Abstract
Incidence of cancer is increasing day by day in canine population. Cytological analysis is a quick, inexpensive and promising diagnostic technique to differentiate the benign and malignant cells. Previous reports have shown very good correlation of its outcome with histopathological findings. Despite this, its potential is still in its infancy in veterinary practice. Considering these facts, we have attempted to enhance the accuracy of the diagnostic outcome with the concomitant application of cytology, histopathology, gross morphology and morphometric analysis in spontaneous mammary gland tumors. In this study, we examined 15 cases of spontaneous canine mammary tumors, wherein 13.3% (2) and 86.6% (13) were found to be benign and malignant tumors, respectively. Amongst these, cytological analysis corroborated very well with histopathological findings in 84.61% (13) and 15.38% (2) incorrect diagnosis. In addition, gross morphology and morphometric analysis of the tumors were also conducted to gain additional insights in the outcome.
Keywords: Canine, Cytology, Gross, Histopathology, Mammary gland tumors, Morphometry

Abstract
The study was performed on ten healthy dogs to evaluate the quality of analgesic effect on selected vital physiological parameters and complete haematological profiles. The dogs were randomly divided into ketamine alone (KA) and combination of ketamine + xylazine (KX) group, each group comprising five animals. Dogs in KA group were given fixed doses of ketamine at 10mgkg-1 through lumbosacral epidural space. Group KX were given ketamine at 10mgkg-1 in combination with Xylazine at 0.5mgkg-1 via the same route. There was complete analgesia caudal to the thoracic region in both the groups. The mean onset of analgesia in group KA was shorter (2.2±0.45) compared with group KX (2.8±0.84). Duration of analgesia in group KX was longer (60±12.23) compared with (50±7.07) in KA group. There was transient increase in heart and respiratory rates in all the groups with significant differences. There was decrease in RBC, Hb, PCV and RDW with significant differences. Transient decrease in total WBC, total granulocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes was also noticed with significant differences. There was also decrease in total platelets, platelets critical value, mean platelets volume and platelets dimension width with significant difference at certain timing intervals in all the groups. It was concluded that single lumbosacral epidural administration of ketamine (10mgkg-1) alone or in combination with xylazine (0.5mgkg-1) can produce analgesia caudal to thoracic region with minimal cardiopulmonary and haematological effects.
Keywords: Analgesia, Dogs, Epidural, Ketamine, Lumbosacral, Xylazine

Abstract
Equine piroplasmosis is a clinically significant widespread tick borne disease affecting equine population. Thus, this study aims to describe the clinical signs, correlation between the developed anemias and mineral status along with the lipid peroxidation product Malondialdehyde (MDA) in naturally occurring T. equi infected horses in Egypt. Twenty-five horses of different age and sex were involved in this study; horses have signs compatible with babesial infection were examined. Fever, hemoglobinuria and icterus were the most consistent clinical signs recorded in this study. The hematology picture showed decrease in red cell parameters along with leucocytosis. Macrocytic hypochromic anemia was found in infected horses alongside relative increase in copper and relative decrease in ferrous and zinc. MDA showed very statistically significant difference when compared to control data. In conclusion, high level of MDA along with reduction in PCV, HB, and RBCs count is indicating the presence of oxidative stress and implicating the process as a cause of anemia in T. equi infection. The mineral status (Cu, Zn, Fe) appeared to be directly affected by the parasite and the mineral status influenced by the anemic syndrome associated with T. equi. Inversely correlation between zinc and MDA level might be used in planning the treatment strategy of T. equi. Including these minerals in treatment regimen of T. equi will help to counter the anemic nature of the disease.
Keywords: T. equi, Trace Minerals, Malondialdehyde, Hematology, Equine

Abstract
The main functions of the mammalian lacrimal secretion are to wash and moisten the anterior surface of the eyeball. The seasonal morphological changes in the lacrimal gland could be a part of the mechanism that keeps the tear film at the anterior surface of the eye of dromedary camel in balance under its hot and dry habitat. This study aimed to detect the seasonal histological and morphometric changes in the lacrimal gland of dromedary camels. The study was performed on glandular samples of 20 adult healthy camels collected during hot summer and cold winter seasons from Tambul slaughterhouse, Sudan. The histological observations showed that the gland was formed of seromucous compound tubulo-alveolar secretory units. The number of serous secretory units appeared to be increased in summer compared to those in winter in which the mucous units were increased. The morphometric measurements showed significantly (P<0.05) increased glandular volume and secretory units epithelial height with consequent non-significantly (P>0.05) decreased luminal diameter in summer compared to those in winter; non-significantly (P>0.05) increased interstitial connective tissue thickness was also observed in winter. It was concluded that the seasonal climatic variations cause structural and physiological effects on the camel lacrimal gland.
Keywords: Dromedary, Lachrymal gland, Morphological study

