Abstract
This review focuses on the principles of diagnostic ultrasound in dromedary camel medicine. The first section of the review concentrates on scanning of the abdominal cavity of both sick and sound ones including sonography of the gastrointestinal tract and physical feedbacks followed by the implementation in different belly diseases. The second part of the review will focus on hepatic scanning of both sound and unhealthy camels including hepatic sonography in camels and natural results, evaluation of the liver echotexture, size and positioning and evaluation of the hepatic veins. It will be also followed by the application of ultrasound in some hepatic disorders in camels. The third section of this review will discuss renal imaging in sound and unhealthy camels including renal sonography and detected results. Parallel, it will be followed by application in different renal disorders. The last section of this article will emphasize thoracic imaging of both sound and unhealthy ones including procedures of pulmonary ultrasonography and findings in healthy camels and echocardiographic protocol and findings. Using sonography in detecting thoracic disorders such as myocardial degeneration, pneumonia, pulmonary abscessation, pulmonary emphysema, pleural effusion, pleurisy and pleuropneumonia will be followed.
Keywords: Animals, Animal health, Diagnostic imaging, Diseases, Pathophysiology.

Abstract
An accurate sexing process is crucial for preserving the purity of Pesisir cattle bulls and enhancing their productivity to meet the increasing beef demand in Indonesia. Therefore, this study aims to verify the separation of spermatozoa carrying X and Y chromosomes molecularly, using the Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) column. The spin-column method was employed to isolate the separated X and Y spermatozoa. Amplification through PCR was performed using two sets of primers targeting the Sex-determining Region Y (SRY) gene, located on the Y chromosome, and the Ausal Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene on the X chromosome. The assessment of spermatozoa quality in coastal cattle bulls showed an average fresh semen volume, and sperm concentration to be 3±0.7mL, and 1.58±1.05×106/mL, respectively. While the other parameters of assessment of spermatozoa quality including average motility, spermatozoa survival, sperm abnormalities, and mean progressive motility (MPU) were to be 80±10, 85.83±7.59, 6.36±3.50, and 79.81±5.97%, respectively. The quality evaluation after sexing included the average motility of spermatozoa with X at 56.66±11.54 and Y at 66.66±11.54%, as well as their average intact plasma membrane (IPM) being 55.58±1.01 and 59.35±7.78%, respectively. The quality of spermatozoa decreased by 20-30% after sexing. The results of spermatozoa separation with the 5% BSA column confirmed one GAPDH band (415bp), indicating the content to be X. In contrast, the 10% BSA column and the non-sexed spermatozoa exhibited two bands, SRY (318bp) and GAPDH (415bp), indicating a higher proportion of Y in the 10% BSA column. These demonstrated molecular verification of sexed spermatozoa using the 5 and 10% BSA column, enabling the separation of those carrying X and Y chromosomes in Pesisir bulls through the duplex PCR method.
Keywords: Spermatozoa Sexing, Molecular Verification, BSA Column, Pesisir Cattle, Spermatozoa Separation.

Abstract
Red Sokoto goats are well known for their susceptibility to mastitis, but the economic role they play in the provision of regular income and outstanding high-quality hide and skin make it very important to care for their healthy well-being to ensure continuous production. Gangrenous mastitis is the form where the udder undergoes necrosis as a result of the effects of the toxin produced by the virulent microorganisms causing the condition and death can ensue from resulting toxemia. Total or unilateral mastectomy is the best management of gangrenous mastitis, especially where the teats are also affected. We present here a report of a conservative approach to management of a craniolateral focal gangrenous mastitis in a 1½-year old lactating doe by debulking of the gangrenous tissue, debriding, antibiosis and management as an open wound. The outcome was good and resulted in a spared teat with possibility of lactation in subsequent kidding.
Keywords: Conservative management, Gangrenous mastitis, Goat, Mastectomy.

