Abstract
Antibacterial activities of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Mangifera indica leaves were studied against pathogenic Streptococcus pyogens, Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli bacterial strains that obtained from university of Baghdad, college of veterinary medicine and compared with Ampicillin (0.2µg/µ) by using agar well diffusion method. The present study reveals that the pattern of inhibition varied with the solvents used for extraction. Plant extracts prepared in ethanol solvents provided more consistent antibacterial activity as compared to aqueous extracts. Gallotannin, mangiferin, flavonoids, alkaloids and tannins make ethanol extract more active against this bacterial species. Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria were inhibited by almost all the extracts even in very low concentrations. Results of the present study sign the interesting assurance of designing a potentially active antibacterial agent from Mangifera indica leaves.
Keywords: Antibacterial activity, Mangifera indica, Extract

Abstract
A four year retrospective study was conducted in a Nairobi based slaughterhouse to evaluate the magnitude and prevalence of poultry losses caused by disease and pathological lesions. Linear regression analysis for the study of time trend and Kruskal-Wallis H test for investigation of differences were used as statistical methods. A total of 21,549,233 broilers were delivered to the plant for slaughter in the four year period starting 1st of January 2011 to 31st of December 2014. As a result of official veterinary inspection 405,778 (1.88%) birds were condemned due to ascites, emaciation, dead on arrival, imperfect bleeding, overscalding, mutilations and skin lesions. The calculation of the condemnation risk was based on quarters of the years. The number of broilers slaughtered increased across the four years and so was the risk of condemnations. Ascites and pre-slaughter mortality were the most frequent causes of condemnations accounting for 92.74% of all condemnations. The increase in the risk of condemnation due to emaciation across the study period from 0.07% to 0.23% was significant (P=0.02). There were no trends in time for the ascites, DOAs (dead on arrival) and the other causes of rejection. Majority of the condemnations occurred during the coldest season which comes in the third quarter of the years. Most of the condemnations were due to disease and transport-related causes. These calls for improved disease control and prevention measures at farm level as well as animal welfare during handling prior to slaughter. The results could serve as baseline data in the poultry industry for future comparison.
Keywords: Condemnations, Poultry, Slaughter, Ascites

Abstract
On the topic of the manifestation of main differences between the thoracic limb of rabbit and cat, our research was carried out on ten adult New Zealand rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and domestic cats (Felis domestica) of both sexes. The animals were radiographically examined. Also, the bones were prepared, measured (length/cm), described and compared. The gross morphological study showed the presence of processus hamatus and suprahamatus of the scapula in both species. Supratrochlear foramen was observed in rabbit while in cat the supracondyloid foramen was present. The interosseous space of the forearm region was proximally located in rabbit but in cat, it was extended along the forearm region. The carpal bones were nine and seven in rabbit and cat respectively. In both species, Metacarpals and digits of the thoracic limbs were five in number. The distal phalanx was characterized by unguicular process and enclosed in the claw. The distal sesamoid was absent in cat. So, the major points of dissimilarity between the appendicular skeleton of rabbit and cat helped us to keep off the commercial fraud.
Keywords: Acromion process, Interosseous space, Styloid process, Supratrochlear, Supracondyloid foramina, Unguicular process

Abstract
The study of the functional anatomy of the unilateral masticatory muscles represented the adaptation of these muscles to achieve the rotation function. This study very important for understanding the mastication mechanism during eating. Fifteen heads of sheep (Mean ± SD age: 18 ± 4 month) and of both sexes were included in this study. In the study, the mass, sizes, orientation of action fibers, (Pcsa), force and torque led to patterns of jaw movement. Specially rotation pattern for moving the jaw laterally or medially. A comparative gross anatomical study and linear measurements of the unilateral movement type of masticatory muscles were conducted on slaughtered sheep heads. The physiological cross- sectional area (PCSA), maximal isometric force, torque and kinetic energy were calculated. The study showed that the sheep jaw-unilateral muscles were the lateral and medial pterygoid muscles. The physiological cross- sectional area (PCSA) was 2 and 2cm² for the lateral and medial pterygoid muscle, respectively. The maximal isometric force for those muscles was 4,4 cm², respectively. The force of those muscles was 0.098, 0.098 N, respectively. The torque of each muscle was 2,96 Nm, respectively. While the kinetic energy of the jaw-unilateral group was 20 Joule. The values of the PCSA, force, maximum isometric force, torque and kinetic energy of the unilateral muscles were equal to both muscles. We find these muscles have the equal activity capacities that the muscle moves from one side to other and then returns to the reset status. This study will enable us to know the mechanic movement of rotation unilateral masticatory in sheep.
Keywords: Functional, Anatomy, Masticatory muscles, Sheep