Abstract
Proximate compositions of wild and pond-reared catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell, 1822) were studied between May and July 2013. The comparative work was carried out to find out if habitat could affect the nutrient composition of the fish. Standard method were employed in the analysis of body nutrients, for the pond raised catfish, percentage crude protein was 13.36±0.4, Fat 4.81±0.06, moisture 75.99±0.93, dry matter 23.01±0.67 and Nitrogen free Extract, NFE 97.73±0.51. For the wild catfish caught from the river, percentage crude protein was 12.27±0.87, fat 10.94±4.12, moisture 74.28±2.18, dry matter 27.03±2.7, NFE 98.07±0.69, GE 2.95±0.21 Ash 0.93±0.41, Fibre 0.74±0.11. There were no significant difference (P>0.05) in nutrient composition between Clarias garieprnus from pond and wild for most of the nutrients analysed except for crude fat 10.94±4.12% wild fish which was significantly higher (P<0. 05) than 4.81±0.06% recorded in pond reared catfish. This was also true for dry matter 27.03±2.7% in river fish which statistically higher (P<0.05) than 23.0±0.67 observed in pond fish. The results indicated that will sourced Clarias gariepinus accumulate more fat than that of pond.
Keywords: Body nutrients, Proximate compositions, Wild and pond-reared cat fish (Clarias gariepinus)

Abstract
Morphomeristic variation between three (3) cichlids species were investigated from two aquatic ecosystems (pond and river) in Imo state using morphometnc and meristic characteristics. The purpose was to analyze the morphomeristic characters of this species and investigate possible variation in those characters. To achieve this, seven inorphometric measurements (body depth, standard length, total length head length, head width, caudal fin length and caudal peduncle width), Five meristic counts dorsal fin rays, anal fin rays, number of scales on lateral line, number of gill rakers on first bronchial arch and density/pigmentation of pharyngeal teeth).Three external morphological features (shape of caudal fin, colour of body, dorsal, anal, throat, caudal and flank, network on caudal (colour mix) were made on each of the studied fish specimen population (Oreochrornis niloticus, Hemichromis fasciatus, tilapia zilli). The morphometric analysis on the test fish samples from the river showed significant variation (P>0.05) in head length of tilapia zilli. Both depth and caudal peduncle width in Hemichromis fasciatus from the fish samples from the pond. The meristic count from the test fish samples from the river showed no variation from the test fish samples from the pond. These results indicated that the small differences were not necessarily apparent in individual specimens but only in the average of the large population tested. These specimens could be grouped into their respective collection site based on the morphometric characters. The morphometric difference between the populations may have appeared due to size, weight or genetic differences or environmental factors. The 15 characters extracted from the morphomeristic analysis played important role in identification and morphological differentiation of the selected fish species.
Keywords: Hemichromis fasciatus, Morphomeristic characteristics, Oreochrornis niloticus, Tilapia

Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the most important viral disease affecting chickens, causing unbearable loses in both backyard and commercial chicken in Asia, America and Africa The mortality rate due to velogenic strain can be up to 100 % thus destroying the whole flocks A number of vaccination strategies have been implied to prevent this fatal disease in Pakistan but with a limited success Vaccination with the lentogenic strain invokes only humoral response while vaccination with the velogenic strains could be dangerous for the immuno-compromised birds Emerging concept of DNA vaccine may be a mile stone in the control of ND in Pakistan Better safety and satisfactory immuno-stimulatory profile augments the importance of DNA vaccine This review is a brief description of ND status in Pakistan, pros and cons of various vaccination approaches and recent advances in development of ND vaccines.
Keywords: Cytokines, DNA vaccine, Newcastle, Poultry, Vaccination

Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a very contagious and potentially fatal viral disease seen in dogs. In the present study signs exhibited by the 72 CPV infected dogs were recorded. Dogs were identified suffering with CPV infection with Scan VetTM Parvo kit. All the dogs exhibited the clinical signs such as vomitions and diarrhoea, elevated mean rectal temperature, heart rate and respiratory rate. Among the 72 dogs treatment was given to the 27 CPV infected dogs with Inj. Cefotaxime dosed at 25mg/kg body weight once/day, intra venous for 5days, Inj. Metaclopramide dosed at 0.2mg/ kg body weight once/day, intra venous for 3 days, Inj. Ranitidine dosed at 0.5mg/kg body weight, intra venous once/day for 3 days, 5% Dextrose and Ringers Lactate based on the dehydration status of the individual dog. Among the 27 CPV infected dogs 24 were successfully treated.
Keywords: Canine parvo viral infection, Dogs, Signs, Tirupathi, Treatment

