Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is a ubiquitous microbe occurring in the environment and in the intestinal tract of poultry. E. faecalis is often isolated from the hatchery environment, where it may cause embryo mortality and rapidly spread amongst hatchlings. E. faecalis can also cause amyloid arthropathy in older laying chickens. Although some E. faecalis isolates cause disease, there is evidence indicating that not all E. faecalis isolates are virulent. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS) is a technology which allows a bacterium to be speciated accurately and rapidly following initial isolation. Using avirulent and highly virulent E faecalis isolates as determined by an embryo lethality assay, a MALDI-TOF MS biomarker model was developed to differentiate avirulent from highly virulent E. faecalis isolates. The biomarker model showed agreement with the ELA results in differentiating individual spectra of E. faecalis isolates as either virulent or avirulent. However, the biomarker model did not reliably classify intermediate virulence isolates as either avirulent or virulent on a consistent basis.
Keywords: Enterococcus faecalis, Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), Virulence determination.

Abstract
Poultry meat production, particularly broiler production, is one of the fastest-growing agricultural sectors worldwide. Rapid growth within the global population and increasing expenditure of protein foods are contributing to the demand for high-quality poultry meat. Broiler meat occupies an important position due to its rapid maturity, nutritional properties, low fat content, and high protein level. This study aims to investigate meat productivity, nutritional, biological value, along with the quality of broiler meat concerning the incorporation of Opoka into the main diet. For the research, two groups of broilers, each consisting of 100 chicks, were formed at one day of age. These chicks were hatched from eggs of the Ross-308 breed. The experiment lasted for 42 days. Broilers of group 2 were supplemented with 20% Opoka to the main diet. Opoka was implemented in the broilers’ nutrition from the third day of life until slaughter. The incorporation of Opoka into the feeding regimen has resulted in increased live weight and carcass weight of broilers, as well as enhancements in the composition of vitamins, fatty acids, minerals, amino acids, chemical formulation, overall nutritional value of meat of broiler. A high survival rate of birds was detected in group 2 over the 42-day growth period. The use of Opoka positively influences the quality of broiler meat and enhances its nutritional value. The results of this research can be applied in the development of balanced feeding regimens, highlighting the relevance and significance of this matter.
Keywords: Opoka, Broilers, Biological value, Nutritional value, Quality of meat.

Abstract
This research evaluated the effect of protein and energy ratio in rations on consumption, digestibility, weight gain, blood mineral content, and blood serum parameters in pregnant Pesisir cows. The treatment factors included two levels of crude protein (10 and 12%) and two levels of TDN (60 and 65%). According to the results, protein and energy ratios did not interact significantly (P>0.05) with any measured parameters. However, the energy factor significantly affected nutrient digestibility and weight gain, with 65% TDN producing the highest values in both parameters. In addition, the protein ratio significantly affected blood glucose and manganese levels, where rations with 12% protein produced higher levels than those with 10% protein. The combination of rations with 12% protein and 65% TDN showed an increasing trend in almost all parameters, although not all were statistically significantly different. These outcomes recommend that growing the protein and energy ratio supports better metabolic performance in pregnant Pesisir cows, especially in improving feed digestibility, body weight gain, and blood metabolic status. Thus, rations with 12% protein and 65% TDN can be recommended as the best option to meet the nutritional needs of pregnant Pesisir cows during pregnancy.
Keywords: Pesisir cattle, Protein, TDN, Digestibility, Body weight, Metabolism.

