Abstract
In this study, the effects of 4-Vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) on the testicular gene expression in dogs were investigated. Eighteen male dogs were used as material and were randomly allocated to 3 groups. The first group (n=6) was administered sesame oil by intraperitoneal (i.p.) route once a day for 8 days, and this group was served as a control. The second group (n=6) received 80 mg/kg VCD and the third (n=6) group was administered VCD (i.p.) at a dose of 320 mg/kg once daily for 8 days. The testes were removed on following day the last VCD administration. The testes were immediately placed in the RNA stabilization solution and stored at -20°C. Later mRNAs were obtained from tissue samples. After RNA isolation, the cDNAs were synthesized. Finally, MasterMix was prepared and gene expression levels were examined at the real-time PCR. The expression of B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), tumor suppressor protein (tp53), Bax, CASP2, CASP3, CASP8, CASP9 and ?-actin were investigated in the all groups. Cross-group comparisons were made by using student t test. The tp53 gene expression in the second group was found to be higher compared to the control group. It was determined that the expression of Bcl-2 was reduced in the testes of animals treated with high-dose VCD. CASP-3 was found to be more expressed and CASP-9 was down-regulated in the third group. In addition, CASP-8 gene expression was significantly reduced in both treatment groups. As a result, it can be concluded that expression changes in the tp53, Bcl-2, CASP-3, CASP-8 and CASP-9 genes in the testes of male dogs may cause apoptotic changes with the VCD application.
Keywords: 4-Vinylcyclohexene diepoxide, Apoptosis, Dog, Testis

Abstract
Ovulation is release of secondary oocyte from ovary upon ovulation of grown and maturated Graafian follicle. Superovulation is the bunch of processes to have the female to produce more eggs than the normal count of its species in each estrus by gonadotropin and to increase the number of embryos. Ten or more live eggs can be collected in each estrus from appropriate superovulated cows and heifers. Approximately 5 transferrable embryos can be collected upon 85% of superovulated normal fertile donors. Usually FHS and PMSG and rarely hMG are used for superovulation of cows. LH, hCG, GnRH, estradiol 17-?, prostaglandins, Anti-PMSG, gestagens and inhibin are used as auxiliary to the superovulator hormones. 10 or more oocytes can be collected in an estrus from the cow appropriately superovulated. As the repetition frequency of superovulation increases chance for procurement of alive embryo decreases.
Keywords: Cow, FSH, PMSG, Superovulation

Abstract
In this study, 130 rectal swab samples taken from cats were involved to enterococci isolation in Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Microbiology. The isolated enterococci were identified by species specific PCR. Multiple drug resistancy genes and enterococcal surface proteins (Esp) were investigated in identified strains. The isolation studies revealed that out of 130 samples, 64 (50%) enterococci were identified as being 38 (29%) of them are Enterococcus faecalis and 26 (21%) of them are Enterococcus faecium. A total of 8 (21%) strains were detected as carrier of phosphorilation enzyme coding gene and none of the isolates were detected as esp gene carrier. By this research it is confirmed that, the cats which have close contact with humans, have the risk for exposing the carriage of enterococci, and it is cleared that this situation have to be estimated for examinations and routine laboratory analyses.
Keywords: E. faecalis, E. faecium, Identification, Cat, PCR, Esp gene

Abstract
This study was undertaken to explain the variability in milk production and fertility traits of Holstein-Friesian cows by a reduced dimension using principle components analysis (PCA). A total of 3513 lactation records were analyzed covering the period from 2009 to 2017. The traits measured were; milk yield (MY), days in milk (DIM), days dry (DD), open days (OD), age at calving (AAC), calving interval (CI), services per conception (SPC), days in milk to first heat (DIMFH) and days in milk to first breed (DIMFB). Two datasets were used in this investigation, handling a number of the first lactation and pooled lactation traits. The sampling adequacy measures were verified, where the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) estimates were above 0.7, also the Bartlett’s test denoted significant (P<0.01) outcomes. Three principle components were retained and rotated, elucidating 73% of traits variation. The first principle component (PC1) loaded heavily for MY, DIM, OD and SPC. PC2 had high loadings with DD, AAC and CI, while the third PC correlated mostly with DIMFH and DIMFB. The efficacy of PCA was confirmed by high communality estimates and the superiority of PC scores over original traits through stepwise regression analyses. These findings suggest that selection indices and breeding schemes for the current herd could be structured effectively using only three components instead of nine original traits, without significant loss of information. Keywords: Milk yield, Fertility traits, Principle components analysis, Multivariate methodology, Holstein-Friesian cows