Abstract
Fifty (50) Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and 50 Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were screened for lactic acid bacteria (LAB) using specific media.The antibacterial activity of LAB was estimated against pathogenic bacteria (Aeromonas cavie and Pseudomonas fluorescence). The results indicated that the recovered LAB isolates from intestine of Nile tilapia and Common carp were 13 (26%) and 4 (8%), respectively. The isolated species were Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus animalis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus raffinolactis recovered from Nile Tilapia intestine, whereas Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus animalis, Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus acidophilus were isolated from Common carp. LAB isolates had an antibacterial effect against Pseudomonas fluorescence and Aeromonas cavie.
Keywords: Aeromonas, Antimicrobial activity, Fish, LAB, Pseudomonas

Abstract
Investigation of ethanolic and petroleum ether extracts from the Murraya koenigii fruits (MKF) for their anthelmintic activity against Indian earthworm (Pheretima posthuma). Four concentrations (50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/ml) of each extracts were studied in activity, which involved the determination of time of paralysis and time of death of the worm. Piperazine citrate (15 mg/ml) was taken as a reference standard drug and distilled water as control. When the dose of extract gradually increased Murraya Koenigii shows gradual increase in anthelmintic activity characterized by paralysis of earthworm and its death. The ethanolic extract showed better anthelmintic activity as compared with petroleum ether extract. From the results of the present study, it concluded that the ethanolic and petroleum ether extracts of Murraya koenigii fruit possesses anthelmintic activity. The present study is further supported by isolation of two carbazole alkaloids from fruit extract which may be responsible for the anthelmintic activity.
Keywords: Murraya koenigii fruits, Anthelmintics, Pheretima posthuma, Paralysis, Death

Abstract
Laparoscopy provides better visualization and several other advantages like lesser trauma, minor complications and faster return to normalcy. The present paper was aimed to study and evaluate the technique for cryptochidectomy in cat. A 7 month old monorchid cat was subjected to laparoscopic assisted cryptorchidectomy after clinical examinations and diagnosis. Using two portal assisted approach and bipolar electrocoagulations technique the spermatic cord and the gubernaculum testis were cauterized, transected and removed. Skin incisions were sutured routinely. The cat recovered uneventfully within 4 days time period.
Keywords: Cat, Laparoscopic assisted technique, Monorchid

Abstract
In the present study epulis (tumour of the periodontal ligament, a structure that holds the teeth) was recorded in an eight year old female cow. The oral cavity was occluded by a large mass and interfering with normal mastication. Animal was restrained in lateral recumbency under xylazine sedation. The mass was removed surgically under 2% lignocaine hydrochloride was infiltrated around base of the tumor. For control of haemorrhage, gauze soaked in tincture benzoin was applied in the cavity for 2 minute and later dressed with gauze of povidone iodine. Postoperatively, the animals were administered broad-spectrum antibiotics which consisted of injection of oxytetracycline 1500 mg intramuscularly for 5 days and meloxicam 50 mg intramusculary for 3 days. Fluid therapy which consisted of ringer’s lactate 3 litres and 5% dextrose normal saline 3 litres was given intravenously for 3 days. Alternate day dressing was performed with spirit and povidone ointment. The postoperative course was uneventful.
Keywords: 2% lignocaine hydrochloride, Cow, Epulis, Mastication

Abstract
Obturator nerve injury is a common cause of postpartum recumbence in cows that often lead to economic losses due to death or loss of production. Treatment of such downer cows is always a challenge since they often carry poor prognoses. Due to prolonged recumbence that comes along with the problem and for animal welfare reasons valuable cows end up being slaughtered as a salvage procedure. However, cases of obturator nerve paralysis have been managed with variable successes. In this case recovery was recorded after use of dexamethasone and vitamin B12 given in high doses three days apart, alongside Vitamin E, selenium. Coupled with prompt intervention of continuous massage of the limbs and sporting the cow in a standing position, the cow was able to rise without support in nine days. The combination was therefore useful and could be used in cases with non severe obturator nerve injuries in valuable cows.
Keywords: Obturator nerve paralysis, Dexamethasone, Vitamin B12, E Selenium, Downer cow