Abstract
The excessive use of antibiotics in poultry farms has become a significant worldwide concern, including in Morocco, where it has led to the development of multi-resistant avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). This retrospective study, conducted between 2019 and 2024, aimed to evaluate the evolution of antibiotic susceptibility profiles of APEC isolated from broiler chickens. A total of 93 samples were collected from various poultry farms across different regions of Morocco. The isolates were tested for their susceptibility to a range of commonly used antibiotics using standardized antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods. The results indicated alarmingly high levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among the APEC strains. Resistance to Amoxicillin was observed in 94.62% of the isolates, followed by doxycycline (88.17%), tetracycline (84.95%), flumequine (82.80%), enrofloxacin (48.39%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (46.24%), and florfenicol (27.95%). However, resistance to fosfomycin (7.53%) and colistin (6.45%) was comparatively low. Furthermore, the study revealed that 93.55% of the E. coli strains exhibited multi-drug resistance, defined as resistance to three or more antibiotic classes. This high prevalence of multi-drug resistance poses a significant threat to animal health, food safety, and public health due to the potential transmission of resistant bacteria from animals to humans through the food chain. The findings highlight the urgent need for prudent use of antibiotics in poultry farming to mitigate the rise of AMR. It is essential to implement stringent antibiotic stewardship programs, promote alternative measures for disease control such as vaccination, and enhance biosecurity practices on farms. Additionally, continuous surveillance and monitoring of antibiotic resistance patterns are crucial to define a national strategy to combat AMR.
Keywords: APEC, Colibacillosis, AMR, Broiler, Morocco.

Abstract
This study provides a comprehensive mitochondrial genome sequence and a phylogenetic analysis of Jakumaru (Bos taurus), a prominent bull from a Peruvian breeding program. The mitochondrial genome, spanning 16,340bp, comprises 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, and 2 rRNA genes, with a GC content of 40%. The gene arrangement and structural organization are highly conserved, closely resembling those of related Bovine species, indicating a stable genomic architecture essential for mitochondrial function. Phylogenetic analysis, incorporating 35 complete bovine mitochondrial genomes, positions Jakumaru within Subclade I, revealing a close relationship with European Simmental cattle. The study emphasizes the biological diversity and the evolution of the Simmental breed, influenced by natural selection, breeding practices, and genetic drift. These findings enhance our understanding of the breed’s genetic variation and its evolution, particularly in the context of its importance in Peru.
Keywords: Bos taurus, Simmental breed, mitochondrial genome, phylogenetic analysis, SNP-data, Peruvian Genetic Nucleus

Abstract
This study aimed to examine the impact of synbiotic supplementation, precisely the combination of the probiotic Bacillus subtilis with banana flour as a prebiotic, on Nile tilapia’s growth performance, immune response, and gut health. The juvenile tilapia obtained from a regional aquaculture facility were randomly assigned to experimental groups that received different concentrations of the probiotic B. subtilis in conjunction with prebiotics derived from banana flour. Throughout the 63-day study period, growth metrics, including weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER), were evaluated regularly. The findings indicated that synbiotic supplementation markedly enhanced growth performance compared to the control group. The results of the hematological evaluations demonstrated elevated red blood cell (RBC) counts, hemoglobin concentrations and white blood cell (WBC) counts, which suggests an enhanced immune response. The histopathological examination of the intestinal tissues indicated that the synbiotic-fed fish displayed increased villus height, crypt depth, and goblet cell density, which suggests that their gut health and nutrient assimilation were improved. In summary, incorporating synbiotics in tilapia diets has resulted in enhanced growth performance, immune functionality, and gastrointestinal health, which presents a promising strategy for advancing sustainable aquaculture practices.
Keywords: Bacillus subtilis., Growth, Synbiotic, Tilapia.

Abstract
Treating injured animals is the basis for ensuring proper veterinary care for livestock. The study aimed to test the effectiveness of herbal ointments based on Artemisia lerchiana in treating aseptic and purulent wounds in animals. The experiment involved dividing 40 sheep heads into four groups. The wounds in two groups were treated with 10 and 20% A. lerchiana ointments. The third group received traditional treatment with Vishnevsky liniment. The fourth (control) group did not receive any treatment. The animals’ clinical parameters were measured during the treatment, and their morphological and biochemical blood parameters were studied. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of herbal ointments in treating wounds. On average, aseptic wounds healed 1-2 days faster, and purulent wounds healed 2-3 days faster than the traditional treatment method. A. lerchiana preparations did not cause side effects or negative consequences and contributed to immunity. Therefore, their further use in veterinary practice is recommended.
Keywords: Artemisia lerchiana, Infusion, Essential oil, Sheep, Hematology, Humoral factors.

