Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the haematological, selected serum biochemicals and electrolytes parameters of donkeys experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi as well as determine the effects of isometamidium chloride and buparvaquone treatments. Twenty four healthy donkeys, about 11 to 15 months old participated in the experiment. Six animals were assigned to each of groups A1 (Infected-untreated), A2 (Infected, isometamidium-treated), A3 (Infected, buparvaquone-treated) and B (Un-infected-untreated; control) at random. Two (2) ml inoculum (2.0×106 Trypanosoma evansi parasites) was used to infect each animal in groups A1, A2 and A3 through jugular vein. Groups A2 and A3 animals were treated on day 28 post-infection with isometamidium chloride (1%) using 0.5mgKg-1 I.M. once and buparvaquone (5%) using 2.5mgKg-1 I.M. twice at 72 hours apart. Mean parasitaemia counts were evaluated post-infection and post-treatment while haematological, serum biochemical and electrolytes parametres were evaluated pre-infection, post-infection and post-treatment. Data was analysed using Analysis of Variance at 95% confidence level (P<0.05 = statistically significant). Means of parasitaemia counts and blood/serum parameters are presented on graphs and tables respectively. From the result, groups A1 donkeys had declined mean serum total Protein, Albumin, Calcium ion and bicarbonate ion levels but increased Alkaline phosphatase activity. Group A2 showed elevations in Albumin and bicarbonate ion, and declines in Alkaline phosphatase, Creatinine and blood urea nitrogen to pre-infection levels. Also, increases in Phosphate ion, and Potassium ion were observed following treatment. The group A3 did not show reversal of elevations in the levels of Alkaline phosphatase and blood urea nitrogen activities to pre-infection levels. In conclusion, the changes in donkeys experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi were haematological (anaemia and lymphocytopenia), serum biochemical (hypoproteinaemia, hypoalbuminaemia, Alkaline phosphatase and Blood urea nitrogen activities) and serum electrolyte (hypocalcaemia and decreased bicarbonate ion level). Isometamidium chloride treatment restored the levels of Albumin, bicarbonate ion, Alkaline phosphatase, Creatinine and Blood urea nitrogen to pre-infection (normal) levels with accompanying hyperphosphatemia and hyperkalaemia. Treatment with buparvaquone did not restore altered serum parameters to pre-infection levels.
Keywords: Biochemical, Buparvaquone, Donkeys, Electrolyte, Isometamidium chloride, Trypanosoma evansi-infected

Abstract
The release of fetal membranes postpartum is a physiological process and involves loss of fetomaternal adherence, combined with contraction of uterine musculature and is usually accomplished within 6 hours of calving. Retained placenta is failure of the placenta to be expelled within 6-24 hours post calving. Such retention creates a number of problems by allowing microorganisms to grow inside the uterus causing inflammation, fever, decreased milk yield, and longer calving intervals. The prevalence of RFM appears to be varying from country to country or place to place, year to year and breed to breed. Potential risk factors for retention of placenta include infectious diseases, managemental system, nutrition, hereditary, hormonal, maternal immune system, twining, cow’s body weight, calves’ birth weight, age, and parity. Cows with retained placenta are reported have higher incidence of metritis and lower conception rates. The economic losses due to retained placenta in dairy cattle existed as a consequence of longer calving interval, delayed post-delivery service interval, reduced conception rate, infertility, loss of milk production, the costs of veterinary service and drugs. Commonly used hormone in treating RFM is prostaglandins and oxytocin. Systemic use of antibiotics is believed to be beneficial in RFM cases where fever is present. Current evidence does not support manual removal as an effective treatment for RFM. The control of retained placenta needs to focus on the control of causative factors. Approaches to prevent occurrence of RFM in cattle include cow comfort, proper immunization and careful nutritional management (mineral supplementation), particularly during the transition period.
Keywords: Retention of placenta, Metritis, Delayed removal