Abstract
Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is a major public health and veterinary concern in Africa and the neighboring regions. One approach that is a priority for preventing epidemics of RVF is to develop and deliver an effective vaccine for livestock and humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the Bioject ZetaJet needle-free vaccine delivery device for use to vaccinate animals with a very promising live recombinant RVF MP-12?NSm vaccine candidate. A preliminary assessment of the device was conducted in young adult Wistar Furth rats with and without a spacer, suggesting an subcutaneous or intramuscular route of delivery, respectively. Two doses of the RVF MP-12?NSm vaccine of 1 x 103 and 1 x 105 plaque forming units (PFU) were administered using the needle-free device (NFD) to each of 2 groups of 5 animals each. Also, a dose of 1 x 105 PFU of the RVF MP-12?NSm vaccine and of the RVF MP-12 parent vaccine was administered via the intraperitoneal (IP) route to groups of rats using a needle. Blood samples collected from rats before vaccination and at 7, 11, 15, and 25 days post-vaccination (DPV) were tested for antibody by the plaque reduction neutralization assay. Most animals (80-100%) vaccinated with the NFD developed detectable neutralizing antibody by 7 DPV that persisted through 25 DPV or the duration of the experiment, with antibody titers ranging from 1:20 to 1:1280, with no significant difference in the titers observed for the groups IP vaccinated with RVF MP-12 ?NSm and RVF MP-12 vaccine versus the groups that received RVF MP-12 ?NSm using the NFD at 25 DPV. These results suggest that needle-free vaccine delivery may be a more convenient and effective method of vaccinating animals with RVF vaccines.
Keywords: Rift Valley fever virus, MP-12 ?NSm vaccine, Needle-free device, Wistar Furth rats

Abstract
The current investigation was carried out on 10 guinea pigs and 10 white rats, 5 males and 5 females of each, weighing 420 g for guinea pigs and 280 g for white rats on average. All the animals used were already submitted to euthanasia. The radiographic technique using red lead oxide and filling the arterial system with 60% gum milk latex colored red with Rotring® ink was applied. The animals used revealed an obvious variability in the celiac artery origin, distribution, course and number of branching pattern. Our study aimed to help in solving the surgical therapeutic techniques in abdominal cavity. This vasculature study in guinea pigs and white rats is very important for human researcher to help them to apply different experimental techniques of ischemia and the organ transplantations. The guinea pig did not have separate celiac and cranial mesenteric arteries but these two vessels originated as a single trunk from the abdominal aorta which known as “celiacomesenteric trunk” in addition to the presence of a short common trunk for the splenic and left gastric arteries. While in rats, the celiac trunk was found to be separated from the cranial mesenteric artery and being clearly trifurcated with the absence of cystic artery.
Keywords: Celiaco-mesenteric trunk, Gastrosplenic artery, Radiographic study, Guinea pig and White rat

Abstract
Salmonellae are responsible for considerable losses in the poultry industry through the death of birds and loss in production especially Salmonella Enteritidis (SE). Two diagnostic tools were developed and compared to detect SE in poultry farms. Lateral flow immunochromatographic test (LFIT) was considered a field and laboratory test while PCR was absolutely laboratory test. The minimal bacterial count that gave positive LFIT and PCR was 102 CFU/0.1 ml and 10 CFU/ 0.1 ml respectively. For LFIT we could increase the sensitivity results to 1CFU/0.1ml by pre incubating the sample in trypticase soya broth at 37?C for 6 hour. About 100 samples were tested by the two developed methods and the results were compared with bacteriological methods. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of LFIT as compared to bacteriological examination were calculated and were found to be 91%, 80% and 90% respectively and for PCR was 98.8%, 82.3% and 96% respectively.
Keywords: Lateral flow, Immunochromatographic Test, PCR, Salmonella Enteritidis

