Abstract
The resistance of respiratory bacterial isolates (Acinetobater schindleri, Bacillus pumilus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus sciuri and Staphylococcus sporosarcina) and gastrointestinal isolates (Arthrobacter sp., Bacillus megaterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis) from ruminants to tetracycline and sulfonamide was evaluated. Antibiotic sensitivity test in agar cup well method that applied different concentrations of tetracycline and sulfonamide demonstrated the resistance of the isolates to different concentrations of tetracycline and sulfonamide. Tetracycline and sulfonamide resistance in antibiotic sensitivity test was further validated by PCR amplification of genes that code for tetracycline and sulfonamide resistance. Methods involved the utilization of primers that recognize efflux pumps (tetB), ribosomal protective proteins (tetM) and enzyme inactivation (tetX) in genes that regulate tetracycline resistance in bacteria while testing for sulfonamide resistance involved the application of primers for dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) genes (sul1 and sul2). DNA sequencing of amplified products revealed tetracycline resistance in one respiratory bacterial isolate (E. faecalis) out of the 6 isolates tested. The amplicon with the putative tetracycline resistance had a molecular weight of 171 bp and explains the involvement of ribosomal protective proteins encrypted in the tetM gene as a mediator of tetracycline resistance in E. faecalis. Sulfonamide resistance gene was exhibited by the GIT bacterial isolate P. aeruginosa. The DNA amplicon with the reputed sulfonamide resistance is linked with the sul2 genes which had a molecular weight of 721 bp. The detection of the sul2 genes explains the inhibition of DHPS to effect resistance of P. aeruginosa to sulfonamides.
Keywords: Antibiotic sensitivity test, E. faecalis, Polymerase chain reaction, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, sul2 gene, tetM gene, Sulphonamide resistance genes, Tetracycline resistance gene

Abstract
Diarrhea is a frequently encountered problem especially in lambs. Eimeria is one of major causes of diarrhea in young animals. It has a negative impact on health status and growth. This study aimed to investigate changes in hematologic, selected sero-biochemical and IgE response in lambs diarrhea caused by Eimeria infection. This study enrolled 20 lambs, eleven diseased and 9 apparently healthy lambs. Detection of Eimeria oocyte was done via salt floatation technique. Blood samples were withdrawn from each animal for clinical hematology and serum biochemistry (total protein, albumin, zinc, copper, T4 and IgE). Significant elevation in hemoglobin, WBCs and neutrophils along with significant reduction in lymphocytes were recorded. Eosinophils and PCV showed numerical elevation, however, this elevation was considered to be non-statistically significant. Significant reduction in copper level along with insignificant decrease in total protein, albumin, and zinc were recorded. T4 showed no significant alteration in diseased group when compared with control data. IgE response showed significant elevation in diseased lambs compared with control lamb. Eimeria spp has great impact on hematology and serum biochemistry of infected lambs as well as it appears to have an effect on immune response presented by an elevation in IgE level. Further studies needed to be performed to investigate the effect of Eimeria spp infection on immune response in lambs.
Keywords: Diarrhea; Eimeria; IgE; Hematology, Sero-biochemistry

Abstract
Background: Mycoplasma agalactiae inactivated vaccine was prepared and its efficacy in the control of contagious agalactia disease in goats was investigated. The selected vaccine candidate comprised virulent local isolates of Mycoplasma agalactiae that were recovered from infected goats. Methods: Four types of Mycoplasma agalactiae inactivated vaccine formulations were prepared using different inactivating agents, namely, saponin, phenol, formalin and sodium hypochlorite. With the exception of saponin-inactivated vaccines, aluminium hydroxide gel was used as the adjuvant in the other 3 vaccine formulations. The effect of these inactivators on the vaccine efficacy was determined and compared. Using a mice protection test, the saponin and phenol inactivated vaccines were the most effective, producing significant (P<0.05) and persistent protective antibodies in vaccinated mice as measured with ELISA. The efficacy of different vaccine formulations was evaluated under field conditions in 20 goats that were serologically negative for Mycoplasma agalactiae infection. Each goat was injected with two doses of the tested vaccines at four-week intervals. Results and Conclusions: Saponin and phenol inactivated vaccines induced significant protective efficacy and antibody response (P<0.05) as compared with formalin and sodium hypochlorite inactivated vaccines. Sodium hypochlorite inactivated vaccine manifested the lowest protective efficacy and antibody response in vaccinated goats. Keywords: Mycoplasma agalactiae, Inactivated vaccine, Goats, ELISA, Protective efficacy