Abstract
Clinico-haematological effects of single and mixed experimental infection of Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei on parvoviral vaccinated dogs were studied in mongrel dogs. Twenty dogs of mixed sexes and 4-6 months of age weighing an average of 6.3 kg were used for the experiment. The dogs were divided into five groups of four animals each. Group A were vaccinated and uninfected, group B were unvaccinated and uninfected, group C were vaccinated and infected with T. congolense, group D were vaccinated and infected with T. brucei and group E were vaccinated and infected with T. congolense and T. brucei. Clinical signs observed in the dogs were pyrexia, anorexia, emaciation, lethargy, rough hair coat, white ocular discharges and pale mucus membranes. Trypanosoma brucei and T. congolense had pre-patent period of 6 and 21 days respectively post infection while that of the mixed infection was 7 days post infection when T. brucei became evident. Although the clinical signs of infection due to both species were generally similar, pyrexia appeared to be more characteristic of T. brucei than of T. congolense infection. Significant decrease (P<0.05) in body weight of dogs was observed in the infected groups (C, D and E) which differed from the uninfected groups (A and B). There were significant decreases (P<0.05) in PCV, total RBC and haemoglobin concentration following infection in the infected groups compared to the uninfected groups. Early leukocytosis was observed in the group infected with only T. congolense. This increase was associated with increase in the absolute numbers of neutrophil and eosinophil counts. Leucopenia was generally observed in this study among the infected groups. Decreased absolute numbers of lymphocytes and neutrophils occurred later in the group infected with only T. congolense. Leukocytosis occurred only in dogs that were vaccinated. It was thus concluded that there were clinical and haematological changes associated with canine trypanosomosis in canine parvoviral vaccinated dogs that generally led to leucopenia leading to immunosuppression among the vaccinated dogs. Leukocytosis only occurred among dogs that were vaccinated.
Keywords: Clinico-haematological changes, Trypanosomes, Canine parvovirus, Vaccination, Mongrel dogs, Experimental infection

Abstract
The study was designed to investigate chromium (Cr) uptake by plants, hypoglycemic effect of the organic trivalent Cr(3+) on sreptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse and the accumulation efficiency of Cr from dietary inorganic-Cr(3+), yeast-Cr, Cr-picolinate and organic-Cr(3+) in rabbit tissues. Radish sprouts was grown in the presence of Cr rich liquid fertilizers (Cr-gluconic-1, Cr-gluconic-2, Cr-picolate, Cr-glutamate and Cr-glycine). In addition, soybean, mung bean and alfalfa were also cultivated using Cr-glycine and Cr-picolinate liquid fertilizer to study the efficiency of Cr(3+) uptake. Sreptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse were administrated organic-Cr(3+) for10 days and examined their blood glucose level. On the other hand, rabbits were allowed to take 200 ?g/head/day of CrCl3.6H2O, yeast-Cr, Cr-picolinate or organic-Cr supplemented in diets for 14 days. Body weight, liver and kidney weight, and accumulation of Cr in blood, kidney and liver were examined. Radish sprouts uptake hexavalent Cr (Cr6+) in case of all liquid fertilizer, but the mung bean was grown with Cr-glycine liquid fertilizer without uptake of Cr (6+). Mung bean grown with Cr-glycine liquid fertilizer uptake a higher (P<0.05) level of organic-Cr(3+). The dietary organic-Cr significantly (P<0.05) reduced blood glucose level in STZ-induced diabetic mouse. The administration of organic-Cr(3+) was safety for rabbit and Cr accumulation was higher (P<0.05) in the rabbits fed organic-Cr(3+) diet compared to other Cr supplements. The sequential order of the Cr accumulation in serum, kidney and liver of these rabbit were inorganic-CrKeywords: Accumulation, Hypoglycemic effect, Chromium-rich plants, Animal physiology