Abstract
This study aimed to define the active phytochemical constituents of extracted oil and, commercially available one of Coriandrum and to investigate the anthelmintic impacts of its major components against the diverse stages of Haemonchus contortus. The compositional analysis of the extracted and commercial oil of Coriandrum was carried out via GC/MS. The chromatography revealed the poor quality of commercial oil available in local markets than the extracted ones because of trace content of major component, linalool. Detection of the anthelmintic effect of crude extracted coriander essential oil, and the pure components of geraniol, linalool, and eugenol, at six concentrations (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8mg/mL) were evaluated employing egg hatch assay against H. contortus eggs. The coriander and geraniol showed higher and reproducible inhibitory egg hatching activity even at the lowest concentrations (0.25 mg/ml) up to 86 and 100%, respectively. Both essential oils exhibited a marked inhibitory activity against adult and larval motility in a dose-dependent manner. The nematocidal effect of the coriander essential oil on treated adult worms was indicated by cuticular changes induced with concentration of 4mg/mL on the histological examination compared to the untreated worms. The safety results of the body and organ weights, oxidative stress and biochemical parameters confirmed that the administration of coriander and geraniol oils (50mg/kg) is a great extent biologically safe. Our findings showed that the coriander and geraniol have potential anthelmintic activity against H. contortus and can be taken for a long time with no side effects.
Keywords: Botanicals, Coriander Essential Oil, Phytochemicals, Haemonchus Contortus, Anthelmintic, Sheep.

Abstract
One-day-old chicks were separately allocated to two groups, indigenous and commercial strains of chickens. Each strain was divided into fifteen replicates of six chicks per replicate: a total of 90 chicks per strain. An experimental medication-free diet, primarily composed of corn-soybean meal, was given to the chicks. Blood samples were collected at 1, 3, and 5 weeks of age for hematological, serum biochemistry and morphometry assessment of blood cells of both breeds. Hematological analysis involved some parameters for red blood cells and different white blood cells. For serum chemistry, total protein, certain enzymes, electrolytes, urea, and glucose were assessed. It was noted that age and breed influenced hematological values in the two breeds. In contrast to Cobb 500, local breed had values in an increasing trend with age, specifically for RBCs, Hb, and PCV. As for WBC, both breeds had an increasing trend in heterophils count with age but not for monocytes or lymphocytes which tended to decrease. The two breeds did not differ much in serum biochemistry as they both showed a trend for increase in aspartate aminotransferase and CK level with age. Moreover, both age and breed had a significant effect on the length, width, and area of erythrocyte and thrombocyte. This study revealed a significant impact of age on all hematological parameters in both local Omani and Cobb 500 broiler chickens and could furnish markers suggesting the health status of these breeds.
Keywords: Chickens, Age, Blood, Cells, Morphology, Oman, Cobb 500.

Abstract
This study investigates anticoccidial drug resistance, coccidiosis effects on growth performance, intestinal lesions, and immunity of broiler chickens against Newcastle and infectious bursal disease. Magnesium, iron, and phosphorus blood concentration changes associated with coccidiosis were also determined. Five equal treatments were randomly assigned to 375 (Ross 308) one-day-old broiler chicks. These chicks were raised for 29 days. Each treatment was divided into three replicates with 25 birds/replicate. On day 12, groups were challenged with coccidiosis. All groups showed clinical signs of coccidiosis. A partial resistance against diclazuril and limited efficacy against a combination of Nicarbazin and Narasin was found. A significant (P<0.05) difference in production performance was found between groups. Iron, magnesium, and phosphorus concentrations in the blood were higher in the 3rd week. The highest infectious bursal disease (IBD) antibody concentrations were noticed in the negative control group, and the highest Newcastle (ND) antibody titer was noticed in TN and T+ve groups. It was concluded that resistance has developed against anticoccidial drugs. Coccidiosis affects immunity and renders mortality. Keywords: Coccidia, Immunity, Drug resistance, Minerals, Performance parameters.

Abstract
This study aims to use avocado seeds and banana peels processed into rations to replace the use of corn by utilizing agricultural waste so that it can also reduce feed costs. This research consists of 3 stages of experiments, namely, experiment 1: processing avocado seed flour and banana peel flour to improve its quality. Experiment 2: the results of stage 1 research were carried out direct biological tests to livestock to see digestibility, stage 3 research: application of avocado seed and banana peel-based rations to quail. The results showed that Avocado Seed Processing (ASP) through soaking with 30% Husk Ash Water Filtrate (HAWF) for 48 hours can reduce tannin content in seeds by 42.86%, but crude protein content decreased by 37.53% and increased nitrogen retention by 57.62%. Fermentation of Banana Peel (FBP) using EM4 at a dose of 15mL/100g and fermentation duration of 6 days can reduce 15.54% of crude fiber content and increase crude protein content by 31.12% and increase crude fiber digestibility by 380%. It was concluded that the ration that gave the best response on performance and egg quality was ration C (20% FBP) and F (5% ASP + 15% FBP) so that it could reduce the use of corn by 44%.
Keywords: Quail, Avocado Seed, Banana Peel.

