Abstract
The availability of feed in the tropics generally depends on the season, low quality, and unstable continuity. One way to overcome the problem, use alternative feed ingredients that can come from forages, such as Jackfruit leaves (Artocarpus heterophyllus) and moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera). The main objective of this research is to develop the preparation of rations with optimal levels of utilization of jackfruit leaves (JAL) and moringa leaves (MOL) on metabolic responses and meat quality. The study used a Latin square design with four treatments and four replications; this research used goats aged about 8-10 months with a weight ranging from 10 to 15kg, four goats. Treatments were arranged as follows A (40% JAL+field grass 60%), B (Concentrate 40%+JAL 7.5%+MOL 7.5%+field grass 45%), C (Concentrate 40%+JAL 10%+MOL 10%+field grass 40%), and D (JAL 15%+MOL 15%+field grass 70%). The use of JAL and MOL in the diet from treatment D increased body weight gain, ration efficiency, metabolic responses from blood, lower cholesterol, and improved meat quality. Body weight gain (79.29%) and feed efficiency (18.22%) were significantly (P<0.05) higher in treatment D and significantly (P<0.05) lower triglycerides (19.80mg/dL), creatinine (0.62mg/dL), and cholesterol (63.20mg/dL) with the treatment D. With treatment D, cooking losses, pH, total meat proteins, meat cholesterol and meat tenderness were 33.54%, 6.71, 6.92%, 68.61%, 140.90mg/dL, and 3.04kg/cm2, respectively. This study concluded that special feeding of JAL 15% forage with 15% MOL mixed with 70% field grass gave the best results, cheap and easy to obtain, lower cholesterol with cost-effective feed that was useful for the community/farmer in South Tapanuli. Keywords: Jackfruit Leaves, Moringa Leaves, Metabolic Responses, Meat Quality.

Abstract
Infection with Platynosomum fastosum, a liver fluke of domestic cats, can induce biliary obstruction and has been found to be associated with cholangiocarcinoma. To evaluate any new rational drugs, fundamental knowledges of parasite morphology are crucial but detailed morphology has not yet been investigated. Macroscopic, microscopic, and ultrastructural morphology of P. fastosum adult worms and eggs were evaluated. The adult fluke was reddish brown with a tamarind leaf-like body shape, 4.5mm in length and 1.5mm in width. Under scanning electron microscope (SEM), the tegumental surface of P. fastosum was spineless and covered with slender villous-like projections. Four types of papillae were found, and all were non-ciliated. P. fastosum fluke eggs were dark brown with an operculum and had a smooth eggshell surface with an inconspicuous posterior abopercular knob. From both fecal and bile samples, at least 3 types of eggs were present. The average size (mean±SD) of a typical P. fastosum egg was 44.2+1.7?m in length and 31.8+2.2?m in width. Under transmission electron microscope (TEM), tegument syncytium was composed of three layers. The first layer was an outermost trilaminate membrane covered by a glycocalyx. The second layer was tegumental cytoplasm composed of 2 types of tegumental granules, lysosomes, mitochondria and microtrabeculae. The third layer attached to a basal extracellular matrix with numerous basal membrane infoldings. This study revealed the first ultrastructural characteristics of P. fastosum adult and egg as a fundamental knowledge to use as basic criteria for assessment of anti-parasitic drug development in the future.
Keywords: Platynosomum fastosum, Adult, Egg, Morphology, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, Ultrastructure.

Abstract
The horse industry is a large industry with a high scope for growth and employment. It encompasses production and nurturing of horses, as well as other activities involving horses. The domestic horse industry in South Korea has shown remarkable growth since the Horse Industry Promotion Act was enacted in 2012. However, research on horse health-care, especially hoof diseases, is insufficient. The most frequent hoof diseases in Korea are thrush, cracks, and white line disease. In this study, we aimed to identify the causative agents of thrush, the most frequent hoof disease among horses in Korea, and perform antibiotic sensitivity tests on the isolates. In 55 samples collected from 47 horses diagnosed with thrush during grooming among 2,973 horses raised in Korea, and the causative agents, Bacillus spp., Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Aerococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp., Clostridium spp., and Aspergillus flavus. However, Fusobacterium necrophorum was not isolated from horses with thrush in Korea. Moreover, antibiotic susceptibility tests for these isolates showed that they were sensitive to most of the 22 antibiotics tested, including amikacin. This is attributable to the fact that the treatment and prevention of thrush is primarily focused on stall and hoof management procedures, such as grooming, and that antibiotics have not been used for treatment. These results are expected to greatly contribute to the treatment of equine hoof diseases, especially thrush, in Korea. Research with more samples can improve our understanding of the relationship between thrush and occurrence of other hoof diseases.
Keywords: Bacterial Flora, Horse, Thrush, Antibiotic Susceptibility, Health-Care.