Abstract
Rhodobacter capsulatus (RC) is a photosynthetic purple bacterium that able to reduce serum cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations in rats and pigs as well as egg-yolk of laying hens and Japanese quails and in broiler meat. The study was designed to investigate the hypochlesterolemic effects of Rhodobacter capsulatus on rats as experimental animal. Total 63 Wistar-Imamichi male rats were randomly divided into three dietary groups. The rats were fed a basal diet (BD), high cholesterol (1%) diet (HCD) and HCD plus 0.02% RC (HCD+RC) diet for 4 weeks. Enzymatic analysis of serum, liver tissues and faces samples, bile acid determination, histological study of hepatic lipid accumulation, and incorporation of 14C-glucose into lipid fractions were performed. The concentration of LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides in serum were significantly (P<0.05) reduced in the rats fed HCD+RC than HCD diet. However, there was no significant (P>0.05) difference in case of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and glucose concentrations in serum of the rats fed experimental diets. Compared to the other experimental diets, the HCD+RC potentially counteracted the accumulation of lipid droplets in the liver cells observed after staining by Oil Red O and Sudan III stains. Total cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations were significantly decreased (P<0.05) in liver and increased in faces of the rats fed HCD+RC than that of HCD diet. The concentrations of bile acids were increased in both liver and faces of the rats fed HCD+RC diet. Incorporation of 14C-glucose among into lipid fractions of liver tissues, triglycerides were increased (P<0.05) where cholesterol, cholesterol esters, fatty acids and phospholipid were slightly (P>0.05) decreased in the rats fed HCD+RC diet. Therefore, the study concludes that the dietary RC has the overall potential hypocholesterolemic effects on rats.
Keywords: Rhodobacter capsulatus, Hypocholesterolemic effects, Incorporation of 14C-glucose, Lipid metabolites, Rat

Abstract
Carbohydrate Active enzymes (CAZymes), encoded by microbes that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract, play a crucial role in breakdown of complex dietary carbohydrates into components that can be absorbed by host intestinal epithelium. Bar-headed goose (Anser indicus), an herbivorous bird, has become one of the most popular wild birds for artificial rearing industries in several provinces of China. To understand how CAZymes in the gut of artificially reared Bar-headed geese are influenced by artificial diets, we describe here analysis of CAZymes from gut metagenomic data from both wild and artificially reared Bar-headed geese. A total of 172 and 215 CAZymes were found in wild and artificially reared Bar-headed geese, respectively. Glycoside hydrolases and glycosyl transferases were found to be the two most abundant categories of CAZymes in both groups. Comparative study showed a total of 22 significantly different CAZymes between wild and artificially reared group. Further, these significantly different CAZymes were observed to be specifically abundant in the Firmicutes phyla in wild group, whereas Bacteroidetes phyla in artificially reared group. These results provide a global view of CAZyme profiles of Bar-headed geese, and make an original contribution to the artificial diets management for rearing this bird.
Keywords: Bar-headed goose, Gut metagenome, Carbohydrate active enzyme, High-throughput sequencing, Artificial rearing

Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate diaphragmatic hernia (DH) in buffaloes with special emphasis on the hemato-biochemical alterations and diagnostic ultrasonography compared with the clinically healthy ones. Twelve buffaloes with a history of anorexia, tympany, reduction of milk production with no response to previous medical treatment were included in the present study in addition to 10 clinically healthy buffaloes were used as a control group. These animals were subjected to thorough clinical examination and the positive cases were further evaluated by hemato-biochemical analysis, which revealed significant elevation in total leucocytes, total proteins, globulin and Haptoglobin (Hp), Serum amyloid A (SAA) and Fibrinogen (Fb) in comparison with the control group. Ultrasonographically, reticulum of all buffaloes with DH was detected at the level of 4th /5th intercostal space (ICS).
As there is no substitution for clinical examination, but it is not specific in this condition as it is similar in many other diseases, so the using of ultrasonography is essential for proper evaluation. Hemato-biochemical analysis is of additional value in the diagnosis of such condition.
Keywords: Diaphragmatic hernia, Ultrasound, Acute phase proteins, Buffaloes

Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is always circulating in the pigeon flocks through reservoir birds that look more like healthy pigeons being maintained in the lofts. In Kanyakumari district, seroprevalence of NDV was found in all the months of the year 2015, which was found to be high during the monsoon seasons and low during the summer. During the southwest monsoon (May-July) 17.9±5.8% of birds had titer of 21 -23 while 14.6±4.0% of birds had titer of 24 – 27, during the northeast monsoon (Sep-Nov) 12.5±8.8% of birds had titer of 21 -23 while 8.7±3.70% of birds had titer of 24 – 27, and in the summer months10.0±3.4% of birds had titer of 21 -23 while the remaining 6.7±3.2% of birds had titer of 24 – 27. The NDV affected pigeons showed reduced level of PCV, RBC and haemoglobin, and elevated level of TLC, heterophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes and lymphocytes compared to normal healthy pigeons. HI titer value of NDV-seropositive pigeons ranged between log21 and log27 in unvaccinated flocks. The HI titer below log24 indicates that the suspected bird is a reservoir of NDV and the titers above that denotes that the suspected bird has enough protective antibodies against the NDV. If pigeons negative for anti-NDV antibodies are chosen and purchased for keeping farms, there would be least chance for the entry of a carrier bird into a farm. This study recommends that pigeon keepers should subject the birds to HI titer assay before purchasing from or selling to other growers to prevent the spreading of NDV through infected birds that look like healthy birds.
Keywords: Newcastle disease virus (NDV), seroprevalence, Pigeon, Haematological parameters

