Abstract
The effect of oral administration of ripe Carica Papaya seed powder on testicular histology of Sus scrofa domestica boars has been addressed in the present article. Fifteen pubertal Large White boars were randomly selected and divided into two groups. Each boar in the experimental group received a daily dose of 300mg C Papaya mixed with 0.5 kg of conventional pig feed while the control group received a placebo. The experiment was carried out for 56 days in the University of Nairobi. After every two weeks, one boar from the control group and two from the experimental group were castrated and testicular tissue samples processed for histology. At the end of 56 days the remaining entire boars were maintained for 14 days and 60 days respectively without the papaya powder to assess reversibility. The test material had no effect on haematological parameters. However, histopathological changes of the seminiferous epithelium which appeared to be dependent upon duration of C Papaya consumption was noticed, these changes were reversible.
Although the mechanism(s) for the effect of papaya seed extract is not explained by this study, it is observed that papaya seed powder causes gradual disorganization, exfoliation and loss of spermatocytes and spermatids.
Keywords: Pawpaw seeds, Spermatogenesis, Testicular histology

Abstract
The effect of adding orange juice to the extender of roosters’ semen on mass activity, individual motility, dead and abnormal spermatozoa and acrosomal abnormalities were studied. A total of 60 White layer cocks, 32 weeks of age, randomly divided into 6 groups of 10 cocks each were used in this experiment. The treatment groups were; T1 – the control (fresh semen) ; T2 – the semen extended 1 : 1 with Al-Daraji 2 extender (AD2E) alone , whereas T3 , T4 , T5 and T6 represented semen samples extended with AD2E extender and supplemented with 1 , 4 , 7 or 10 ml of orange juice / 100 ml extender. Results revealed that after 0, 24, 48 or 72 h in vitro storage, the supplementation of roosters semen extender with 7 and 10 ml orange juice / 100 ml of extender (T5, T6) caused significant (P < 0.05) increases in mass activity and individual motility of spermatozoa and significant decreases (P < 0.05) in percentages of dead spermatozoa, abnormal spermatozoa and acrosomal abnormalities compared with control group. However, T2, T3 and T4 groups showed significant improvements in all of theses parameters in comparison with control group. Moreover, it was also noticed that there no significant differences (p> 0.05) between T5 and T6 and among T2, T3 and T4 regarding all semen characteristics included in this study. In conclusion the supplementation of orange juice into semen extender plays an important role in protecting spermatozoa against the harmful effects of lipid peroxidation during in vitro storage of roosters’ semen for up to 72 hours.
Keywords: Liquid storage, Orange juice, Roosters, Semen quality

Abstract
This paper reports on a case of canine fetal mummification which is very rare. A Japanese Spitz aged 5 year was brought to the clinic of Mount Everest Kennel Club. Breeding history of dog was obtained from the owner. X-ray confirmed the presence of fetus. Exploratory laparotomy was done under general anesthesia. Five mummified fetuses were observed. Ovariohysterectomy and corrective surgery were performed. Bitch recovered successfully through therapeutic management after surgical approach.
Keywords: Bitch, Canine, Fetal mummification

Abstract
To evaluate three kinds of ELISA avain leukosis virus (ALV) p27 antigen kits A, B, C, an infectious clone rNX0101 of ALV subgroup J were inoculated into DF1 cells with three different doses (9×103, 9×102, 90TCID50 separately) and the supernatant of DF1 cell cultures were obtained at 1-6 days post inoculation and tested with three kinds of kits after freezing and thawing once. The infected cell was detected by ALV-J specific monoclonal antibody JE9 at 3 and 6 days post inoculation separately also. Results indicated the infected cells at 3 days and 6 days post inoculation all can be identified by IFA after inoculated with different dose, while only the kit A can detect the p27 antigen at 3 days post inoculation with the high dose and none of inoculated cells was detected positively if with B and C ELISA kits at the same time. All samples infected by different doses showed positive to ALV-J whether by three ELISA kits or by IFA 6 days post inoculation. The result indicated the sensitivity between A, B and C ELISA kits in the detection of ALV-J with three doses of inoculation and the IFA is more sensitive than commercial ELISA kit.
Keywords: Avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J); Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA); Enzyme-linked; immunosorbent assay (ELISA);Detection

Abstract
The experiment was planned to observe the growth response of carps towards rice polish and maize gluten supplementation in ammonium nitrate fertilized ponds. Two earthen ponds were selected and each pond was stocked with 15 Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), 25 Rohu (Labeo rohita) and 15 Mori (Cirrhinus mrigala) with a total number of 55 fishes. Pond 1 was treated with ammonium nitrate and rice polish while pond 2 was treated with ammonium nitrate and maize gluten. Total net fish production of pond 1 and pond 2 was remained 1104.3 and 1374.2 kg/ha/year, respectively. Gross fish production/ha/year of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala was 1163.9 kg and 1424.0 kg in pond1 and pond 2. The physico-chemical parameters were measured on weekly basis. Temperature, pH, light penetration and planktonic biomass showed non-significant relationship. Pond 2 which was treated with ammonium nitrate and maize gluten showed 2.69 times greater fish growth than pond 1 which was treated with ammonium nitrate and rice polish.
Keywords: Growth performance, Maize, gluten, Organic fertilizer, Rice polish