Abstract
This study aims to molecularly identify Ctenocephalides species and detect Dipylidium caninum from fleas parasitizing dogs and cats in Vietnam. The study samples comprise twenty pooled flea samples collected from dogs and cats. Methodologically, DNA extracted from fleas was utilized for PCR amplification of a 1200bp region of the flea 18S rDNA gene and a 653bp fragment of D. caninum 28S rDNA gene. Subsequently, two flea-positive PCR products and two D. caninum-positive PCR products (one each from dog and cat) were selected for phylogenetic tree analysis. The results indicated that all 20 samples were positive in the first PCR, exhibiting a 1200bp band, which corresponds to the estimated size of the flea 18S rDNA gene. Furthermore, 4 of 20 samples in the second PCR displayed a band of approximately 653bp, which is consistent with the expected size of the D. caninum 28S rDNA gene. Phylogenetic analysis further revealed that the isolated fleas to be Ctenocephalides felis. The percentage identity between the two D. caninum isolates in this study was 94.1%, indicating that these two isolates belong to two distinct genotypes (D. caninum feline and canine genotype). This study represents the first report of D. caninum tapeworm detection from dog and cat fleas in Vietnam. Additionally, this research provides a cautionary note to dog and cat owners regarding the importance of flea elimination from their companion animals to prevent Dipylidium infection.
Keywords: Ctenocephalides sp., Dipylidium caninum, Dog, Cat, Vietnam.

Abstract
Apoptin from chicken anemia virus (CAV) is recognized for its anticancer potential. With over 800 available sequences, identifying the most effective variant is challenging. In this study, sequences were downloaded from GenBank, aligned via MEGA 11, and analyzed using Genesius Prime. Protein structure and database analysis were performed using Phyre 2. Results show an average genetic distance of 0.005, with 27 out of 121 residues were constant. The most frequent substitutions (S67N, L25S, V73A, C118R) were observed in varying frequencies across sequences. The artificial apoptin variant, featuring these substitutions, revealed an additional alpha-helix at the C-terminus. Phosphorylation and glycosylation patterns were mapped across sequences, with phosphorylation motifs identified at the peptide’s termini. It is recommended that apoptin with intact phosphorylation and glycosylation motifs be prioritized for anticancer applications.
Keywords: Apoptin; Apoptosis; Chicken anemia virus (CAV); Anticancer.

Abstract
The microbiome of fish plays a major role in preserving the population’s health and obtaining safe, high-quality products. Antibiotic treatment in aquaculture creates problems associated with the emergence of a resistant population of microflora, which can be transmitted to humans through food, direct contact, or the environment. Thus, it is a justified and promising research objective to search for methods to increase the fish population in commercial fish farming using effective probiotic and synbiotic preparations. The study analyzes the microbiome of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii). The composition of fish intestinal microflora is studied using microbiological analysis with determination of resistance to antibiotics and biofilm-forming ability in the identified strains and molecular genetic identification of bacterial strains using Sanger sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene with phylogenetic analysis. The fish microbiome is found to include the representatives of the genus Aeromonas, Acinetobacter, Citrobacter, Corynebacterium, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Hafnia, Pseudomonas, and Staphylococcus. In fish with signs of pathological processes, the content of opportunistic microflora is significantly increased. The isolated pure cultures of microorganisms identified as Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas salmonicida, Aeromonas veronii, and Aeromonas sobria are resistant to six antibiotics (out of the 19 tested) and can form biofilms. In laboratory conditions, the probiotic strain Escherichia coli 39 SN shows antagonistic properties to the Aeromonas. These results can be used in the development of probiotics and synbiotics for aquaculture.
Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, Aquaculture, Biofilm formation, Microbiome, Prebiotics, Synbiotics.