Abstract
This was a prospective study, which involved following up cases of colic and from which blood samples for haematology and serum for biochemical analysis were collected. The haematological parameters measured were total erythrocyte count (TEC), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), Haematocrit (hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentartion (MCHC), red blood cell distribution width (RDW), platelet count, Total leucocyte count (TLC) and leucocyte differential count. The biochemical parameters measured were alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total proteins, serum albumin, serum globulin, blood glucose and serum lactate. The data obtained from the reported cases of colic was then imported into StatPlus pro 5.9.8 statistical package and means±SD were calculated and student t-test was then used to compare the means from horses that had impaction colic with those that had spasmodic colic as well as the means of those horses that recovered with those of the horses that died. The level of significance was at P<0.05. Mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) was significantly higher (P=0.03) in horses with spasmodic colic (16.8±1.3 pg) than in those with impaction colic (15.6±1.2 pg). The mean leucocyte count (109/L) was significantly higher (p=0.02) in horses with impaction colic (12.9±5.9) than in those with spasmodic colic (9.0±1.5). Similarly, mean neutrophil count (109/L) was significantly higher (P=0.02) in horses with impaction colic (9.1±5.6) than in those with spasmodic colic (5.4±1.7). The mean values of blood glucose were significantly higher (P=0.02) in horses with impaction colic (5.7±2.0 mmol/l) than in those with spasmodic colic (3.7±1.4 mmol/l). The blood biochemical parameters that were significantly lower in horses that died than those that survived were total protein (P=0.002), albumin (P<0.01) and globulin (P=0.04). Apart from Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and slight leucocyte and neutrophil changes, there were no major significant haematological changes in horses with colic. Total blood proteins including albumin and globulin levels could serve as possible guides to prognosis of colic in horses. The general prognosis of spasmodic colic in horses was good, but fair to poor for impaction. Keywords: Horses, Colic, Hematology, Biochemistry, Diagnostic, Prognostic, Indicators

Abstract
The study was to investigate whether there was any association between follicular cysts and lipid metabolites. A total of 10 spontaneously occurring cystic cows were used as a treatment group and 10 normal estrous cyclic cows were used as a control group. The serum progesterone concentration in the cystic cows was below 1.0 ng/ml. Fatty acids in serum and cystic fluid or follicular fluid of cystic cows or normal estrous cyclic cows were determined by gas chromatography. The concentrations of glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides were determined by enzymatic colorimetric method and progesterone level by fluoroimmunoassay. The fatty acids, such as palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and ?-linoleic acid concentrations were significantly higher (P<0.05) in cystic fluid than the follicular fluid of the normal estrous cyclic cows. Among the three types of follicles, the concentrations of all fatty acids were highest in the small follicles than the medium or large follicles. Stearic acid and linoleic acid concentrations were higher (P<0.05) in serum of cystic cows compared to the serum of normal estrous cyclic cows. The overall concentration of fatty acids was higher (P<0.05) in the cystic fluid than the concentration in the serum of normal cyclic cows. The concentration of glucose was lowest (P<0.05) in follicular fluid and serum of the cystic cows than that of the normal estrous cyclic cows. Conversely, the cholesterol concentration was higher (P<0.05) in follicular fluid and serum of the cystic cows, while triglycerides was lowest (P<0.05) in serum of normal estrous cyclic cows. Therefore, it might be concluded that impaired lipid metabolism and its higher concentration resulted the follicular cyst formation in dairy cattle. Keywords: Cholesterol, Dairy cattle, Lipid metabolites, Follicular cysts

Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is an increasing clinical challenge and a global public health concern. Emergence of resistant pathogens pose a threat to the patient due to the limitations and financial costs in managing them. Bacteriology laboratory records of clinical samples submitted from the University of Nairobi Small Animal Clinic between January 2004 and December 2013 were retrospectively reviewed with the aim to determine prevalence of common bacterial isolates from wound and otitis externa of dogs and cats and their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles
The most prevalent bacterial isolates recovered from dogs diagnosed with wounds, surgical site infections and otitis externa were: Staphylococcus aureus constituting 50% (140/280) and Proteus spp. 14% (40/280) respectively. Other less frequently recovered isolates included Pseudomonas spp. constituting 10% (28/280), other Staphylococcus spp. 8.6% (24/280), Streptococcus spp. 7.5% (21/280) and E. coli 5.4% (15/280) respectively. Resistance to antimicrobial agents was observed in the majority of the isolates in the study, with 97% (276/285) of the isolates demonstrating antimicrobial resistance to at least one drug. Antimicrobial resistance to sulphonamides (95%), potentiated sulphonamides (88%), ampicillin (67%), amoxicillin (62%) and tetracycline (56%) was relatively high for all bacterial species examined. Staphylococcus aureus isolates showed 95% resistance to sulfamethoxazole, 55% to ampicillin, 52% to tetracycline and 52% to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid respectively. Pseudomonas spp. showed the highest resistance with all (100%) isolates showing multidrug resistance (MDR) to amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulinic acid and sulfamethoxazole. The isolates also showed high level multidrug resistance to cotrimoxazole (93%), ampicillin (93%) and tetracyclines (80%) respectively. Low resistances to gentamicin (9%), norfloxacin (24%) and chloramphenicol (33%) were observed in all bacterial isolates.
This study confirms Staphylococcus aureus as the most prevalent bacterial isolate from wounds and otitis externa in small animals. Proteus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp. and Escherichia coli in descending order, were also commonly isolated. Gentamicin and norfloxacin, in that order were the most effective antimicrobial agents in the management of wound infections and otitis externa in small animals.
Keywords: Antimicrobial resistance, Bacteria, Wounds, Otitis externa, Small animals

Abstract
Water intended for domestic use must be free from chemical substances and micro-organisms in amounts which would provide a hazard to health is universally accepted. Livestock wastes result from slaughtering and processing procedures introduced zoonotic enteric pathogens and excess chemicals into groundwater. Physicochemical and bacteriological characters of 400 shallow well groundwater samples (zones A; B; C and D) were evaluated against the effluent of Ismailia’s slaughterhouse. Physicochemical; Electrolyte; Heavy metals and bacteriological examinations of groundwater samples revealed that; groundwater sources at zone A contained a higher levels of pollutants with a gradual highly significant (P<0.01) improvement at zone C and D although they contained fecal contamination indictors. Bacteriological assessment revealed that E. coli; Enterococcus fecalis; Salmonella and Klebsiella predominated in zones A; B; C; and D (100%; 100%; 71%; 46%, P<0.01, 100%; 100%; 77%; 49%, P<0.01, 69%; 40%; 12%; 7%, P<0.01 and 69%; 46%; 7%; 5%, P<0.01; respectively). Shigella and Campylobacter predominated in zones A; B; and C (40%; 20%; 8%, P<0.01 and 28%; 19%; 5%, P<0.01; respectively). A highly significant strong positive correlations (r ? 0.7, P?0.01) were revealed in pH; electrical conductivity; total dissolved solids; alkalinity; total hardness; phosphate; sulfate and nitrate. On the other hand; dissolved oxygen revealed a highly significant strong negative correlations (r ? -0.9, P<0.01). Heavy metals and electrolyte analysis revealed a highly significant strong positive correlations (r ? 0.9, P<0.01). In conclusion; high pollutants concentrations near discharge point confirmed a pointed pollution from slaughterhouse effluent, the decline pattern at zones C and D suggest self-purification abilities of groundwater sources. Keywords: Water, Bacterial count, Organoleptic, Slaughterhouse