Abstract
A study on prevalence of mange infestation was conducted in canines of Kathmandu Valley. A total of 120 samples of suspected positive cases were taken from the dogs for study. Out of total the samples collected, 60 were from owned dogs (CVH- 30, Mount Everest Kennel Club- 22 and Veterinary Clinic- 8) and 60 from stray dogs (KAT- 30 and Animal Nepal-30). The result showed that 56% and 67% sample were positive for mites in owned and stray dogs respectively. Out of total positive samples, 68% were Demodex and 32% were Sarcoptes in case of owned dogs. Likewise, 70% were Demodex species and 30% were Sarcoptes species from the positive samples examined from stray dogs. Study on different breeds in case of owned dogs, Mongrel represents highest prevalence of mites 64%. Sex-wise prevalence showed the highest prevalence of mites in male representing 57%. Among different age groups, 3-6 yrs age were found to be more affected with 65 % followed by 9-12 years with 6 0%, 6-9 years with 57% and lastly 0-3years with 45%. Similarly, the study was also carried out among street dogs irrespective of age and breed. Sex-wise prevalence of mites showed the highest prevalence among females, representing 73%.
Keywords: Mange, Owned dogs, Prevalence, Stray Dogs

Abstract
Preliminary investigation of the major abattoirs and poultry farms in Anambra State was undertaken to determine the quantity of cow dung and poultry dropping generation with respect to biogas production. The study showed that about 15563 kg (15.6 tons) of fresh cow manure and about 2012 kg (2.01 tons) are produced daily in the state. These are sufficient to support biogas production in the state. Investigation shows that most of these manures are not properly managed resulting to environmental pollution. Result shows that only negligible proportion of these manures are used as manure for vegetable crops and feed stock for fish farming. Thus, there is need to popularize biogas technology which is a cheap and renewable source of energy whose effluent is a good fertilizer for crop growing.
Keywords: Abattoir, Biogas, Co-digestion, Cow dung and poultry dropping, Effluent, Renewable

Abstract
A study was carried out to analyze the hepatotoxicity induced by administration of gentamicin by analyzing liver specific parameters like alanine amino transferase, aspartate amino transferase, superoxide dismutase, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine in rats and to confirm the same by histopathological examination. An attempt was also made to study the possible hepatoprotective effect of Terminalia chebula on gentamicin induced toxicity and compare the same with that of silymarin. The results of this study showed that gentamicin administered at a dosage of 80 mg/kg b.wt. i/p once daily for seven days produced significant elevation of serum biochemical parameters like ALT, AST with significant reduction in the level of total protein and albumin. Administration of aqueous extract of Terminalia chebula significantly restored these parameters. The results of the present study have suggested that Terminalia chebula plant extracts can be used as a protective agent in gentamicin induced hepatotoxicity.
Keywords: Gentamicin induced, hepatotoxicity, Protective effect, Terminalia chebula

Abstract
Ketoprofen is an aryl propionic acid derivative, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) administered by intravenous and other parenteral routes in domestic animals. Side effects like gastrointestinal ulceration, hepatopathies, haematological alterations, photosensitivity and renal diseases, have been reported in domestic and laboratory animals following long term administration of ketoprofen. It was found that there is a lack of literature on the safety of ketoprofen in the target species like cattle. Therefore the present study was planned to evaluate the safety of ketoprofen following its multiple intravenous administration in cow calves. The present study was carried out on six healthy male cow calvesof6-12 months and weighing between 76 to 117 kilograms.Ketoprofen injections was administered at the dose rate of 3 mg/kgintravenously in calves and repeated at 24 hours interval for 5 days. Blood samples were withdrawn from jugular vein into sterile heparinized (2 ml) and non-heparinized (5 ml) test tubes at 0 day (before drug administration) and on 1st (24 h), 2nd (48 h), 3th (72 h), 4th (96 h) and 5th day (120 h) for haematological [Hb, PCV, TLC and DLC] and serum biochemical [SAP, ACP, AST, ALT, LDH, Total bilirubin, Serum creatinine, BUN, Serum total protein and Serum albumin] analysis. The mean values of all haematological and blood biochemical parameters in treated animal do not differ significantly (P<0.05) when compared to control samples. It is concluded that administration of ketoprofenby intravenous route continuously for 5 days in calves was found safe. Keywords: Ketoprofen, Haematological, Biochemical Parameters, Cow calves

Abstract
Unlike poultry, pigs and other animals, ruminants are quite resistant to adverse effects of mycotoxins. This is because the ruminal microflora and microfauna act as first line of defence by detoxifying and degrading the mycotoxins originated from feed. Ruminal fluid has a diverse ecosystem containing 50 genera of bacteria, 25 genera of cilliate protozoae, 5 genera of anaerobic fungi and 108-109/ml of bacteriophages. This number might be much larger as many of them are non-culturable. Ruminal ecosystem converts ochratoxin, aflatoxin, diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), T-2 toxins and deoxynivalenol (DON) to less toxic ochratoxin-?, aflatoxicol, de-epoxy DAS, HT-2 toxin and de-epoxy DON respectively. While fumonisins are tolerant to ruminal degradation and zearalenone is converted to more toxic ?-zearalenone. However, their oral bioavailability is very low due to which they do not cause intoxication in ruminants. This detoxifying ability of ruminal microflora is saturable. Different factors like metabolic disorders (rumen acidosis, milk fever etc), abrupt change in diet, high protein diet, negative energy balance, antimicrobial activity of some mycotoxins etc can decrease the detoxifying ability of ruminal microflora. Under field conditions, animals are under the exposure of different mycotoxins present in concentrates and roughages as a result of which detoxifying ability of microflora becomes exhausted producing a high internal challenge in animals.
Keywords: Inactivation, Mycotoxins, Mycotoxicosis, Ruminal, microflora