Abstract
Bone fractures are considered a common cause of orthopedic surgery; it can lead to serious complications on animal health. This research was designed to demonstrate the effect of silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) of Shilajit (Ag-NPS SH) on accelerating the fracture healing in a rabbit model. AgNPs were formulated through reduction with SH. The formed AgNPs-SH were characterized and identified for their size in diameter, charge and shape of the nanoformulation. Rabbits included in this study were arranged into 4 equal groups consisted of 80 adult male rabbits, creation of a bone defect (3.5mm cortical orifice) in the proximal part of right tibia of each rabbit was performed. Placebo saline, AgNPs-SH, Shilajit extract, and silver nitrate were injected at the bone defect zone in Groups 1 to 4 respectively. The bone healing process was evaluated for eight weeks; for all rabbits, postoperative anteroposterior and lateromedial radiographic views were obtained every two weeks. Precise interpretation of radiographic images was done at various times until completion of healing. The AgNPs-SH formed a pale opaque brown. Moreover, the AgNPs-SH were spherical in shape, and had absorbance of 4280nm. The diameter size of AgNPs-SH was 372.3±4.56nm and a surface charge of -23.7±1.22mV. Radiographically, the healing process was significantly (P<0.05) improved. A significant (P<0.05) increase of bone turnover biomarkers was reported in group 2 compared to other treated groups. Histopathologically, mature bone formation was reported on the 28th postoperative day in groups 2 and 3. AgNPs-SH colloidal nano-formulation could be used as a promising formulation to speed up healing process of tibial bone fracture in rabbit. Keywords: Animals; Diagnostic Imaging; Nanoparticles; Radiography; Shilajit.

Abstract
The antimicrobial resistance issue has been raised as a global concern. This condition was triggered by the inappropriate usage of some antibiotics related to knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP). A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Districts of Boyolali and Malang, Indonesia. This study aimed to assess farmer’s KAP on antibiotic usage in dairy farms and investigate the presence of antibiotic residues in fresh dairy milk samples. Forty-nine dairy farmers were interviewed to assess the KAP on antibiotic usage. One hundred and twelve (112) milk samples were collected from the farm and examined for antibiotic residue (enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and doxycycline) using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The interview revealed that 32.65% of the farmers were concerned about the withdrawal period and acknowledged commonly using antibiotics for sickness treatment or prevention. Farmers did not purchase antibiotics but obtained them from veterinarians/para-veterinary field staff, and the most used antibiotics were tetracycline (32.2%), sulfonamides (20.8%), and fluoroquinolones (9.8%). The residues of enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and doxycycline were detected in 4.46, 8.93, and 33.03%, respectively, in the concentration range of 22.4 to 662.2, 15.0 to 38.6, and 44.8 to 557.2ng/g. The doxycycline mean concentration was 84.72ng/g, and 27 of these samples exceeded 100ng/g. This study revealed significant concerns regarding doxycycline residue. These findings contribute to improving knowledge about the use of antibiotics and the presence of residues in dairy products and suggest practical measures to reduce the associated risks.
Keywords: Antibiotics, Usage, Dairy farmers, KAP, Milk, Residue.

Abstract
The paper reports the results of studies on the isolation of Lactobacillus strains with probiotic properties for use as a fish feed supplement. For this purpose, a pure culture of Lactobacillus strains with probiotic activity was isolated from the intestines of fish, and molecular genetic identification of the isolated Lactobacilli was carried out by 16S RNA sequencing following the Sanger method. The amplicons of 20 bacterial samples with a fragment length of 790bp were obtained. The results of nucleotide sequence decoding are as follows: two nucleotide sequences were not identified, and fish pathogens causing intestinal disorder belonging to three species (Kurthia gibsonii, Kurthia zopfii, and Lactococcus garvieae) were identified from eight sequences. The remaining 10 strains were identified as Lactobacillus belonging to two species: Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Lactococcus lactis. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the nucleotide sequences. Catalase activity determination results confirm that the L. mesenteroides and L. lactis strains do not possess catalase activity. In contrast, air bubbles were formed when K. gibsonii strain was used, indicating catalase activity. These findings highlight the potential of L. mesenteroides and L. lactis as probiotic strains for developing functional fish feed supplements. Keywords: Lactobacillus Strains, Probiotic activity, Fish feed supplement, Nucleotide sequences.