Abstract
Sixteen sexually matured (12 months old) healthy male turkeys were used to determine the effect of Gonadotrophin (Diclair®) on haematology and serum biochemistry. The turkeys were divided into 4 treatment groups of 4 turkeys per group, identified as T1 (control), administered with 1.00ml physiological saline, T2, administered with 13.50i.u Diclair®, T3, administered with 27.00 i.uDiclair® and T4, administered with 40.50i.u Diclair®, with one turkey per replicate in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The injections were divided into three doses each and administered intramuscularly in the thigh for three consecutive days. One week after Diclair® treatments, four turkeys from each group were bled from the wing veins for haematology and serum biochemistry. The results of the study showed significant differences (P<0.05) among the treatment groups in all the haematological parameters except eosinophils which were similar (P>0.05) among the treatment groups. Basophils were not detected among the treatment groups. The results further showed significant differences (P<0.05) among the treatment groups in all the serum biochemical parameters. However, the values were within the normal ranges indicating that Diclair® had no deleterious effects on these parameters. Keywords: Turkeys, Haematology, Serum Biochemistry Diclair®

Abstract
The study was carried out to determine the prevalence and risk factors of mastitis and associated bacterial pathogens in lactating camels of Borena zone pastoral area Oromia Regional state; Southern Ethiopia. A total of 414 lactating camels were tested for subclinical and clinical mastitis. Subclinical mastitis was diagnosed by California Mastitis Test (CMT) while clinical mastitis was detected by physical examination of teat and udder. Out of 414 lactating camels were diagnosed for mastitis, 52(12.5%) were of clinical Mastitis with abnormal secretions 29(55.7%), udder lesion 20(38.4%) and udder wound containing pus 4(7.6%). The prevalence of subclinical mastitis was 92(22.2%) in camels. Overall prevalence of mastitis was 34.7% in camel; out of which 12.5% was clinical mastitis and 22.2% was sub-clinical mastitis. Risk factors analysis revealed that prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher (p=0.00) among lactating camels with tick infestation, tying teat, udder/teat injury and parity number. The most frequently isolated bacterial species from clinical and sub-clinical mastitis milk samples were Staphylococcus aureus 55(38.1%) in order by Streptococcus agalactiae 37(25.6%) and Escherichia coli 12(8.3%). The prevalence of camel mastitis in the study area was found to be significantly high. Udder and teat injury caused by tick bite, tear or scratch, tying teat to prevent sucking, absence of hygienic measures during milking and poor environmental conditions has probably contributed to the highest prevalence of mastitis. The pastorals are almost exclusively dependent on milk for food. The economic impact is hence several folds because of the very prevalence of the disease itself and its subclinical form presentation which makes identification and treatment very difficult by owners.
Keywords: Borena, Camel, Ethiopia, Mastitis, Pastoral, Prevalence, Tick, Tying teat

Abstract
Cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis) are cosmopolitan species of heron found in almost all the zones of the world and can be described base on the colour of their plumage, habitat, and feeding habit. The importance of this bird to the farmer has initiated an increasing interest to establish more accurate and specific anatomical facts especially as the greatest part of daily activities of the birds is devoted to obtaining food. Here, we provide for the first time, basic information on gross morphometrics of the forelimb and hindlimb skeleton of the cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis). Ten apparently healthy adult migrant cattle egrets live-trapped at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria teaching and research farm were used for this study. The birds were euthanized by lethal injection using a combination of xylazine (10mg/kg) and ketamine (100mg/kg), eviscerated and de-fleshed and bone prepared using cold water maceration method. Digital venire caliper was engaged in taking the linear measurement of the various parts of the long left and right bones in millimeters. The study showed the long bone skeleton of the forelimb to consist of the humerus, ulna and radius, carpus, metacarpus and the skeleton of the long bones of the pelvic limb to include the femur, tibiotarsal and fibular and the tarsometatarsals. Morphometric results showed no significant difference when the parameters between the left and right forelimb and hindlimb bones were compared except for the breadth of the distal extremities (BDE) of the tarsometatarsal bone. Studies on the morphological and morphometrical analyses of the forelimb and hindlimb such as this can give understanding on the anatomical characteristic of osseous structures in relation to body size explaining many environmental and ecological adaptations in cattle egrets.
Keywords: Cattle egret, Limbs, Skeleton, Morphometrics, Distal extremities