Abstract
The current investigation was conducted to assess the potential impact of chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs) with the antimalarial mefloquine (Mef) and the anti-schistosomal praziquantel (PZQ) on some biochemical and immunological responses induced in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni by measuring AST, ALT, ALP enzymes, TP, and IL-10. One hundred and twelve mice were grouped into fourteen separated collections with eight mice in each group. G1 (uninfected controls) and G2 (positive untreated control). At the 7th day post infection (PI), the groups were divided into the following groups: G3 (Mef dosage 400mg/kg), G4 (500mg/kg of CS-NPs), G5 (400mg/kg Mef with 500mg/kg CS-NPs), G6 (500mg/kg PZQ with 200mg/kg Mef), and G7 (500mg/kg CS-NPs accompanied with 200mg/kg Mef and 500mg/kg PZQ). At the 21st day PI, the groups from G8-G12 were treated with the same previous doses respectively. At the 35th day PI, the groups were as follows: G13 (a PZQ dosage of 1000mg/kg), and G14 (1000mg/kg PZQ with 500mg/kg CS-NPs). All the animals were sacrificed on the 56th day PI. Treatment with Mef accompanied with PZQ and CS-NPs at 7- and 21-days PI markedly reduced AST and ALT more than the other treated groups in comparison to the untreated positive mice. Accompanying Mef, PZQ and CS-NPs showed a synergistic effect on immunological response in schistosomiasis treatment as expressed in elevated levels of IL-10 when compared with uninfected control group. This represents an aid in improving the usage of drugs against schistosomiasis.
Keywords: S. mansoni; Mefloquine; Praziquantel; Nanoparticle.

Abstract
Numerous researchers have proposed work in dromedary camel immunity. It has not before been described how autoimmune etiology is involved in cystic and inactive camel ovaries. To specifically identify ELISA technique to measure anti-ovarian antibodies (Anti-OAB) in the serum, sixty female dromedary camels with various cysts and inactive ovaries during the breeding season were used. For the first time, the values of ELISA are objectively displayed in the current study. Sex evaluations were performed on each sample using the newly designed In-House indirect ELISA. Three are related to the cutoff value, two are related to the sample’s initial dilution, and the last reading is related to the antibody index. The values of the Majaheem breed with follicular and luteal cyst were significantly greater than those of healthy she-camels in terms of serum OD of primary dilution; cut-off (antibody titer) value and calibrated antibody concentration against ovarian protein (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). Concerning antibody index, the data demonstrated a significant difference between the healthy she- camel and Majaheem breed with follicular and luteal cyst (P<0.05), Majaheem breed with hemorrhagic cyst (P<0.01) and Majaheem and Waddah breeds with inactive ovary (P<0.05). Results exhibited a significant decrease in estrogen (P<0.001) and FSH levels (P<0.05) comparing to normal control group in the serum of Majaheem breed with follicular and luteal cysts and inactive ovary. It is recommended that more study be done on the blood-follicle barrier to comprehend how abnormality develops in ovarian she-dromedaries. Keywords: Female Dromedary Camels, Anti-Ovarian Antibodies, FSH, Estrogen, ELISA.

Abstract
This study aims to obtain the chemical composition, RDP-RUP content, and digestibility of tropical legumes from two different regions using the in-vitro method. The legumes used included: A. hypogea, A. pintoi, C. calothyrsus, C. mucunoides, G. sepium, I. zollingeriana, L. leucocephala, M. oleifera and S. grandiflora. The chemical composition of feed ingredients was determined using proximate and van soest analysis. Dry Matter Digestibility (DMD) and Organic Matter Digestibility (OMD) were measured using the in vitro Tiley and Terry method. The research design used was a randomized block design with areas (Luak and dramaga) as treatment then repeated three times. Research data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with SPSS software version 25. The results obtained from this study were not significant differences (P>0.05) between treatments for each parameter observed. I. zoliingeriana was the legume with the highest CP (30.40%) content among all the legumes observed. DMD ranged from 58.03% (A. pintoi) – 72.68% (I. zollingeriana). The highest RDP content was found in I. zollingeiana (71.28%). The highest RUP content was found in C. mucunoides (46.94%). The conclusion from this study is that tropical legumes of the same type but grown in areas with different environmental conditions tend to have almost the same quality. The database of feed nutrient content is very useful in formulating livestock rations. A good ration formulation is based on the ratio of RDP and RUP so that the needs of rumen microbes and host livestock are met. This research is highly useful to help formulate ruminant livestock rations based on the ratio of RDP and RUP, due to limited information from previous studies.
Keywords: Tropical legumes, RDP, RUP, nutrients, digestibility.