Abstract
Mass mortality in early stage of cultured Asian seabass has become a major issue in aquaculture industry. This study aimed to investigate the causative agent of mass mortality associated of the scale drop syndrome in hatchery-produced Asian seabass juvenile. Multiple visceral tissues of natural sick fish were sampled for Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis using specific primer for nervous necrosis virus (NNV), megalocytivirus and scale drop disease virus (SDDV). Findings of this study showed that natural sick fish were negative of ectoparasites, NNV and megalocytivirus infection, but were positive of SDDV (The GenBank accession number for DNA sequence: OR507239.1 and OR507238.1). The natural sick fish appeared to be co-infected by pathogenic bacteria shown by a high population of Vibrio sp. sampled in skin ulcer. These results were supported by histological observation showing hemorrhage and necrotized cells in hematopoietic tissue. The experimental challenge in healthy fish injected with SDDV inoculum showed 100% mortality at 10 days post challenge. The visceral tissue of experimental SDDV injected fish demonstrated similar histopathological changes to natural SDDV infected fish. The overall finding in this study suggests that mass mortality of Asian seabass in hatchery was primarily caused by SDDV, while bacteria were likely to be secondary causative agent.
Keywords: Histopathology, Lates calcarifer, Pathogenic bacteria, Viral disease.

Abstract
The research aimed to determine the presence and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus spp. in goat herds in Can Tho City, center of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. A total of 456 nasal samples were collected from meat goats. These goats were of all ages, breeds, genders, and health conditions raised in small-scale farms and households in this city. Staphylococcus spp. isolates were isolated according to the instructions of Vietnamese standard TCVN 4830-2:2005 and the guideline of Barrow and Feltham; the results indicated that Staphylococcus spp. was detected in 24.78% of nasal samples. The prevalence of Staphylococcus spp. depended on age, breed, and farm styles, independent of health conditions. The Kirby-Bauer method was used to define the antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus spp. to eleven examined antibiotics. Those strains were sensitive to most of the examined antibiotics but were relatively resistant to ampicillin (41.59%), and four strains (3.54%) exhibited resistance to two antibiotics. The PCR detected antibiotic-resistance genes, including blaampC, aadA1, tetA, qnrA, sulII, and cat1. The PCR results exhibited that those Staphylococcus spp. strains harbored the gene blaampC at the highest rate (59.29%), followed by aadA1 (10.62%), but none of sullII and cat1 was detected. Moreover, 15.04% of Staphylococcus spp. strains insisted on two antibiotic-resistance genes. The high prevalence of Staphylococcus spp. exhibiting antibiotic resistance and diverse antibiotic-resistance genes has been a potential risk for causing severe respiratory diseases and difficulty treating goats in this region. Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, Can Tho, Resistant genes, Goats, Staphylococcus.

Abstract
North Maluku Province is home to 24 endemic bird species and is a global conservation priority area for biodiversity. This study aims to determine the genetic distance and kinship relationship between Ptilinopus melanosphila and Ptilinopus magnificus (GenBank) based on the mtDNACO1 gene sequence. The primer was designed using the online primer designer tool from NCBI, based on the Ptilinopus magnificus CO1 gene sequence. The gene sequences obtained from Gen Bank with access code KF446986.1 are used for comparison. After observation, the genetic analysis was edited, and some alignment was done using the MEGA 7 application, a reliable tool for genetic analysis. Data on haplotypic composition, nucleotide similarities and differences, and nucleotide transition substitution/transversion were also analyzed using the MEGA 7 application. The Walik Kembang Sula CO1 gene sequencing analysis results found that the total mutation points were 52 transversions, 566 monomorphic sites, and 52 polymorphic sites, while haplotypes and insertions were absent. The results of phylogenic tree analysis found three clusters, namely two in Ptilinopus melanosphila and one cluster in Ptilinopus magnificus, with boostroop values of cluster I and cluster II of 45%, I and III of 48% and II and III of 3%. This research is an input to related parties to carry out further handling.
Keywords: Genetic Distance, Kinship Relationship, Ptilinopus, melanosphila, mtDNA CO1, North Maluku.