Abstract
Twenty sexually matured (24 weeks old) healthy Harco cocks were used to determine the effect of Gonadotrophin (Diclair®) on semen characteristics, testicular morphometry and hormonal profile. The cocks were divided into 4 treatment groups of 5 cocks per group identified as T1 (control) administered with 1ml physiological saline, T2, administered with 13.50i.u Diclair®, T3 27.00i.u and T4, administered with 40.50i.u Diclair®, with one cock per replicate in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The injections were divided into three doses each and administered intramuscularly in the thigh for three consecutive days. Semen was collected one week after Diclair® administration, twice a week for 4 weeks by the abdominal massage and manipulation of the cloaca method. Five cocks were randomly selected from each treatment group and bled one week after Diclair® injections to collect blood for hormonal profile evaluation. The results showed that there were significant differences (P<0.05) among the treatment groups in all the semen parameters; semen volume, semen pH, individual motility, sperm concentration, proportions of dead sperm cells and live sperm cells. The results further showed that there were significant differences (P<0.05) among the treatment groups in testicular, epididymal and vas deferens weights. Similarly, the results showed significant differences (P<0.05) among the treatment groups in follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone levels. The results of this study suggest that Diclair® treatment enhanced semen quality, testicular development and was not detrimental to the hormonal profile of the cocks. Keywords: Diclair® semen quality, Testicular morphometry, Hormone, Cocks

Abstract
Pneumovagina is one of the most important causes for bacteria origin infectious infertility in mares. The aim of this study was to determine side effects of the pneumovagina on uterus bacteriology and cytology and its prevalence in Bursa region. A total of 156 mares were evaluated regarding to prevalence of pneumovagina, and bacteriologic and cytologic examination results. Group I had 11 mares with pneumovagina (n=11), and group II was control group including 23 mares (n=23). Bacteriologic culture and cytological examination were performed from samples taken by endometrial swabs in both groups. The prevalence of pneumovagina was 7.1% (n=11). Microbiologically, group I had 100% positive culture results. The rate of Escherichia coli, Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, Streptococcus equinus and Enterococcus faecium were 40.0-15.0-10.0%, respectively. Group II had 30.4% (n=23) positive results. Seven of them were including 14.3% rate of Escherichia coli, 28.5% rate of yeasts, and 57.2% rate of 4 different microorganisms. There were intense neutrophils in cytological preparations of group I. Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed in both groups’ microorganisms and penicillin, cefquinom, marbofloxacin tetracycline, erythromycin, florfenicol Ceftiofur amoxicillin, amoxicillin / clavulanic acid, enrofloxacin, gentamicin gentamicin colistin and Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprimwere selected as antibiotics for this test. Isolates were much more resistant to tetracycline, erythromycin, gentamicin, colistin and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. As a conclusion, it has been emphasized that examination of endometrial bacteriology and cytology in mares with pneumovagina should be done to determinate early stage genital system infections.
Keywords: Pneumovagina, Mare, Bacteriology, Cytology

Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Effect of two PF2? injections on estrous synchronization and some reproductive traits (Estrous response, gestation rate, gestation length, Kidding rate, fecundity rate, twins rate and postpartum period), during non breeding season. The parameters were studied using 15 desert does age between 2-3 years and managed under controlled condition. Their weights 30±2.1 kg. The results obtained revealed that there were no significant difference (P>0.05) between the groups in estrous response rate, gestation rate, kidding rate and fecundity during non breeding season. The estrus detection, estrus duration, gestation length and postpartum period were slightly shorter in treatment group than control group.
Keywords: Estrous synchronization, PF2?, Reproductive traits, Desert goats

Abstract
The manuscript deals with accidental burns in fourteen animals (Holstein Friesian, Jersey cattle and Murrah buffaloes) due to accidental severe burns on dorsal surface, area of neck to pin bone which involve the epidermis and dermis layer of the skin. The animals were treated for hypovolemia shock and prevent secondary bacterial infection in addition to wound management.
Keywords: Wounds, Burns, Buffalo, Cow, Fire

Abstract
A Giant squirrel was presented at Animal Rescue and Rehabilitation Centre Katraj, Pune with a complaint of corneal opacity. Clinical examination, corneal opacity, redness, pain, lacrimation and photophobia was seen, the animal was treated with Ciprofloxocineye drop and Prednisolone eye drop four times in a day but no improvement was shown by animal, further were shifted with Tobramycin eye drop and prednisiolone eye drop. Animal showed improvement on 3rd day of treatment and completely recovered on 8th day with disappearance of all clinical signs.
Keywords: Corneal opacity, Giant squirrel, Treatment