Abstract
The differences in milk composition between different parts of the same mammary gland in camel milk have been a point of interest in previous studies. Therefore, the aim of this study is to demonstrate the differences in the distribution of carbohydrates, mucins and caseins between the cranial and caudal gland of the same lactating mammary gland quarter through testing the histochemical differences by Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS), Alcian Blue (AB), and immunohistochemical differences by ? and ?-casein. The examined mammary glands samples were collected from 6 healthy mature one-humped she-camels (Camelus dromedaries) on mid of lactation just after slaughtering. Sections were fixed in 10% neutral buffer formalin then subjected to the histochemical and immunohistochemical examination. The intensity of the PAS reaction differed throughout the mammary gland; the cranial gland alveolar secretion showed more intense magenta color when compared to the caudal gland. The same lactating mammary gland quarter showed darker blue alveolar secretion in cranial gland when stained with AB in comparison with the caudal one which showed significant faint colored secretion. The alveolar secretion of the cranial gland showed stronger reaction for ?- and ?-casein than the caudal gland alveolar secretion. The positive staining of ?-casein in cranial gland was localized on the alveolar secretion as well as in most of the cells surrounding the lumen of the alveoli. In contrast, week positive staining appeared in the lumen and was not observed in alveolar cells for ?- casein in cranial gland and for ? and ? -casein in caudal gland.
Keywords: She-Camel Mammary PAS, Alcian Blue, ?-casein, ?-casein.

Abstract
Pyometra is a common disease of female cats (queens) characterized by endometrial hyperplasia with cystic dilation of endometrial glands and accumulation of the neutrophil-rich exudate in the uterine lumen. In this study, 20 queens with the age range of 10 to 108 months (average 26 months) and diagnosed with pyometra (open and closed) between January 2019 and January 2021 were divided into four groups A, B, C and D, with five queens in each group. A first dose of Alizin® was given at 10mg/kg (S/C) to animals of groups A, B and C. In group A, the second dose of Alizin® was given 24hrs later while monitoring for vaginal discharge. In group B, upon notice of vaginal discharge at 24hrs, a dose of PGF2? was given at 1.0mcg/kg BW (S/C) which eventually stopped the discharge. In group C, upon notice of vaginal discharge at 24hrs, a dose of Cytotec® was given intravaginally as 100mcg/cat. Group D was subjected to ovariohysterectomy and no complication was noted for 7 days post operation; on the 14th day, sutures were removed, and the surgical site healed completely. Vaginal discharge was noticed post Alizin® administration in groups A, B and C. Responses in three groups were observed 24 and 48hrs post treatment. In groups B and C, there was evidence of higher evacuated uterine pus compared to group A. Group C was better with no evidence of rapid respiration compared to groups B and A. There was evidence of general health response with the maximum resumption of feeding in groups B and C. In conclusion, the current study elucidated a different dimension for treating pyometra with an advantage of recovery and complete healing coupled with the response of maximum feeding for groups treated with Alizin in combination with PGF2? or Misoprostol.
Keywords: Pyometra, Aglepristone, PGF2?, Cytotec, Ovariohysterectomy.

Abstract
Control fish catches in the reservoirs of the Ural-Kushum water-irrigation system and the Derkul, Ankaty, Shiderta, Buldyrty, Utva, and Rubezhka rivers allowed the establishment of the extensiveness and intensity of infestation by the main helminth species among fish and the studied reservoirs. Ligulosis pathogens had the highest prevalence in the territory of West Kazakhstan region, found in 5 of 9 surveyed reservoirs, and postodiplostomosis in 4 of 9. Diseases were registered predominantly among carp family fish, and the extensiveness of infestation was 4.1 and 3.2%, respectively, of the total number of fish. The main species in which helminths have been detected are redfin, roach, and goose. Among anthropozoonotic diseases, in which fish are intermediate hosts, individuals with opistorchosis metacercariae were found in Derkul and Rubezhka rivers. The extensiveness of infestation was 16% of the carp population, which was significantly lower than the results of earlier studies. Of the other diseases dangerous to humans, no anisacid larvae were detected, which also did not agree with literature sources. Parallel to the parasitological examinations of fish, an examination of caught crayfish was carried out to determine the number of diseased crayfish. The survey revealed that about 20% of the river crayfish caught in the reservoirs had signs of rust-stain disease.
Keywords: Control catch, Opisthorchiasis, Postodiplostomosis, Ligulosis, Anazakidosis, Metacercariasis, Rust-staining crayfish disease.

