Abstract
The detrimental effect of reactions of seminal plasma in goat semen with common components of extenders is known and has been the point of focus on developing appropriate extender for goat semen. The current study compared post-extension semen viability parameters of a laboratory generated, coconut water-egg yolk-based extender (COC), against similar parameters of semen extended in a commercial extender – OPTIXcell™ (OPT), to approve COC for extending goat semen for further processing with and without seminal plasma. Semen was collected from four mature Alpine goats serially, three times, three days apart. Each ejaculate was split into two and one part had seminal plasma removed while the other part had intact seminal plasma. Respective portions were further split into two for extension with each of the extenders. Semen viability parameters were then compared within two hours of extension. Semen evaluation parameters included individual progressive motility and percentage live spermatozoa.
The results showed that individual progressive motility of the spermatozoa significantly reduced in presence and absence of seminal plasma following extension with each extender (p<0.05). Similarly, the percentage of live spermatozoa reduced significantly in samples where seminal plasma was removed (p<0.05). However, both extenders maintained the percentage of live spermatozoa at similar level to pre-extension when seminal plasma was intact (p>0.05). This implied that the process of removal of seminal plasma was one of the factors responsible for death of spermatozoa. The observed reductions in viability parameters were within values acceptable for further processing of the semen using the Kenyan standards of bull semen evaluation. Semen samples extended with each of the extenders with and without seminal plasma were therefore approved for further processing. The laboratory generated, coconut water-egg yolk-based extender as constituted for purposes of this study, was thereby approved for extending goat semen for further processing.
Keywords: Coconut water-egg yolk-based extender, OPTIXcell™, Post-extension evaluation, Goat semen

Abstract
Of great interest to calves are probiotics, which prevent gastrointestinal tract diseases, increase the activity of digestive enzymes, are able to produce a variety of antibiotic compounds that inhibit the growth of pathogens. Studies in the conditions of LLC “Agrofirm Bayramgul” of Uchalinsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan found that the use of the probiotic “Stimix Zoostim” based on the microorganisms Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus subtilis, Azotobaktervinelandii, Azotobakterchroococcum, positively influences the formation microbiocenosis of faeces, hematological blood indicators and growth rate of calves of the dairy period of the black-and-white Holstein breed of German breeding. The introduction of the probiotic “StimixZoostim” into the diets of the diary period in the amount of 10 ml per head at the age of 10-20 days, 15 ml – at the age of 21-90 days, contributes to the increase in the number of lactobacilli by 27.0%, bifidobacterium by 37.6%, with a decrease in the number of echerichia by 31.3%, compared with the first control group. The use of the probiotic “StimixZoostim” in rations of calves of the milk period, within the physiological norm, contributes to the increase in the number of red blood cells by 9.3%, hemoglobin – by 11.3%, ? – globulins – by 32.6%. These changes in the blood indicate a higher level of natural resistance and are characteristic of intensively growing calves. With 100% preservation of calves in the milk period in all groups, in the third and fourth experimental groups, the average daily growth in calves was higher by 8.9-10.2% with a decrease in feed costs per 1 kg of growth in live weight by 8.1-9.4% compared with the control group. However, in the fourth test group, the increase in the dose of the probiotic, equivalent to an increase in the growth rate of calves, did not occur. Thus, an effective dose of a probiotic is a dose of 10 ml per head per day at the age of 10-20 days, 15 ml at the age of 21-90 days. The results of the manufacturing inspection of the effective dose showed that the economic effect per head was 149.23 rubles.
Keywords: Calves of diary period, Probiotic “StimixZoostim”, Microflora of faeces, Hematological indicators, Average daily growth, Feed costs

Abstract
She camel dystocia is unusual case that can be corrected by using mutations, fetotomy, and Cesarean section. This article describes cesarean section technique that used to correct a dystocia in She camel. A six year old she camel (Camelus dromedaries) was presented to the AL-Muthanna Veterinary Hospital / Samawa / Iraq, with a history of restlessness, anorexia and dystocia for about 48 hours. Clinical examination revealed elevation in all vital signs with a tachycardia. The examination of genital system revealed swollen and partial opening vulva. During a rectal palpation, a large fetus was found in the uterus and birth canal. Accordingly, Cesarean section (CS) was decided as a best management for correction of this case. The she camel was restrained in sternal sitting position and routinely pre-operative preparation and anesthesia were done. An oblique ventrolateral approach was performed under local anesthesia at the left site. A dead fully formed fetus weighing 40 kg was extracted. Postsurgical management was included the administration of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs along with multivitamin supplements and intra uterine therapy. A good recovery and healing of wound was occurred after 12 days, and skin sutures were removed. In conclusion, this study approved that cesarean section was the best management for correction of dystocia in She camel and should be performed as soon as possible in cases of camelids dystocia to rescue the calf life and preserve female fertility. Moreover, this study also approved that the left oblique ventrolateral approach was the practical and inexpensive method for caesarean section in She camel. For the authors knowledge this is the first article that describe the Cesarean section in Camelus dromedaries in Al muthanna province/ Iraq. The authors recommend to validate this technique in camelids as it is validate in all other animals.
Keywords: Camelus dromedaries, Cesarean section, dystocia, Iraq, She camel