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of two different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast on rumen fermentation metabolites and feed digestibility in Ongole crossed (OC) cattle with diets comprising different forage-to-concentrate ratios. Twenty-one OC steers were randomly divided into three treatments, P1: (control) non-yeast, P2: +yeast 1 (YST1), and P3: +yeast 2 (YST2). The cattle were reared for 21 days of observation with a 7-day adaptation period and 14 days of feeding treatment. The cows were fed concentrate and forage at ratios of 60:40 (low concentrate) and 70:30 (high concentrate) in different periods. Yeast was supplemented by 1g (1 x 108 CFU/head/day). The rumen fluid fermentation metabolite products measured were VFA, lactic acid, ammonia, and pH. The results showed that concentrate consumption was higher at the 70:30 ratio compared to the 60:40 ratio. The results of this study show that the performance profile of yeast YST2 at a feed composition of 60:40 concentrate to forage can regulate rumen pH, reduce lactic acid levels, and raise the proportion of propionate while increasing feed digestibility, thereby demonstrating that this probiotic offers greater potential to improve the production performance of Ongole cross cattle. Keywords: Feed digestibility, Rumen metabolites, Ongole crossed, Yeast.

Abstract
Weaning to service interval (WSI) is one important reproductive parameter in sows. Although several factors have been explored as risk factors of WSI, other factors may exist and need to be determined. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of original factors, including manual extraction of the piglet, farrowing duration, postpartum vaginal discharge duration, and stillbirth, and some already determined factors, including parity, gestation length, lactation length, and birth litter size, on WSI. Data were collected from 394 litters born from 394 mixed parity Landrace x Yorkshire sows on a farm in Vietnam. A forward linear regression was used to determine the significant risk factors for WSI. Linear regression analysis showed that parity, birth litter size, manual extraction of the piglet, farrowing duration, postpartum vaginal discharge duration, and lactation length significantly influenced the WSI. The average WSI was 6.2±2.8 days. By day 7 post weaning, about 75% of sows had been inseminated. Among the studied risk factors, manual extraction of the piglet (coefficient=0.874, P=0.003), farrowing duration (coefficient=0.235, P=0.001), and postpartum vaginal discharge duration (coefficient=0.452, P<0.001) was positively associated with WSI. By contrast, parity (coefficient=-0.294, P<0.001), birth litter size (coefficient=-0.096, P=0.022), and lactation length (coefficient=-0.1, P=0.005) negatively correlated with WSI. The results suggested WSI could be shortened via minimization of manual extraction of the piglet, reduction in farrowing duration and postpartum vaginal discharge duration, and selection of large birth litter sizes. Keywords: Birth litter size; Farrowing; Manual extraction; Pig; Weaning to service interval.

Abstract
In this study, a red macroalgae species, Palisada perforate (Bory) K.W.Nam, was processed as a supplement total mixed ration (TMR), which was used to evaluate the nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, and rumen fermentation characteristics of goat. For this purpose, the impact of different levels of P. perforate (Bory) K.W.Nam supplementation were compared: P. perforate (Bory) K.W.Nam supplements at 0.0, 2.5 and 5.0% organic matter (OM). Twelve Kacang goats (body weight 16.85-31.80kg) were used in this study and grouped in a complete randomized block design with three treatments and four replications. The results showed that nutrient intake and digestibility (except crude protein) increased (P<0.05) with P. perforate (Bory) K.W.Nam supplementation at 2.5-5.0% OM. Adding 5.0% OM P. perforate (Bory) K.W.Nam on the basal diet also increased (P<0.05) nitrogen balance. Supplementing that seaweed at 5.0% OM increased (P<0.01) total VFA production, propionate proportion, and microbial protein synthesis. That treatment also decreased (P<0.01) acetate proportion followed by acetate propionate ratio, and methane calculation without affecting NH3 concentration and pH value still in normal range. It is concluded that the total mixed ration supplemented with P. perforate (Bory) K.W.Nam 5.0% OM resulted in the highest nutrient intake and digestibility, nitrogen balance, VFA total, propionate proportion, and microbial synthesis protein. This treatment also resulted in the lowest acetate proportion, acetate propionate ratio, and methane prediction but did not affect NH3. This combination has the potential to increase ruminant productivity. Keywords: Red seaweed, Palisada perforate (Bory) K. W. Nam, Digestibility, Small ruminant.