Abstract
Different new potential biologic agents have recently been studied to control knee joint osteoarthritis (KOA). Hence, animal models are one of the most important foundations studies to assess early safety and efficacy before human clinical trials. This study aimed to evaluate the radiographic progression of stifle joint osteoarthritis (OA) after lateral meniscectomy. A total of 14 skeletally matured sheep (Ovis aries) were subjected to total lateral meniscectomy and evaluated for radiographic cranio-caudal and mediolateral projections at the 6th and 12th week after surgery. Low grade OA was seen radiologically by osteophyte formation at the 6th week, followed by intra-articular mineralization and subchondral sclerosis at the 12th week after meniscectomy. There was statistically non-significant difference in the radiographic scores between 6th and 12th week after meniscectomy. In conclusion, total lateral meniscectomy in the ovine stifle joint could create low grade OA as early as 6 weeks, confirmed radiologically by osteophyte formation. Further studies are needed to evaluate the correlation between radiological and clinical findings.
Keywords: Stifle Joint, Ovis aries, Lateral Meniscectomy, Radiographic Score.

Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the effects of the probiotic consortium (Lactobacillus parabuchneri, Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus harbinensis, Schieferilactobacillus harbinensis and Lentilactobacillus parabuchner) isolated from fermented fish (budu) in Padang Pariaman Regency on the performance (weight gain, consumption of ration and ration conversion ratio) and carcass quality (carcass presented, crude fat, crude protein, cholesterol and cooking loss in meat) of broilers. Completely Randomized Design with 4 replications and 4 treatments was applied using 80 DOC (day-old-chicks). These chicks were divided into 16 cages, each cage having five chicks. The treatments in this study were: PO: control; P1: 0.5mL/L probiotic consortium in drinking water: P2: 1.0mL/L probiotic consortium in drinking water; P3: 1.5ml/L probiotic consortium in drinking water. The amount of probiotics of the consortium applied was 108 CFU/mL. The results revealed that broilers given probiotic consortium in drinking water exhibited significant differences (P<0.01) in their production performance and carcass quality compared to control. Based on these experiments, it was found that the use of 1.0ml/L (P2) of probiotic consortium in drinking water gave better results in terms of feed consumption (693.01g/head/week), body weight gain (409.21g/head/week), feed conversion ratio (1.69), carcass percentage (83.52%), meat fat (11.43%), meat proteins (25.69%), meat cholesterol (16.50mg/dL) and meat cooking loss (30.48%) than other treatments. In conclusion, the probiotic consortium (Lactobacillus parabuchneri, Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus harbinensis, Schieferilactobacillus harbinensis, and Lentilactobacillus parabuchneri) isolated from fermented fish (Budu), which contained 1x108 CFU/mL bacteria in the supplementation of 1.0mL/L in drinking water can improve the production performance and carcass quality of broiler chickens. Keywords: Broiler, Carcass, Meat Quality, Performance, Probiotic Consortium.

Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have the potential to be used as probiotics for broilers because they have the ability to release enzymes, one of those is cellulase enzyme. However, the lactic acid bacteria are still unknown; thus, they need to be found. This study aims to find cellulolytic LAB from soymilk waste as a probiotic candidate for broiler chickens. This research was conducted through several stages, those were isolation of LAB, LAB bacteria were then tested for their ability to produce cellulase enzyme. After that, the isolates were tested for their enzyme activity and the isolates obtained were then selected for their morphological characters. The results showed that the isolates found namely F4, F6, F9 and F11 were cellulolytic lactic acid bacteria. These four isolates are classified as gram-positive bacteria and are aerobic. The cellulase activities of isolates F4, F6, F9 and F11 were 17.69, 20.67, 14.72 and 13.13U/mL, respectively. Based on the characterization of the bacteria, isolates F4 and F6 were categorized as Lactobacillus sp.1, isolate F9 was marked as Lactobacillus sp.2 and isolate F11 was characterized as Lactobacillus sp.3.
Keywords: Isolation, Characterization, Cellulolytic, Lactic Acid Bacteria.