Abstract
Reproduction is a key role of effective production of camel, thus healthy sex organs play important roles in successful reproductive functioning. Hence, the current study was undertaken to verify various pathological abnormalities in she-camel ovaries that may interfere with the reproductive efficacy. The ovaries of 500 she-camels were collected from three abattoirs in Giza governorate, Egypt during the period of January 2016 to January 2018. Both bacteriological and histopathological examinations were carried out for each abnormality. A total of 113 (22.6%) camels were found with a variety of ovarian pathological abnormalities included; cystic ovary (8.2%), paraovarian cyst (4%), ovariobursal adhesion (1.2%), oophoritis (4%), brown pigmentation of interstitial cells (4.4%) and inactive ovary (1.2%).
Keywords: Dromedary camel, Ovary, Histopathology, Bacteriology, Egypt

Abstract
The article considers formats of immunochromatographic serodiagnosis with the use of gold nanoparticles and quantum dots as labels. The developed systems are designed for rapid (10 min) detection of brucellosis in cattle directly at the sampling site. The advantage demonstrated for the serodiagnosis of brucellosis in cattle with quantum dots is the detection of low titers of specific antibodies. Prototypes of the test systems were tested on a panel of 53 sera of cows infected with brucellosis and 20 sera of healthy animals. It is shown that the registration of the quantum dots’ fluorescence makes it possible to achieve, on average, a more than fourfold increase in the signal intensity, compared with the colorimetric detection of gold nanoparticles. In the system with quantum dots, the diagnostic sensitivity in this group of samples was increased to 100%, compared to 94% in the system with gold nanoparticles due to the correct detection of specific antibodies in weakly positive sera. When testing sera of healthy cows, the specificity of the two systems was 100%.
Keywords: Brucellosis, Serodiagnosis, Rapid testing, Immunochromatography

Abstract
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a highly infectious disease in cloven- hoofed animals, the vaccination is widely used to control. Recently the FMDV topotype O-EA3 had been isolated that differs from the previous topotype Middle East-South Africa (ME-SA) with lineage Panasia2 (O Panasia2) that was prevalent in Egypt from 2010 to 2012. This study was designed to detect and characterize the recently circulating field isolate strain of FMDV in Egypt antigenically, and furthermore detect the efficacy of the existing local commercial vaccine against the recently isolated strain of FMDV. Five calves were vaccinated by local commercial inactivated FMDV vaccine; sera were obtained weekly till 28th day post vaccination and tested by SNT. The virulent circulating virus O-EA3 was isolated and full identified by AHRI while the propagation and titration in cattle tongue were carried out in CLEVB to adjust the challenge dose, then the challenge had been carried out for the vaccinated calves by local commercial vaccine at 28th day post vaccination. It was found that the SNT showed protective neutralizing serum antibody titer (1.2 log10) started from 3rd week post vaccination with 1,56 log10 titer against FMDV type O in vaccinated calves, while the challenge test showed that the protection level was 100% against O-EA3 in vaccinated calves with local commercial vaccine, Therefore, it appeared that the antigenicity of the type O viruses circulating in the region has not changed greatly, and the vaccines of Middle East origin (PanAsia2) can also be used against O-EA3 to control the disease, and there is no need to vaccine update.
Keywords: Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), O-EA3

Abstract
Clostridium difficile is a confirmed pathogen in a wide variety of mammals; it causes enterocolitis associated with diarrhea in horses which may lead to necrohaemorrhagic enteroclitis with high mortality rate. In this study, the previously locally isolated strain of Clostridium difficile from horses was obtained and cultivated on the specific growth medium, then several media were used to determine the best media that could be used for production of the toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile and comparing the results using ELISA we found that thioglycolate medium and peptone medium with addition of 1% glucose give best results in toxin production. By performing multiplex PCR for identification of tcdA, tcdB, cdtA and cdtB genes for toxin A, toxin B, binary toxin (enzymatic and binding components) respectively revealed that presence of genes tcdA (602 bp) and tcdB (399 bp) while absence of genes cdtA and cdtB in the isolate. However lacking genes of binary toxin, we could conclude that the locally isolated strain Clostridium difficile from horses is toxogenic strain that could be used for production of vaccine against Clostridium difficile infection in horse.
Keywords: Virulence Factors, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium difficile