Abstract
The Kazakh horse, an ancient breed native to Central Asia, holds cultural and historical significance in Kazakhstan. This study aimed to assess intestinal microbiota diversity in Kazakh horses, considering factors such as age, breed, and pasture type. The study was conducted in autumn-winter 2023, the research involved 24 horses aged 3-8 years from Pavlodar, Zhetysu, and Mangystau regions, grazing on natural grasslands. The study found that non-dominant bacteria, such as Tenericutes and Proteobacteria, were more abundant in horses from Pavlodar and Zhetysu. At the same time, the Mangystau region had higher levels of anaerobic cellulolytic and proteolytic bacteria. Horses on grazing had a more diverse microbiome than those on a high-protein diet. A link between lifestyle and microbiome adaptation was suggested, with 24-hour grazing promoting a richer microbiome. The microbiota in different regions revealed significant differences, with the Mangystau and Zhetysu regions showing highly diverse microbial communities. Horses from these areas even hosted unique bacteria associated with marine environments, likely due to the influence of seawater. In contrast, Pavlodar horses showed lower species diversity. The study highlights the importance of preserving the genetic traits of local horse breeds and suggests that gut microbiota plays a role in the growth and development of horses. Further research will focus on the resistome, metabolome, and the search for pharmabiotics to support the conservation and productivity of these breeds.
Keywords: Equine, 16S rRNA sequencing, Fecal microbiota, Intestinal microorganisms, Microbial community diversity.

Abstract
According to World Health Organization (WHO) estimates, hypercholesterolemia contributes to over four million annual fatalities and more than half of coronary heart disease cases. Alterations in dietary patterns involving high-cholesterol and saturated fat foods lead to metabolic system abnormalities, impacting the digestive system, endocrine glands, reproductive system, immune system, and notably, the cardiovascular system. This study aimed to examine abdominal ultrasound imaging in Wistar mice (Rattus norvegicus) subjected to high-fat diets for 30 days to determine the concentration that can induce fat accumulation in visceral organs. The mice were categorized into five groups, each receiving a high-fat diet with varying concentrations (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2%) for 30 days. Abdominal ultrasonography was performed after the administration of the high-fat diet. The results showed that all control groups exhibited normal organ conditions. However, in the treatment groups, observations revealed no discernible boundaries of the atrial and ventricular cavities of the heart, indicating fat accumulation, visually identified as a hyperechoic appearance. In the liver, the entire treatment group displayed abnormal changes; the margins of the liver were hyperechoic in almost the entire liver, indicating fat buildup. Similarly, the spleen exhibited a hyperechoic image in almost the entire cavity. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that administering a high-fat diet comprising 0.5 to 2% of the total body weight of mice led to fat accumulation in the heart, liver, and spleen. This is characterized by a hyperechoic image, indicating fat presence and unclear boundaries between the cavities in these organs. Keywords: High-fat diet, Hypercholesterolemia, Ultrasonography, Heart disease, Hyperechoic, Atherosclerosis.

Abstract
The study aimed to improve the methods of diagnosis and study the prevalence of deficiency of uridine monophosphate synthase (DUMPS), bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (BLAD), hypotrichosis (HY), and achromatopsia (OH1) genetic defects in cattle bred in Kazakhstan. Genetic screening of 360 animals of the Kazakh white-headed, Hereford, and Angus breeds to detect the HY genetic defect was conducted using the tetra-primer amplification-refractory mutation system-PCR method developed by the authors. The BLAD incidence rate according to the results of double DNA certification in stud bulls from the Asyl Tulik JSC was 13.0% in the first study and 6.25% in the subsequent one. The advantage of the developed screening method is an increased rate and the exclusion of the use of restriction enzymes to identify wild and mutant allele types, which leads to a reduction in the cost of diagnostic testing. The study also determined the location of the point mutation c.751G>A in the hereditary eye disease OH1 in cattle. Based on this, a PCR-RFLP method for diagnosing this genetic defect in the Alatau breed was developed, and the prevalence of the OH1 mutation in the studied group of animals was 3.65%. A further strategy for eliminating detrimental mutations in breeding animals provides for genetic screening using modern molecular genetic diagnostic methods proposed in this paper.
Keywords: Hypotrichosis, Achromatopsia, Hereditary abnormalities in cattle, Detrimental mutation elimination strategy.