Abstract
The database of rumen-degradable and undegradable proteins (RDP-RUP) of feed in Indonesia still needs to be improved. RDP-RUP-based diet has high urgency because it contains metabolizable proteins, an accurate material utilized by ruminants for maintenance, growth, and production. The present research aims to discover the grade of rumen-degradable proteins (RDP) and undegradable proteins (RUP) and the chemical contents in legumes, roughages and concentrates used as cattle feed by farmers from Indonesia. Proximate and Van Soest analyses were used to specify chemical contents. Dry matter and organic matter digestibility, RDP-RUP, and rumen fermentation characteristics were set by in vitro Tilley and Terry Method. The inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) tool was used to determine mineral contents, and the fatty acid profile was determined following the AOCS method. The highest protein contents in legumes were in Calliandra calothyrsus (26.08%) and the lowest in Arachis pintoi (14.36%). In roughages, the highest protein contents were in corn straw (11.04%) and the lowest in rice straw (6.44%). Among concentrates, the highest protein content in soybean meal (40.97%) and the lowest in onggok (4.33%). In legumes, roughages, and concentrates, the highest RDP was in Sesbania grandiflora (79.97%), corn husk (46.83%), and soybean meal (80.67%) while the lowest RDP was in Calopogonium mucunoides (58.19%), rice straw (5.07%) and onggok (37.88%), respectively. In conclusion, knowing the nutrient composition of feed ingredients is helpful for diet formulation. Additionally, we must use RDP and RUP in the composition of ruminant cattle feeds to meet the needs of the animals and rumen microorganisms. Since there is still a need for knowledge on the RDP and RUP of feeds, this study helps create a ruminant livestock diet based on RDP and RUP levels.
Keywords: RDP, RUP, Chemical Compositions, Ruminant.

Abstract
In this investigation, we examined the efficiency of PRP as a therapy for inactive ovary (IO) in rabbits. IO in rabbits was induced by administration of D-galactose (200mg/kg) (dissolved in saline, 0.2mL/rabbits/day) for ten consecutive days. Rabbits divide into three groups. After preparing two concentrations of PRP solution, the PRP was injected intraovarian through surgical intervention. Then two weeks later, FSH and estrogen were measured, histopathological examination for ovaries were made according to the routine procedure, and finally, the mating trial was made to evaluate the fertility status. Ten days after D-galactose administration IO had significantly higher levels of FSH (2.30±1.32) and (2.80±0.80) and lower levels of E2 (5.55±0.78) and (5.36±0.91), in comparison to the control group (P<0.05) (1.99±0.80 and 7.16±1.195) respectively. The results after injection of PRP in two different concentrations indicated that the highest value significant (P<0.05) was in E2 levels (7.87±0.9) and (8.08±2.21), and the lowest significant (P<0.05) was in FSH levels (1.60±0.57) and (1.49±0.38) comparison with others induction D-galactose. Histopathological examination showed an increase in follicles in PRP groups compared to galactose group. It was concluded that PRP had a protective effect against galactose toxicity and improved follicular growth. Keywords: Inactive Ovary, D-Galactose, Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP).

