CIDR-B inserted into vagina during 7 days and followed by injection of PGF2? 5 ml intramuscularly on day 6. The cattle were inseminated 12 hours after the signs of estrus appearance using frozen semen fertile. Intensity of estrus was performed using score in a scale 0 to 5. Percentage of estrus, intensity of estrus, and pregnancy percentage of cattle in K1 vs K2 respectively 80.0 vs 80.0%; 4.2±0.84 vs 4.4±0.90, dan 100.0 vs 100.0%. The relationship between the intensity of estrus and conception rates show significant correlation with coefficient correlation 0.832.
Keywords: Efficacy, Estrus synchronization, Indonesian aceh cattle

Abstract
Dermatomycosis in domestic animals is of considerable economic importance due to its frequent occurrence. The present study was undertaken to investigate epidemiological aspects of the disease and to evaluate efficacy of polyherbal preparation in treatment of dermatomycosis in 32 cattle. Age-wise distribution of dermatomycosis was found to be maximum in 5 to 8 year age group (43.75%) followed by 9 to 12 years (31.25%) and least in cattle of 1 to 4 years of age group (25%). Breed-wise highest incidence of dermatomycosis was recorded in non-descript cattle (59.37%) followed by Red Kandhari cattle (31.25%) and least in Deoni cattle (9.37%). Sex-wise distribution of dermatomycosis revealed cent per cent incidence in males. Out of 32 dermatomycosis affected males, 87.50% were castrated and 12.50% were non castrated one. The characteristic skin lesions were invariably noticed over hump, back and head. Initially erection and thinning of hairs, accompanied by itching and exudation was noticed at the affected site. This was followed by variable degree of alopecia and formation of grayish-white dry crusts at the site. In later stages, thickening of skin with increase in size and number of lesions was observed. The lesions were dry and pruritus was severe. Affected animals were treated with polyherbal spray (Vetomax spray) containing Panchgun tail, Indradaru and Saral. Out of 32 animals treated, 30 were completely recovered within 60 days indicating 93.75 per cent efficacy. Two animals did not recover even by 60 days of treatment due to irregular treatment. Being aerosol spray, it is convenient for application by the farmer or owner. It also saves the efforts of bringing the animal to the hospital for follow up treatment and has no side effects.
Keywords: Cattle, Dermatomycosis, Polyherbal spray, Skin

Abstract
A study was carried out to determine the prevalence of trypanosomiasis in buffaloes in Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh, Gannavaram from January 2002 to December 2011. The prevalence of trypanosomiasis was 9.35% with more prevalence in rainy season (46.92%). The major symptoms manifested were drop in milk yield, fever reduced appetite corneal opacity, lacrymation, urticaria, circling, shivering, stiff gait, emaciation, anemia, epistaxis and abortion. About 88.07 per cent (827/939) of the affected buffaloes revealed reduction in milk yield.
Keywords: Abortion, Milk yield, T. Evansi, Trpanosomiasis

Abstract
A young black kite weighing 623 grams with the history of trauma due to unknown cause and unable to fly was presented. Physical examination revealed the bird to be dull and depressed with exposed bones of right wing having sharp edges along with the loss of soft tissue coverage. Radiographic examination confirmed the fracture of the distal third of metacarpal bone of the right wing. The bird was anaesthetized with diazepam followed 5 minutes later by Ketamine. The intramedullary pinning was done and butterfly-cast was applied for external immobilization of whole affected right wing. The bird was confined in a cage to restrict movement for a period of two weeks. Postoperatively, Meloxicam and Enrofloxacin were administered along with antiseptic wound dressing for 10 days. On removal of pin on 25th day, complete healing of the area was observed and the bird recovered completely without any complications.
Keywords: Diazepam, Fracture, Ketamine, Kite, Metacarpal