Abstract
This experiment was aimed to document the effect of dystocia in female camels on acid-base elements and blood gas parameters alongside the hemato-biochemical profiles compared to those with eutocia. Eighteen dystotic female dromedary camels were examined. Animals were received within 24, 48, 72, and >72h of birth. Signs included depression, anorexia, distress, colic, straining, and exhaustion. Ten eutocic females were used as controls. Compared to a mean value of 7.37±0.01in the control group, the blood pH in dystotic females was 7.32±0.13. The PO2 was lower in dystotic females than in controls (61±58mmHg/L versus 183±15mmHg/L). The BE was also lower in dystotic females than controls (-8.8±6.0mmol/L versus -3.7±1.2mmol/L). The HCO3 was lower in dystotic females than the controls (18±5mmol/L versus 21.4±1.5 mmol/L). The TCO2 was also lower in dystotic females than in controls (19±5.0mmol/L versus 22.6±1.7mmol/L). The SO2 decreased significantly in dystotic females than in controls. The PCO2 and lactate concentrations did not change in a significant manner between the 2 groups. It is concluded that female camels with dystocia have metabolic acidosis compared to those with normal parturition. Changes in blood gases were remarkable that included significant decreases in PO2, TCO2, and SO2 values when compared to eutocic camels.
Keywords: Animals; Biomarkers; Blood; Pathophysiology; Ruminant.

Abstract
Mycoplasma is a member of the Mollicutes group and is the smallest bacteria, which leads to mastitis, arthritis, pneumonia, and reproductive disorders in animals. The major etiological agent behind the scenes is Mycoplasma bovis, which is more prevalent and results in major losses but is the least noticeable due to its subclinical infection. The main source of Mycoplasma transmission is contaminated milking or the introduction of sub-clinically infected animals in the herd. Mycoplasma is found all over the world and is also reported from Pakistan. Mycoplasma is one of the mega problems due to its resistance to antibiotics so once the animal gets infection it is very difficult to get rid of it. It can be easily diagnosed by observing the clinical signs or by culturing the bacteria (fastidious or time-consuming). In this study, we collected 384 milk samples and performed Surf Field Mastitis Test (SFMT) to check the presence of mastitis. All these samples were further evaluated for Mycoplasma bovis by ELISA (ID Screen® Mycoplasma bovis Indirect). Along with this, we targeted the uvrC gene of the Mycoplasma bovis through PCR and LAMP for the rapid diagnosis of Mycoplasma. It was observed that 45.57% of animals were positive for mastitis through SFMT and 20.83% prevalence was recorded through ELISA. Only three samples were confirmed for Mycoplasma from all the ELISA-positive animals by LAMP assay. None of the samples was positive for PCR. IL-6 levels were significantly higher in the SFMT and ELISA-positive animals as compared to the healthy ones.
Keywords: Mycoplasma, Mastitis, IL-6, Marker, LAMP, Cattle.

Abstract
Tropical theileriosis, which is caused by Theileria annulata, is considered as a serious illness that impairs animal fertility and production in the world’s tropical and subtropical regions. This study investigates bovine tropical theileriosis in Blue Nile State, Sudan. A total of 472 blood samples were collected from six localities namely Al Damazine, Geissan, Alrosires, Altadamon, Baw, and Wadalmahi from Kenana and Umbararo cattle breeds of different age groups: calves under two years old, heifers and steers between two and four years old, and cows and bulls above four years old. Out of 472 peripheral blood smears, 20 (4.2%, 95% CI: 2.6-6.5%) were Theileria piroplasm’s positive with the highest prevalence in Al Damazine and the lowest prevalence in Altadamon. The prevalence reported by PCR was 8.2% (4/49 blood spots, 95% CI: 2.3-19.6%), where heifers and steers showed a higher prevalence rate compared with other age categories. Microscopic analysis and PCR revealed that Kenana cattle had a high prevalence when compared to Umbararo animals. T. annulata seroprevalence was 42.8% (202/472, 95% CI: 38.3-47.4%) by immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT). Alrosires had the highest seroprevalence, and Baw had the lowest. Heifers and steers had a significantly high association with the T. annulata seroprevalence compared to other age groups. The odds ratio of T. annulata seropositive in Kenana cattle was 1.6 times more likely than Umbararo cattle. In Blue Nile State, where the management program needs to be strengthened, T. annulata is rapidly expanding and poses a threat to the health of cattle.
Keywords: Tropical theileriosis; Risk factors; Cattle; Immunofluorescence antibody test; Theileria annulata; Sudan.