Abstract
A large number of poultry farms around the world have been shut down during the last few years due to avian Mycoplasmosis, especially those where chickens and turkeys were raised. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to investigate the possibility of eradicating the disease by immunizing one-week-old chicks and turkey poults against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) using an inactivated single dose or a combined vaccine. In this study, a total of 280 one-week-old Specific-Pathogen-Free chicks were divided into four groups to evaluate their immune response following vaccination. Chicks of group 1 (n=60) were given inactivated MG vaccine, those of group 2 (n=60) were given inactivated MS vaccine. Chicks of group 3 (n=120) received combined inactivated MG+MS vaccine, while birds of group 4 (n=40) served as control. After three weeks, the chicks were administered with the booster dose of the respective vaccine. Similarly, 60 turkey poults of one week in age were divided into two groups: Poults of group 1 (n=50) received combined inactivated MG+MS vaccine, while those of group 2 (n=10) were kept as control. The booster dose of vaccine in group 1 birds was given after 4 weeks. The immune responses of vaccinated chicks and turkey poults were measured by HI test, ELISA and challenge test. The results of this study revealed that the combined inactivated MG+MS vaccine adjuvanted with Montanite ISA70 was more effective against Mycoplasma synoviae and Mycoplasma gallisepticum in chickens and turkey poults than the individual inactivated vaccine and there was significant difference in the group of turkey poult vaccinated with combined inactivated MG-MS in ELISA test.
Keywords: ELISA, HI Test, Inactivated Vaccines, Mycoplasmosis.

Abstract
This research aims to know the characteristics of the qualitative and quantitative properties of G0 Kokok Balenggek Chicken (KBC-G0). As many as fifty heads of KBC consisting of 8 adult roosters and 42 adult hens were raised intensively using battery cages at the Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Andalas University, Indonesia. Chickens were numbered using wing bands for roosters G0-J01 to G0-J08 and hens G0-B01 to G0-B42. The observed variables included qualitative and quantitative traits. The results showed that the phenotype frequency of roosters and hens KBC-G0 had various qualitative characteristics, except for the comb (single type 100%). High-frequency phenotypes were colored coat color, striated coat pattern, Columbian coat pattern in roosters and wild coat pattern in hens, Golden feather flickering, white/yellow shank color in roosters and black shank color in hens. The color of the lobes was red and white. The color of the eyes was red and orange. The body weights of roosters and hens were 2024.50±291.23g and 1429.34±228.06g, respectively. The genetic diversity of qualitative traits was polymorphic except for comb type and black coat pattern. The heterozygosity value was low, except for the coat pattern (hens) was classified as high. The coefficient of diversity for quantitative traits was moderate, except for the body weight (hens) was high. KBC-G0 has the potential to be selected for the formation of superior local meat-type chickens.
Keywords: Kokok Balenggek Chicken, Qualitative, Quantitative, Heterozygosity, Gene Frequency, Phenotype.

Abstract
In the western region of the Republic of Azerbaijan, in the city of Ganja and its surrounding areas, the carcasses of Bozakh lambs and local kids bred on natural pastures were involved in the research. The samples were taken from the musculus longissimus dorsi, triceps brachii muscle, and biceps femoris muscle from chilled carcasses; the amount of nitrogen in their content was determined by the Keldal method and the amount of macro- and microelements in an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The obtained experimental materials showed that on meat samples taken from the musculus longissimus of dorsi, the amount of calcium in kid meat was 80.96%, significantly (P<0.01) higher compared to lamb meat, and the amount of zinc was 31.5% (P<0.05) higher than in goat meat. The amount of phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and copper in lamb meat was significantly higher than in kid meat. The quantitative indicator of nitrogen in the triceps brachii muscle of kids is equivalent to 115.4% (P<0.01), and the quantitative value of sodium is approximately 3 times (P<0.01) higher than that in lamb meat. On the contrary, the amount of calcium in lamb meat was 59.1% (P<0.05), the amount of zinc was more than 2 times (P<0.05), and the concentration of copper was more than 4 times (P<0.01) higher than its indicators of kid meat. The amount of nitrogen in kid meat on the biceps femoris muscle was 68.75% (P<0.05), and the amount of calcium was more than 2.5 times (P<0.01) than the indicator of lamb meat. In samples taken from the lamb meat, the amount of iron was more than 2 times (P<0.01), the concentration of copper was 4 times (P<0.01), and the amount of zinc was 2 times (P<0.05) higher than the indicators of the samples taken from the kid meat. Keywords: Lamb, Kids, Longissimus dorsi, Triceps brachii, Biceps femoris, Macroelements, Microelements.

