Abstract
The study was conducted to find out the incidence, the seasonal variation and influence of age on dog diseases in Sylhet city, Bangladesh. During the period from January 2009 to December 2013, a total 2090 case of sick pet dogs were brought for treatment at the District veterinary hospital, Sylhet. Diagnosed diseases were categorized into 6 types; those were bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic, poisoning, and miscellaneous. Overall prevalence of the diseases in dogs showed highest prevalence of parasitic infestation (40.048%), followed by miscellaneous diseases (22.344%), bacterial diseases (16.699%), viral diseases (7.608%), fungal diseases (12.057%) and poisoning (1.244%). The breed wise highest prevalence of diseases in dog was found in local breed (31.577%), followed by cross breed (22.2%), German shepherd (20.478%), Doberman (11.723%), Rottweiler (8.804), Labrador (3.158%), German spitz (2.057%). The highest prevalence of diseases was observed in the winter season (39.234%), followed by summer (37.560%), and rainy season (23.206%). Sex wise prevalence of diseases in dog was higher in the female (57.416%), than male (42.584%). On the other hand, the highest prevalence of diseases in dog was observed in the above 36 months (47.512%), followed in 7-36 months (31.627%), and up to 6 months (20.861%). Results of this study revealed that diseases of the dog were the major constraints for rearing in Sylhet district and it have also greater public health significance.
Keywords: Disease, Dog, Retrospective study

Abstract
Objective: Dogs and cats with traumatic or iatrogenic partial sciatic nerve lesions frequently have disparate clinical signs. Cats commonly walk with a plantigrade posture in the affected pelvic limb, which is rarely observed in dogs. We hypothesized that the tibial nerve would be localized more laterally in cats and medially in dogs, and that the tibial nerve would be larger than the peroneal nerve in cats, which may result in a greater susceptibility of the tibial nerve to iatrogenic trauma in cats. Goal of the present cadaveric study was to investigate differences present in pelvic sciatic nerve anatomy between dogs and cats.
Methods: This is an anatomic cadaveric study. Dogs (n=7) and cats (n=7); n=28 hindlimbs. A simple suture was placed without nerve mobilization on the lateral aspect of the lumbosacral trunk at the level of the mid-body of the ilium. A caudolateral approach to the femur was then performed. The lumbosacral trunk was transected in the intrapelvic area cranial to the suture marking the lateral aspect. The peroneal and tibial branches of the sciatic nerve were separated. The proximal lateral knot was identified as being part of the tibial or peroneal nerve, respectively, and the diameter of the tibial and peroneal branches at the level of the suture (mid-ilium) were measured.
Results: No difference in relative size of the tibial compared to the peroneal nerve was found between dogs and cats. The tibial nerve was not found to be localized lateral to the peroneal nerve more frequently in cats compared to dogs.
Conclusions: Findings suggest that the intrapelvic anatomy of the lumbosacral trunk cannot fully explain the plantigrade posture observed in cats with traumatic or iatrogenic partial sciatic nerve injury.
Keywords:Lumbosacral trunk, Sciatic nerve, Anatomy, Plantigrade stance

Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine serum paraoxonase activity (PON1), total sialic acid (TSA) concentration, total oxidant (TOS), antioxidant status (TAS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) in cows with clinical mastitis. Fifty Simmental cows, who were 3 and 5 years old and in early lactation period, were used in the study. Blood samples were taken from the groups (Clinical mastitis group, n=30 – Control group, n=20) and serum PON1, TSA concentration, and TOS and TAS levels were determined. PON1 activity, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and TAS levels were found to decrease inversely proportional to inflammation (P<0.001). In addition, TSA, TOS, and OSI levels were detected to increase due to clinical mastitis induced inflammation (P<0.001). In conclusion, it was seen that PON1 activity and TSA concentrations could be used for diagnostic purpose in cows with clinical mastitis. However, we are of the opinion that due to the fact that oxidant status increased but antioxidant status tended to decrease because of inflammation in mastitis, it could be useful to administer antioxidants in addition to treatment for such cases. Keywords: Clinical mastitis, Cow, Paraoxonase, Total sialic acid, Total oxidant and antioxidant status, Oxidative stress

Abstract
A two-day old, male, non-descript calf was presented with rare congenital defect of Cranial Meningocele sizing 15x12cm and was with bilateral Nasal Choristoma. It is defined as a mass of normal histological tissue in an abnormal location. The Cranial Meningocele was diagnosed radiographically however, histopathological examination of nasal growth revealed Hyaline & Cartilaginous Nasal Choristoma. In this case the nasal Choristoma was associated with cranial Meningocele and after surgical intervention animal recovery was uneventful.
Keywords:Calf, Cranial Meningocele, Nasal Choristoma

Abstract
The morphology of the tongue and its arterial supply were demonstrated on eight adult healthy foxes of both sex. The gross morphological features of three parts of the tongue; viz., apex, body and root of the tongue and their length, width and thickness were recorded. The dorsum of the tongue was rough due to the presence of lingual papillae namely; vallate, conical, foliate filiform and fungiform papillae. The lingual fixation was achieved by its extrinsic muscles; styloglossus, genioglossus and hyoglossus in addition to the presence of four mucous membrane folds; paired palatoglossal, single glossoepiglottic and frenulum linguae. The arterial supply of the fox tongue was by the lingual artery which arouse from the external carotid artery. The lingual artery detached dorsal collateral and middle lingual branches and continued as a deep lingual artery.
Keywords: Red fox, Tongue, Morphology, Arterial supply, Anatomy