Abstract
In the present study, efficacy of a locally prepared inactivated trivalent Salmonella vaccine consisting of Salmonella Typhimurium (ST), Salmonella Kentucky (SK) and Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) had been studied. A total of 120, two weeks old specific pathogen free (SPF) chicks were divided into two groups; 60 chicks each. First group was vaccinated with the prepared vaccine at the age of two weeks and boostered after three weeks, the second group was kept unvaccinated as a control group. The two groups were challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Kentucky and Salmonella Enteritidis strains (108 CFU/ml of each) 1ml orally, 3 weeks post boostering of the vaccine. The degree of protection was detected according to the severity of the clinical signs, the mortality and fecal shedding of the challenged organisms. Blood samples were collected weekly after first vaccination till the third week after challenge and humoral immune response was measured against Salmonella strains using ELISA and microagglutination test and gives a high protective antibody titer. The prepared vaccine induced 80% protection rate in challenge test with reduced fecal shedding. These results suggest that the locally prepared inactivated trivalent Salmonella vaccine can be an effective tool for controlling the salmonellosis in chicken farms in Egypt.
Keywords: Salmonella, Typhimurium, Kentucky, Enteritidis, Vaccine, Chickens

Abstract
A noticeable potency of many species of plants present against bacterial and fungal pathogens. Bacterial resistance against antibiotics is consider one of the common problems in the medical world, so one of the most important steps in microbiological researches is to find a new antimicrobial compound with minimal side effects .So the aim of this study is to investigate the antimicrobial activity of Malus domestica ( apple) peel aqueous and organic solvant extracts on some medically important animal pathogens and to determine some phytochemical compounds to be recycled to added in animals ration. Hot and cold aqueous in addition to ethanol extracts of Malus domestica peel were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against some medically important pathogens isolated from animals and poultry farms (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aerogene, Bacillus cereus and Candida albicans) by agar well diffusion method. Both hot, cold aqueous and ethanol peel extracts showed high antibacterial and antifungal effect against the all examined pathogenic samples. Also, phytochemical compoud of aqueous and ethanol peel extracts were determined, results of the chemical tests explain the extracts of Malus domestica contain glycosides and flavnoids, tannins compounds while alkaloids and saponin not found. So, it could be concluded that the Malus domestica extracts possess remarkable antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in addition to its antifungal activity against Candida albicans and to be introduced as an alternative to chemical antimicrobial drugs, is required wider investigation also it is considered as ecofriendly can be recycled and used as food additive in animal ration.
Keywords: Apple, Antimicrobial, Extract, Malus domestica, Fruits peel

Abstract
Canine parvovirus enteritis (CPV) is one of foremost reasons of vomiting and diarrhea in puppies with consequential alterations in homeostasis; anemia is one of these major changes. This investigation aimed to study alterations in Hepcidin and clinic-pathologic parameters in CPV infected puppies. This investigation carried out thirteen puppies with CPV enteritis and five clinically healthy puppies were enrolled as control with total number of 18 puppies. Upon admission, clinical signs were recorded and rapid in-clinic IC test kit for detection of CPV Ag in feces. Blood samples were used to determine hematologic and biochemical alterations along with hepcidin level. Vomiting and diarrhea were the main recorded clinical signs. Significant reduction in erythrogram and leucogram were recorded in CPV infected puppies. A reduction in Total Protein and albumin accompanied with elevation in triglycerides and Blood Urea Nitrogen were recorded. Significant elevation in serum hepcidin values in CPV enteritis when compared to control data was recorded. Depending on obtained results, CPV enteritis is associated with elevation in hepcidin level, anemia, reduction in leucocytes and elevation in triglycerides.
Keywords: Canine Parvovirus enteritis, Hepcidin, Hematology, Serum Biochemistry, Dogs