Abstract
In Morocco, beef meat consumption has undergone a remarkable evolution in the last years. The aim of this study is to evaluate the microbiological quality of beef meat marketed in the city of Meknes and to determine the factors influencing its contamination. Ninety representative samples were taken from different sites located in supermarkets, butcheries and souk (Weekly market) during winter and summer seasons of 2017. These samples were submitted to enumeration of Total Aerobic Bacteria (TAB), Total coliforms (TC), faecal coliforms (FC), Staphylococcus aureus (St), Clostridium perfringens (Cp), Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes. The average contamination was 6.33 for TAB; 5.50 for FC; 5.41 for TC; 2.21 for Cp and 1.68 for St in log CFU/g. Listeria monocytgenes was detected in 8.8% of samples, while 10% showed the presence of Salmonella. 66.67% of samples were unfit for consumption. The high compliance to standards was registered in summer (35.55%) and samples collected from Souk were the least contaminated during two seasons (62.5%). The level of contamination depends on sampling site, and seasonal variation. The comparison between sampling sites showed that the length of conservation has an important effect on the hygienic quality of beef meat.
Keywords: Beef meat, Foodborne diseases, Hygiene, Seasonal variation, Morocco

Abstract
To evaluate the synergistic effects of pH (4,7 and 10), and sodium citrate at (2, 2.5 and 3%) after 6 hrs of exposure time on the bacteriocidal activity of Nisin at (50 and 100 IU/ml) against Staph. aureus, Nisin inhibited the S. aureus at 100 IU/ml, pH 4 while pH 7 more significant effect on the viability of Staph.aureus. The results suggested that neutral pH had a potential antibacterial effect synergistically with sodium citrate at (3%). The study was carried out to evaluate the effect of both sodium citrate at of 3% and pH7 on the bacteriocidal activity of Nisin and its effect on the Staphylococcus aureus counts after 6 hrs. Nisin was directly added to the broth previously inoculated with (8×106 cfu) of Staphylococcus. aureus. Nisin at 100 IU/mL was able to reduce Staphylococcus. aureus counts approximately (3-log) cycles after 6 hrs.
Keywords: pH, Sodium citrate, Bacteriocidal activity of Nisin, Staph aureus

Abstract
This study was carried out to determine the effects of substituting maize with water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) (WH) leaves on feed intake, growth performance, digestibility, ruminal parameter and some carcass assessment of Awassi lambs. Twenty four lambs aged 2.5months having an average initial weight of 15.33±0.15kg were randomly distributed into four groups. These groups were given 0% (control), 5%, 10% and 20% of WH. The partial replacement of maize by WH reveals insignificant difference between all experiment diets of dry matter. However, we found that increasing WH with 0, 5, 10, and 20 percent increases (decreases) crude protein (energy) with 12% (2786),12.6% (2691),13% (2667) and 13.6 (26340), respectively. Performance data indicated that body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were significantly (P?0.05) better in lambs fed on 10 WHR. Furthermore, increasing level of WH in diets considerably improved DM, CP, NDF and ADF digestibility in all groups in comparison with the control group. In addition to that, we found rumen liquor pH at 10 RWH, protozoal motility and activity at 20 RWH were decreased; however, ammonia and total VFA were increased significantly (P?0.05) in all treated group comparison with control. At the end of study, after 60 days, the sheep were slaughtered and assessed. The increase WH in diet significantly (P?0.05) improves slaughter weight, hot dressing, and longessmiss dorsi area and length. The best finding of the previously mentioned characteristics recorded at 10WHR.Our paper indicates that WH could be used to replace maize, where the best results were found at the level of 10%.
Keywords: Water hyacinth leaves, Body weight, Rumine liquor, Carcass assessment, Awassi lambs