Abstract
Kennels provide dogs for security and for companionship; however, management errors can lead to increased susceptibility to infections hence an increase in morbidity and mortality within the populations. A cross-sectional study of 35 kennels was conducted in Nairobi, Kenya to determine the effect management practices have on the occurrence of diseases in kenneled adult dog populations. The management practices examined were hygiene, type of housing, type of beddings, provision of heat, food types, provision of veterinary services, deworming practices, ectoparasite control methods, quarantine and euthanasia protocols and methods for diagnosis of diseases. Food types (P=0.006) and ectoparasite control methods (P=0.008) were found to be the strongest independent management factors for morbidity and mortality of the kenneled adult dog population respectively. These management risk factors should be considered by kennel owners when developing disease management programs for their dogs to easily alleviate avoidable morbidities and mortalities.
Keywords:Adult dogs, Management practices, Kennels, Kenya

Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is ranked as the second most important disease of indigenous chicken, responsible for marked economic losses in Kenya after Newcastle disease. However, infected turkeys and ducks do not show overt IBD clinical signs and they may act as a source of IBD infection to naive chicken kept in such mixed flocks. Such evaluation has not been undertaken in mixed free range birds. A cross-sectional study was therefore undertaken to determine whether non-vaccinated indigenous village chicken, ducks and turkeys in Embu County, Kenya were naturally exposed to IBD virus (IBDV). A total of 97 free range indigenous chickens, 32 ducks and 13 turkeys blood samples were collected for serum. Indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique was used to detect the IBDV antibodies. The result showed IBDV Sero-positivity in 64.9% of the chicken, 6.25% of ducks and 92.3% of turkeys. The presence of IBDV antibodies in non-vaccinated free range indigenous village chicken and healthy ducks and turkeys suggests an ongoing IBD virus circulation and maintenance in the area. There is therefore, a need for routine surveillance and vaccination against IBDV in indigenous village chicken, ducks and turkeys to prevent spread of the disease. More research is needed to find out the role of turkeys in the spread of IBDV.
Keywords: Infectious bursal disease, Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Sero- prevalence

Abstract
Hydatidosis is an emerging zoonotic parasitic disease that is caused by a dog tapeworm, Echinococcus species. The parasite has a complex life cycle with intermediate and definitive hosts. A retrospective study was carried out in six selected abattoirs in Kericho County to determine the prevalence and economic significance in beef industry. Post-mortem meat inspection records for the period 2010 and 2014 were reviewed for the number of animals slaughtered and the organs condemned due to hydatid cyst infection and associated economic importance. A total of 29,285 cattle were slaughtered during this period, with highest slaughter in the year 2012 of 20.8%, followed by 2013 and 2014 with 20.5% each, 19.5% in 2011 and 18.7% in 2010. Nine hundred and thirty one (931) livers and 817 lungs were condemned giving an overall prevalence of 3.2% and 2.8% respectively. The highest proportion of the livers condemned was in 2011 of 39.6% (369/931) with the least 8.6% (80/931) in 2010. Similarly, the highest number of lungs condemned was recorded in the year 2011 of 38.6% (315/817) and the least 9.1% (74/817) in 2010. Though more livers than lungs were condemned, there was no significant statistical difference between the two (P=0.220). The total revenue lost due to condemnation of these organs was KSh. 2,188,800 (~US$22,335) with Kericho abattoir recording the highest economic loss (Ksh 448,000; ~US$4,571). Hydatidosis causes huge economic losses and poses a risk to public health and therefore proper control measures are necessary to reduce infections in livestock and potential cross over to humans.
Keywords:Cattle, Hydatidosis, Prevalence, Economic loss

Abstract
In this case report, the pathological and clinical symptoms of coenurosis-which was diagnosed on a simmental bull at the age of two from the region of Erzurum, brought to the clinic with the complaint of neurological symptoms- are aimed to investigate. During anamnesis, we reached the information of the implementations like injections of florfenicol, thiamine and dexamethasone, but these injections were not resulted as expected. In physical examination, neurological symptoms like rotating around itself, leaning the head to the left side, incoordination and ataxia were detected. During hematological investigation, stress leukogram depending on the injection of dexamethasone was observed. A transparent 7×5 cm sized cyst in the ventral region of brain’s left hemisphere was observed during necropsy. After the dissection of this cyst, there was a grey-white fluid including protoscolex and the formation of atrophy in brain due to this cyst was detected. During the histopathological examination, a severe level of neural necrosis and gliosis, a milder level of hyperemia in vessels and infiltration of perivascular mononuclear cell and the infiltration of eosinophil leukocyte and mononuclear cell in the close regions of the wall of the cyst were observed. As a result, although clinical coenurosis is quite rare in cattle, in this report coenurosis is detected in a bull. Therefore, veterinarians should consider the possibility of encountering this illness in feeder cattle, too.
Keywords: Bull, Clinical signs, Coenurosis, Histopathology

Abstract
The aim of this research was to determine the changes in serum biochemical values of adult cattle with foot and mouth disease (FMD). Blood samples were obtained from adult Holstein cattle with FMD (n=7) and healthy cattle (n=5, control). Serum was extracted from these, and cardiac, hepatic, and renal damage markers, as well as lipid metabolism products and phosphorous levels were measured. High-density lipoprotein levels were 97.5±23.6 mg/dL and 145.2±10.9 mg/dL in cattle with FMD and control animals, respectively, and these values were significantly different (P<0.001). Blood urea nitrogen levels were 26.5±8.28 mg/dL and 41.4±7.53 mg/dL in cattle with FMD and control animals, respectively, and these values were significantly different (P<0.05). In conclusion, it may be stated that FMD does not cause significant changes in cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage markers, or in lipid metabolism products or phosphorous levels in adult cattle, as the measured values were not significantly different from those of healthy cattle. These results may useful for the diagnosis of FMD, as well as for the evaluation of other laboratory findings. Keywords:Biochemical Values, Blood, Cattle, Foot and Mouth Disease, Serum