Abstract
This study evaluates the effectiveness of disinfectant preparation “Kristall-900”and probiotic preparation which used during the cleaning of animal living boxes. It was found that the disinfectant during surface treatment had a significant effect on the reduction of total number of microorganisms. While using the probiotic preparation the total number of microorganisms decreased, the greatest seeding was detected in washings from wall surfaces, and the smallest number of microorganisms was found in washings from drinking bowls.
Keywords: Disinfection, Bacteria, Probiotic Preparation, Enterobacteria

Abstract
Ten (10) DNA samples of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) isolated from sputum of TB-positive humans, DNA samples from Mycobacterium species isolated from lymph nodes and fecal samples of avians and bubaline animals were analysed by PCR targeting primers for gyrase A (gyrA), quinolone resitance A(qnrA) and topoisomerase IV (parC) genes. Results demonstrated that quinolone resistance recognized by gyrA was seen in one out of 10 DNA samples from human Mtb isolates and that no qnrA and parC genes were detected. The gene for quinolone resistance detected by the primer gyrA had a molecular weight of 333 bp. Resistance to quinolone mediated by gyrA, qnrA and parC genes in avian (M. avium avium) and bubaline (M. avium paratuberculosis) isolates of mycobacteria were not detected after PCR. The non-amplification of genes observed in this study explains the non-existence of quinolone resistance arbitrated by gyrA, qnrA and parC genes in the specified avian and bubaline mycobacterial isolates.
Keywords: Mycobacterium avium avium, Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Polymerase chain reaction, Quinolone resistance

Abstract
The effects of the emission of qi by Zhineng Qigong’s practitioners in the body weight increase of two black iguanas Ctenosaura pectinata was studied. Iguanas’ initial weight was registered, and the practitioners sent qì to them for 15 minutes, twice a week. After 6 weeks the iguanas’ weight was recorded again. Both animals increased their body weight, they displayed changes in the smoothness of their skin, and they shifted their behavior being more actives in their terrarium.
Keywords: Black iguana, Ctenosaura pectinata, External qi, Herpetarium, Zhineng Qigong

Abstract
Typically, cryopreservation has detrimental effects on physical and morphometric properties of spermatozoa and, hence, on sperm fertilizing capacity. In the current investigation we evaluated the efficiency of supplementing ram semen diluent either with L-Ascorbic acid or ?-Tocopherol on ameliorating cryopreservation-induced oxidative stress. Ejaculates (n= 15) were collected from 5 adult Barki rams, 3 ejaculates each, by an artificial vagina during January, 2017. After evaluation, ejaculates of each collection session were pooled, diluted (1:10) with glycerolized Tris-citric acid egg yolk and were further split into 7 aliquots corresponding to the following groups: control (untreated), vitamin C (0.1, 0.2 or 0.3 mM) and vitamin E (0.1, 0.2 or 0.3 mM) (T0). Thereafter, all specimens were equilibrated for 5 hr at 4oC before being processed for cryopreservation. Post-thaw physical and morphological sperm properties were determined by CASA. The results showed that both low vitamin C (Vit-CLD) and high vitamin E (Vit-EHD) levels in preservation medium improved (P<0.05) post-thaw physical and morphological properties of spermatozoa, thus, they were considered the optimum levels of each individual supplement. Furthermore, specimens supplemented with Vit-E HD¬ recorded the highest (P<0.05) values of post-thaw motility, viability, normal spermatozoa and sperm functional integrity compared to both control and Vit-C LD supplemented groups. Contrariwise, the later groups recorded the highest (P<0.05) percent of secondary sperm abnormalities compared to that of Vit-E HD specimens.¬ These results elucidate that supplementing the diluent with 0.3 mM ?-Tocopherol is most appropriate to increase ram sperm cryosurvival in vitro, which would be beneficial for maximizing utilization of cryopreserved ram semen for AI and IVF schemes. Keywords: L-Ascorbic acid; ?-Tocopherol; Oxidative stress; Cryopreservation; Ram semen