Abstract
The research aimed to examine the potential of chicken feet skin in chicken sausages from the chemical-physical, sensory, texture, color profile, amino acid profile, and microstructure aspects. Chicken meat and feet skin were distributed in treatment formulations C0 (without chicken feet skin), C1 (5% chicken feet skin), C2 (10% chicken feet skin), and C3 (15% chicken feet skin). The chicken feet skin in the sausage mixture did not significantly increase the pH, protein, and ash content; however, it significantly increased the cooking loss, fat content, and antioxidant capacity of sausages (P<0.05) and decreased water content in sausages (P<0.05). The texture profile related to the hardness, stickiness, gel strength, and chewing power of the sausage significantly decreased (P<0.05), but the level of chewiness was not significantly different. The brightness level of sausages (CIE L*) and yellowness level (CIE b*) of sausages in the C3 treatment were significantly higher (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the level of redness (CIE a*) of sausages significantly decreased (P<0.05). The level of sausage color preference at the 5% level (C1) has no significant influence on C0. However, the effect was significant (P<0.05) on C1-C3. The flavor and taste of chicken sausage were not affected by the presence of the chicken feet skin. The total amino acid content of sausages was 10.02-12.89% and the dominant amino acids were glutamate, aspartic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, phenylalanine, lysine and arginine. SEM observations did not show any visual differences, especially in the distribution of fat globules in the sausage emulsion. The research conclusion is that the addition of 5–15% chicken feet skin is able to provide positive functional value, especially on the antioxidant capacity of chicken sausage, as an effect of the collagen content of the chicken feet skin.Keywords: Chicken sausage, Chicken feet skin, Sausage characteristics, Antioxidant capacity.

Abstract
The effect of social stress caused by the repeated regrouping of cows of different breeds (Holstein, red steppe, and Simmental) on milk productivity and quality indicators (milk yield, fat, protein) and physiological parameters: hormones (cortisol and adrenaline) and general blood parameters (number of leukocytes, lymphocytes, red blood cells, and hemoglobin) were studied. It was found that the effect of social stress caused by repeated regrouping of cows – in different breeds is heterogeneous. According to the set of physiological stress biomarkers, Holstein cows were the most susceptible, manifested in their increased adrenaline levels by 48.87% and hemoglobin by 15.37%. Also, the Simmental breed of cows characterized a significant increase in adrenaline concentration (an increase of 73.53%). In comparison, relatively stable animals of the red steppe breed can be considered (excess of cortisol by 18.23%). At the same time, the regrouping of cows did not affect changes in productivity and milk quality, and the detected deviations of physiological indicators were within the norm. The results indicate that social stress from regrouping affects breeds differently. Holstein cows were most susceptible, showing increased adrenaline and hemoglobin levels. Simmental cows also had a significant adrenaline rise, while Red Steppe cows were relatively stable with minor cortisol changes. Regrouping did not impact productivity (milk yield) or milk quality (fat, protein), and physiological changes remained within normal limits.
Keywords: Cattle, Social stress, Cortisol, Adrenaline, Hemoglobin, Milk productivity.

Abstract
Numerous biomarkers are presently utilized to diagnose chronic non-specific enteropathy. Biomarkers are an effective diagnostic option due to their non-invasive and generally uncomplicated measurement. Alpha1 – proteinase inhibitor (c?1-PI), known as alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1-AT), is an early biomarker indicative of protein loss. This study evaluates the serum and fecal concentrations of c?1-PI in 50 healthy dogs at the Small Animal Clinic of the University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, categorized by age and size. Levels of c?1-PI were measured to investigate potential variations across these groups. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in c?1-PI concentrations among the groups stratified by age. A significant difference was observed in c?1-PI levels between groups of dogs classified by size. These findings suggest that size, rather than age, may influence c?1-PI concentrations in healthy dogs, highlighting the importance of considering body size when interpreting c?1-PI measurements in clinical practice. The mechanisms behind this connection and its consequences for the use of c?1-PI as a diagnostic biomarker require further investigation.Keywords: Alpha-1-antitrypsin, Biomarker, Enteropathy.