Abstract
The farmers’ perception on the determinants of entering into contract Japanese quail farming was analysed by factor analysis. The data for the study was collected through a pre-tested interview schedule from the contract Japanese quail producers in western zone of Tamil Nadu. Seven variables were considered emphasizing the factors to go in for contract. Out of seven variables, two variables, creating infrastructure and averting price fluctuation showed highest factor loadings on the first dimension While two variables, remunerative price and removal of exploitation by middle men had relatively highest factor loadings on second dimension and the other two variables like extending technical knowledge and forecasting disease outbreak higher in third dimensions.
Keywords: Contract Japanese quail farming, Factor analysis, Farmers’ perception

Abstract
The Study was under taken to analyze the Productivity of Resource in Milk Production in urban areas of Tamil Nadu. A Total Sample Size of 90 dairy farmers was selected from three urban milk shed areas of Tamil Nadu namely Chennai (Tambaram), Erode and Vellore for the present Study. To estimate the productivity of resources in milk production, Cobb Douglas Production Function was used. The co-efficient of multiple determinations (adjusted R2) was 0.912, indicating that the five variables selected for the analysis had explained 91.2 percent variation in total milk production. The Results of Cobb-Douglas Production Function revealed that concentrate, green fodder and labour had Positive and highly significant (P Keywords: Cobb, Douglas production function, Milk production, Resource use efficiency

Abstract
The aim of this case report was to describe the gynaecological complications that were related to improper ovariohysterectomy in a dog. Another aim of this report was to highlight the necessity of careful and proper surgical technique to the clinicians. Ovariohysterectomy is an irreversible technique which is used routinely in female animals. In present case a 5 years old Golden Retriever dog that was presented to our clinic with the complaint of enlargement of the abdomen and bloody vaginal discharge was described. The bitch had been spayed previously in a private clinic in 2006. After this surgery the bitch continued to exhibit signs of estrus and mated several times. Radiography and ultrasonography revealed two large fluid accumulation likely due to the fact that of remnant uterine horns. It was decided to operate on the bitch. During the surgery it was detected that only the bifurcation of the uterus was excised at the first surgery which had been performed in the private clinic. After this operation histopathologically, two ovaries with luteal cysts, two remnant uterine horns, and enlarged cervix were recorded. In both of the uterine horns and in the cervix; cystic endometrial hyperplasia was detected. After the surgery the bitch was presented to our clinic again for control and was observed to be clinically normal. In conclusion, possible consequences of improper ovariohysterectomy in female dogs are discussed in this case report.
Keywords: Female dog, Hematometra, Hydrometra, Ovarian remnant

Abstract
Uterine prolapse is a rare clinical condition in bitches. The determining factor in choosing a method of treatment is whether or not the bitch is intended for breeding purpose in the future. The most suitable therapeutic approach for uterine prolapse is surgery. In the present study manual replacement of uterus and per vaginal delivery of retained fetus following replacement is reported. A Great Dane bitch was reported with the history of uterine prolapse following whelping. Radiographic evaluation showed the presence of retained fetus which was found to be non-viable on ultrasound examination. Based on the clinical observations and the results of radiography and ultrasound the case was diagnosed as complete uterine prolapse accompanied with retained fetus. Since, the owner was interested in retaining the breeding potential of the dog, it was decided to replace the uterus pervaginum. The prolapsed uterus was cleaned, lubricated and both uterine horns were gently pushed into the vagina with gloved fingers. Then by inserting hand into the vagina the uterine horns were replaced in the abdominal cavity followed by a dead fetus was relieved manually pervaginum. It is concluded that when the prolapsed uterus is neither damaged nor necrosed and when it is necessary to retain the breeding potential of the bitch, manual replacement without surgical removal can be adopted as the method of treatment.
Keywords: Bilateral uterine horn prolapsed, Bitch, Manual replacement

Abstract
Two groups each of 10 Nili-Ravi buffalo heifers of 6-8 months age and 98.55±5 kg body weights (BW) were used to study the effects of compensatory growth pattern on growth, reproduction and lactation performance. After adjustment period of 4 weeks, two groups were fed either as per National Research Council (NRC) recommendations or stair-step feeding (SSF). For NRC heifers adopted Holstein Friesian nutrients requirements for growth rate of 0.6 kg/day considering BW of 100, 200 and 300 kg at the beginning of phase I (from 8 to 13 months), phase II (from 14 to 19 months) and phase III (from 20 to 25 months), respectively. The SSF was designed in three phase programme each having 6 months duration started on energy restricted diet (80% ME of NRC) for 4 months and ended with compensatory energy diet (120% ME of NRC) for 2 months. It was found that daily DM consumption for the entire feeding period was statistically (P>0.05) similar in both groups however; heifers on SSF gained 6.8% higher BW than NRC group. Feed conversion ratio was better (P0.05) by dietary treatments. Stair-step feeding has saved significant (P Keywords: Buffalo heifers, Economic analysis, Growth, Stair-step feeding

Abstract
A 9-year-old, male draught horse was brought to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Sudan University of Science and Technology for treatment of widespread skin lesions. The horse was anemic and in poor bodily condition. Encapsulated abscesses, nodules and ulcerated lesions were seen on different parts of the horse’s body, but were mostly seen on the pectoral region, ventral abdomen, and all four limbs. The horse had sluggish movement and showed swelling and lameness of the right hind limb. The nodules and abscesses discharged viscid purulent exudate. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis was isolated in pure culture from aspirates of intact encapsulated abscesses and identified in accordance to its cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics. Fecal examination was negative for internal parasites and complete blood count showed deviation from normal parameters. Histological examination of skin biopsy specimens revealed severe pathological changes. The horse was euthanized and post-mortem examination revealed no internal lesions other than a small fibrous adhesion between the liver and the diaphragm, and the presence of little pathogen-free yellowish fluid in the abdominal cavity. Based on clinical and laboratory findings two forms of the disease caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis were recognized in this horse: “pigeon’s breast” and ulcerative lymphangitis.
Keywords: C. pseudotuberculosis, Horse, Sudan, Ulcerative lymphangitis

Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious infection of poultry worldwide, caused by virulent strains of avian paramyxovirus type1. In order to rapidly detect and differentiate clinical isolates of ND virus (NDV) strains in poultry farms in Northwest of Iran, a RT-PCR assay was developed. RNA was extracted from ten NDV isolates and a one-step RT-PCR was performed. Three sets of primers were used to detect and differentiate virulent and non-virulent NDV strains by targeting their F gene. In the first step, a pair of general primers was employed to produce a product in all samples independent of the strain. Then, two sets of primers, specific for the F protein cleavage site sequence of virulent and non-virulent NDV strains, were used to differentiate NDV strains. Using RT-PCR, we detected the virulent strains of NDV in the poultry farms in Northwest of Iran. The results of the present study revealed that virulent strains of NDV affect the poultry in the region and the clinical diagnosis for the conformation of this disease can be made by RT-PCR.
To our knowledge, this is the first report of NDV detection and pathotyping in Northwest of Iran using molecular tools.
Keywords: F gene, Iran, Newcastle disease virus, Northwest, Pathotyping, RT-PCR

Abstract
Colitis was induced in animals of groups G2 to G6 by adding Dextran sulfate sodium to drinking water from day 1 to day 7 ad libitum. Animals of group G1 received distilled water alone. T. terrestris, extract dissolved in distilled water was administered to three groups at the dose levels of 40, 80 and 160 mg/kg body weight respectively. A daily clinical assessment was performed in all the animals, including body weight, evaluation of stool consistency and presence of blood in stools. Tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was carried out to measure neutrophil accumulation. Isolated distal portions of colon were placed in an embedding frame, preserved in 10% formalin, sliced, mounted and stained with hemotoxylin & eosin and then histologically scored. Oral administration of T. terrestris (40, 80 and 160 mg/kg) extract revealed a markedly reduced disease severity, attributed to reductions in occult blood, gross bleeding, and diarrhea. The colon length and colon weight of the animals treated with T. terrestris extract was found to be comparable to vehicle control. MPO activity in T. terrestris extract treated groups was found to be decreased as compared to the disease control group. Administration of T. terrestris extract significantly reduced the histological injury induced by DSS. The inflammation score and crypt damage score was found to be significantly improved in T terrestris treated DSS mice. The results showed that T. terrestris extract has a potential to suppress colitis in mice as indicated by the macroscopic, microscopic and biochemical evaluations. The findings of this study elucidate the anti-IBD and anti-inflammatory properties of T. terrestris.
Keywords: BALB/c mice, Colon, Histopathology, Inflammatory bowel disease, Myeloperoxidase activity, Tribulus terrestris extract

Abstract
This study was carried out to determine the effect of diets containing humic acid on composition and quality traits of milk (selected) in 18 Sannen goats. The animals (2 years old, 52 kg live body weight) were in 2nd lactation and fed three diets containing 0 g kg-1 humic acid (T1), 1 g kg-1 humic acid (T2) and 3 g kg-1 humic acid (T3) in a 3×3 Latin square design experiment. Each period consisted of a 21d -adaptation phase and a 7 d- sample collection phase. Milk samples were collected at the end of the sample collection periods. Total DM intake values were found to be 1.73, 1.74 and 1.79 kg d-1 for T1, T2 and T3, respectively. The fat (3.55, 3.67 and 3.58%), non-fat solids (SNF) (8.41, 8.30 and 8.58%), protein (3.73, 3.60 and 3.92%) and lactose percentages of milk (3.82, 3.83 and 3.77) were similar for T1, T2 and T3 groups. The administration of humic acid did not increase hygienic quality of milk. Somatic Cell Count of milk were determined as 257, 212 and 189 SCC (x 103) for T1, T2 and T3, respectively (P>0.05). Total Bacteria in milk were also determined as 239.7, 154.9 and 159.7 TB (x103). In conclusion, administration of humic acid had a minor effect on somatic cell count and total bacteria.
Keywords: Goat, Humic acid, Milk, Somatic cell count (SCC), Total bacteria (TB)

Abstract
A study was conducted on 12 bitches divided into two groups of six animals each to compare in terms of laparoscopic-assisted ovariohysterectomy techniques with three ports on the ventral midline (Group A) and two ports on paramedian and one port on midline (Group B). Ovarian pedicle haemostasis was achieved by endoclip application (Group C) or electro-cauterization (Group D) in six bitches of each group. The group combinations were denoted as AC, AD, BC and BD respectively. Surgeons’ positions, access to ovary and uterus, portal introduction of instruments, endoclip application, electro-cauterization, duration of hemostasis and transaction of ovarian pedicle, total duration of surgery, total carbon dioxide utilization, intra-operative and post-operative complication were studied. Both the techniques employed for ovarian pedicle hemostasis were effective. Group BD port placement model did not necessitate change in position of the surgeon and assistant surgeon. The duration of surgery and carbon dioxide utilization was less in AC, followed by BD. We found that endoclip application in group A port placement model and electro-cauterization in group B port placement model was found to be the most appropriate procedure for laparoscopic-assisted ovariohysterectomy. Both the techniques employed for ovarian pedicle hemostasis were effective however; electro-cauterization technique was simple and quick to perform.
Keywords: Bitch, Laparoscopic-assisted, ovariohysterectomy, Ovarian pedicle hemostasis, Port placement