Abstract
Infection of falcon by aspergillus fumigatus, asp Flavus and asp Niger cause change in the voice, inability to vocalize or respiratory noises, due to the syrinx lesions, also severe dyspnea occur when obstruction happened. Due to the little available literatures about falcon anatomy, we have done this study to investigate the structure of the lesser kestrel syrinx as it is the voice box in birds which differ from a species to the other. Lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni) syrinx is tracheobronchial in type. The tympanum is composed of the last three cartilaginous tracheal simple complete rings. The tracheosyringeal group is formed of four fused single, ossified, special, characteristic rings just before tracheal bifurcation. The bronchosyringeal group is consisted of three paired cartilaginous C-shaped rings on both sides of the tracheal bifurcation; the edges of both first rings are single while the edges of the rest two bronchosyringeal rings are double. The first two bronchosyringeal rings are related medially to the medial tympanic membrane while the last one attached to the interbronchial ligament. The pessulus is a stretched triangle in shape, cartilaginous bar in the median plane of the trachea. The lateral and medial tympanic membranes are complete sheathes closing the trachea bronchial junction of syrinx laterally and medially. The lateral one is larger than the medial one, and both membranes are responsible for the sound production.
Keywords: Falcon, Lesser kestrel, Syrinx, Voice box, Anatomy, Bird of prey

Abstract
The present study was carried out to investigate the anatomical and histological features of the trachea and lung in an indigenous adult guinea pigs. The current study was conducted on thirty local guinea pigs in both sexes that divided into three equal groups, the first group used for anatomical observations, the second used for cast preparation, while the third one used for histological study. Anatomically the trachea was cartilaginous organ made up of C-shaped cartilaginous rings which attached by an annular ligament. The trachea expands from the second cervical vertebrae level to the 4rth thoracic vertebral level wherever it bifurcates into the right and left principal bronchi. The total number of tracheal rings, total weight and total size of lung, the total length and diameter of the trachea in male were higher than that in female. The resin cast revealed the bronchial tree showed (4) primary bronchi in the right lung and (3) primary bronchi in the left lung. The right lung consists of (4), while the left lung consists of (3) lobes. Histologically the tracheal wall was consisting of four tunicae. The mucosa was lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells which positively react with PAS stain. Tunica mucosa was separate from hyaline cartilage by submucosa which contains few tubule acinar mucous glands. The trachealis muscle was attached at the inner side of the rings. The primary bronchi were similar to the trachea but with smaller diameter, and were divided into primary, secondary and tertiary intra- pulmonary bronchi where the cartilaginous rings changes into some plates of hyaline cartilage that disappear in the bronchioles which ends at a terminal bronchioles that directly open in alveolar ductless, alveolar sacs and alveoli while the respiratory bronchioles were absent. The alveoli were open into the alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs. The alveoli lined by type I and II pneumocyte.
Keywords: Trachea, Lung, An indigenous, Adult guinea pigs

Abstract
This was a randomized blinded clinical study conducted to evaluate the effects of ketofol on hematological parameters in acepromazine and medetomidine sedated dogs. Twelve (12) entire male mongrel dogs were randomly divided into two groups (Group A and Group B) of six (6) dogs each. Dogs in Group A were premedicated with acepromazine at 0.1 mg/kg BWT and those in Group B with medetomidine at 0.02 µg/kg BWT. Anaesthesia in both groups was induced and maintained using Ketofol (4.0 mg/kg (2 mg/kg Ketamine and 2 mg/kg Propofol) BWT. This was followed by castration in all dogs and assessment of parameters. Hematological parameters evaluated comprised of total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leucocyte count (TLC), total platelet count (TPC), packed cell volume (PCV) and hemoglobin concentration (Hb). Data was expressed as Mean ±SD and compared between the two groups using student t-test. Statistical significance was set at P?0.05. ACP-Ketofol significantly reduced TEC (P=0.001), TLC (P=0.007), PCV (P=0.02) and Hb (P=0.04) compared to Med-Ketofol. These changes did not lead to any notable deleterious effects in the patients post-operatively and into recovery. However, prudent perioperative monitoring of dogs, more so those under acepromazine-ketofol anaesthesia is imperative so as to reduce anaesthesia related morbidity and mortality.
Keywords: Acepromazine, Medetomidine, Ketofol, Hematological effects

Abstract
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a primarily communicable disease of cloven footed animal (buffalo, cattle). It causes high economic losses. Vaccination is the potential and mandatory step for prevention and control of FMD virus in field. The Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics (CLEVB) and is the only organization in EGYPT that authorized for the quality control of FMD vaccines either local or imported, CLEVB uses calves for evaluation process, but it faced many problems as; they often carry antibodies against FMD serotypes as EGYPT is an endemic country, lack of some Biosafety measures in animal isolators and its price was doubled at last three years, that’s why we looked for an alternative model to the original host. In this current study Guinea Pigs (G. pigs) were used as an alternative model for evaluation of FMD vaccines. As it’s cheap, easily handled, well secured and free from FMD antibodies. The last five released local FMD vaccine batches were inoculated with 0.5 ml S/C in G. pigs, Sera samples were collected after 28 days according to evaluation protocol, SNT and ELISA were carried out. Comparisons between results of both animals were done. It was found that the antibody titer for G. pigs were protective and less than those of cattle by one log. So it is recommended to use G. pigs instead of cattle for evaluation of FMD vaccine in CLEVB.
Keywords: Foot and mouth disease (FMD), CLEVB, G. pigs