Abstract
Studying the anatomical differences of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses of both rabbit and cat offers a valuable evidence for clinicians regarding the possibility of utilization of the respiratory system of rabbit and cat as models to human being studies. This work was conducted using clinically healthy ten adult domestic cats and ten White New Zealand rabbits, of different sexes and weights. Different techniques were applied from drying, fixed specimens as well as histological and histochemical studies. The nostrils of rabbit were slit like opening with complete deep cleft with two nasal pads while the cat nostrils were semicircular with shallow grooved philtrum. The nasal septum of rabbit was three layers while that of the cat was only single layer. The nasal septum of both rabbit and cat showed high level of acidic mucins in the lining epithelium and low level of neutral mucins. In the rabbit, the nasal cavity regions were the nasal vestibule, maxilloturbinates, nasomaxillary and ethmoturbinates. The nasal conchae were; dorsal, ventral, middle and ethmoidal nasal conchae in addition to the atrioturbinate. In the cat, the nasal cavity was divided into three regions; nasal vestibule, nasal cavity proper and the nasal fundus, it had four conchae; dorsal, ventral, middle and ethmoidal conchae. The paranasal sinuses of rabbit were the dorsal conchal, maxillary and ethmoidal sinuses with absence of frontal and sphenoidal; on the other hand, in the cat there were frontal, sphenoidal and maxillary sinuses.
Keywords: Rabbit, Cat, Nasal Cavity, Paranasal sinuses, Anatomy, Histology

Abstract
Testicular samples were collected at the peak of spermiogenesis from African sideneck turtles (n=10) (Pelusios castaneus) to describe the ultrastructural features of the Sertoli cell in relation to the Blood-Testis Barrier (BTB) in the turtle using light and electron microscopy. The nucleus of the Sertoli cell had irregular outline with numerous infoldings and dense granular nuclear chromatin. The cytoplasm of the Sertoli cell consisted of mitochondria, vesicles, vacuoles, lipid droplets as well as smooth and rough endoplasmic reticula. reframe the whole sentence Two prominent cell to cell contacts were identified around the Sertoli cell cytoplasm: Sertoli-Sertoli cell junctions and the Sertoli-germ cell junctions. The Sertoli-germ cell junctions were composed of zonula occludens (tight junction), zonula adherens (anchoring junction) as well as macula adherens (desmosomes) while the Sertoli-Sertoli cell junctions were composed of only tight junctions. The position and structure of the Sertoli cell junctions of the African sideneck turtle, were similar to those of the Asian soft-shelled turtles, can be traced to their role in the creation of the BTB as well as the nursing of germ cells. The present study, being the first report on the cytology of the Sertoli cell in any turtle of African origin, clearly revealed that there are structural differences between Sertoli-Sertoli and Sertoli-germ cell contacts in the African sideneck turtle.
Keywords: Sertoli cell, Testis, African sideneck turtle, Spermatids, Nucleus

Abstract
The present study was aimed for assessment of difference in the views and documented the observed radiological signs of aged dogs and classified them as per organ. Thoracic radiographs with left lateral, right lateral, dorso ventral and ventro dorsal views were studied to identify the lesions. The lesions identified on thoracic radiographs were classified as extra thoracic, mediastinal, trachea, pleural, diaphragmatic, heart and pulmonary lesions in geriatric dogs and evaluated for roentgen signs and the results are initially calculated by tally marks and then subjected to statistical analysis using fisher test for any significant difference in between the views.
Keywords: Aging, Radiographic views, Extra thoracic, Mediastinum, Geriatric dogs