Abstract
The current study was planned to make antigens of sonicated Serratia marcescens and study its result on the mice blood cells for the first time in Iraq. For this purpose, 24 mice divided into four groups. The first group was vaccinated with killed whole cell sonicated antigens of Serratia marcescens (KWCSA-SM) (1000 µg/ml) Subcutaneously. Second group was immunized with killed (KWCSA-SM) (500 µg/ml) S/C. Third group was immunized with whole cell Serratia marcescens (1.5×108cfu/ml), 5th group was injected by P.B.S. (pH7.2) as negative control group. Blood cells showed variances in the hematological changes between the 1st group and the other immunized groups associated with negative control group that show no hematological variations in their cells. Statistical study exposed significant differences between groups (P> 0.05). The aim of this study is to observe the effect of the two antigens concentration on the hematological changes of blood cells for the first time in Iraq.
Keywords: Serratia marcescens, Antigens, Hematological Changes, Mice

Abstract
Hemoplasmosis is a blood-borne pathogen that has a worldwide distribution. It is caused by an obligate erthrocytic pathogen that affects a wide range of mammalian species including dogs. Recently increased prevalence has been noted in canine patients presented at the Small Animal Clinic, University of Nairobi. However, scanty or no information exists on the prevalence, clinical presentation and management of canine hemoplasmosis in Kenya. This retrospective study was conducted to determine its clinical presentation and management. The most prevailing clinical signs in included, anorexia 42.3% which was the highest followed by lymphadenopathy at 36.6%, with pounding heart and dehydration being the least occurring at 7.0%. Tick infestation was seen in 66.7% of the cases while flea infestation was seen in 33.3% of the cases. Concurrent infections were found in 60% cases recorded whereas hemoplasmosis occurred singly in 40% of the dogs. In 100% of the cases, a blood smear was used as a confirmatory test. For management of the condition Imidocarb dipropionate was used (53.8%) while a combination of Imidocarb dipropionate and long acting oxytetracycline was used in 25% of the cases. This study has described the clinical presentation of Hemoplasmosis and shown that there is increased occurrence of this disease in dogs presented at the Small Animal Clinic, University of Nairobi, Kenya.
Keywords: Hemoplasmosis, Dogs, Clinical signs, Management, Kenya

Abstract
Promoting food safety is key to preventing foodborne diseases which are contracted through consumption of contaminated foods. The study was undertaken to assess the knowledge and practices of meat safety by meat sellers in the Accra metropolis. A descriptive survey design involving the use of semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain information from 150 meat sellers on their knowledge and practice of food safety. The results revealed that all the respondents were males and majority aged between 18-50 years 149 (99.3%). Age had influence on knowing that eating/drinking increases risk of meat contamination (X=11.659, df=2, P=0.003) and contaminated meat causes illness (X=15.026, df=2, P=0.001). Age also had influence on the practice of sterilizing knives and equipment (X=50.680, df=2, P<0.001). Most of the respondents completed elementary education 85 (56.7%) and had more than 3 years’ experience in selling meat 146 (97.3%). The level of education had no influence on meat seller’s knowledge and practice in meat safety except the use of gloves (X=12.271, df=3, P=0.007). Work experience had influence on most of the meat safety practices examined. Majority 108 (72%) of the respondents were aware of meat safety from various stakeholders such as the Accra Metropolitan Assembly, Food and Drugs Authority and the media. The respondents 140 (93.3%) were aware eating contaminated meat can cause foodborne illness, however; there was a knowledge gap in the type of illnesses caused by contaminated meat. Majority of the meat sellers 103 (68.7%) were unaware of the importance of wearing gloves, although majority 136 (90.7%) wash their hands always before touching raw meat and cleaning equipment prior to and after work. Also, most 147 (98%) of the meat sellers do not sterilize their equipment which may harbour foodborne pathogens. Although the results obtained showed appreciable knowledge and practice of meat safety, more improvements need to be made. The meat sellers had minimal training in meat handling and its associated effects which should be a concern to stakeholders. Education of meat sellers through training programmes will help improve their knowledge, attitude and practices towards meat safety. Keywords: Meat safety, Meat sellers, Practices, Accra Metropolis