Abstract
The purpose of the study was to get the best-mixed ratio of Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus fermentum bacteria in fermented palm kernel meal (FPKM) on the activity of cellulase, mannanase, and protease enzymes as well as the content of crude protein and crude fiber. A combination of two bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, and Lactobacillus fermentum, were used to make palm kernel meal fermentation products. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and 4 replications. The treatment consisted of the ratio of Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus fermentum: A=(5: 5), B=(4: 6), C=(6: 4), D=(8: 2), E=(2: 8). The parameters in this study were cellulase activity, mannanase activity, and protease activity, crude protein, and crude fiber content. The analysis of diversity showed that treatments A, B, C, D, and E had a significant (P<0.05) effect on increasing cellulase, mannanase, protease activity, and crude protein and decreasing crude fiber. Treatment with a ratio of Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus fermentum (6: 4) gave optimal results. This can be seen from the average results obtained successively activity with cellulase (23.26U/mL), mannanase (26.97U/mL), protease (10.95U/mL), crude protein (26.91%) and crude fiber (17.04%). This study concluded that the ratio (6:4) of Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus fermentum gave the best results. Keywords: Bacillus Subtilis, Lactobacillus fermentum, Enzyme Activity, Crude Protein, Crude Fiber.

Abstract
Light has been used as a management tool during incubation, but with varying results. The study was to evaluate the effect of egg exposure to LED light at different phases and for different durations on embryo development, hatching and hematological parameters. Five hundred Sasso broiler eggs were assigned to 4 treatments: eggs incubated in the dark throughout incubation (TA), eggs exposed to light from days 1-21 (TB), days 7-21 (TC) and days 14-21 (TD) of incubation. The eggs were photo-exposed using a 6,500k cool LED at 788 clux intensity. The result shows that TB, TC and TD had decreased (P<0.05) average hatch time, internal piping duration, external piping and hatch duration compared to TA. TA eggs recorded a wider hatch window compared to other treatments and the narrowest was TB, comparable to TC and TD. Hematological parameters were not affected at hatch, but the heterophil/lymphocyte ratio was significantly lower (P<0.05) in all photo-incubation treatments when compared to TA. Hatching events in slow-growing broiler birds can be accelerated by pre-hatch light stimulation, moreover, photo-incubation from the first day of incubation narrowed the spread of hatch. Photo-incubating eggs from days 1-21 will enhance hatch synchronization. Keywords: Light, LED, Incubation, Photo-Incubation, Embryo Development, Hatching Event, Broiler.

Abstract
Rabies is an ancient infectious disease affecting all mammals, which is caused by a virus called rhabdo-virus, transmitted through the biting of mad animals. In developing countries like Pakistan, the disease burden is directly related to the number of mortalities. Rabies is ranked as the 11th most infectious disease annually, causing more than 55,000 deaths worldwide and 30,000 deaths in Subcontinents due to rabies-associated mortalities. Rabies incidence varies from region to region, e.g., in India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, 20 to 30, 13 and 8-9 cases per million people annually, respectively. A questionnaire was developed following the WHO guideline and translated into a regional language. We used the participatory approach for data collection through trained workers. The study area was divided into four regions, and 500 samples were collected from each region, representing 5% population. During the survey, we used a convenient sampling method for information collection regarding knowledge of persons, attitudes against rabies, and practices among the general population for rabies. Respondents aged 18 to 55 years included males, females, and transgender. Data collection is done under that area’s proper social and cultural norms. We assumed that more than 30% of the population knew rabies signs and symptoms and preventive measures. All-inclusive, 53.6% of the respondents reported that they had pets or animals in their homes, while 25.9% had vaccinated their animals against rabies. Of the respondents from urban areas, 37% were found to have fewer pets or domestic animals in their homes compared to 64% of the respondents from rural areas. Rabies knowledge reduces the risk of rabies incidence. Control of rabid animals prevents rabies cases around the globe.
Keywords: Rabies, Vaccine, Rabid Animals, Pets.

Abstract
Many pathogens that cause newly emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases are globally hosted by fleas. There is a dearth of recorded information on flea-borne animal pathogens in Egypt. The present study aimed for the first time to investigate some bacterial pathogens that could be transmitted by fleas infesting small ruminants in the Northern West of Egypt using conventional PCRs and sequence analyses. Of 249 sheep selected in different localities in the study area, 223 fleas belonging to Ctenocephalides were pooled in tubes containing pleuropneumonia-like organisms (PPLOs) broth after being determined by all sexes of Ctenocephalides felis and C. canis and then crushed thoroughly. The fleas’ samples were screened molecularly for Mycobacterium and Mycoplasma. Results revealed Mycobacterium is only present in two sexes of C. canis collected from the Marsa Matruh location. Mycoplasma spp. was detected in both males and females of C. felis and C. canis from Maryout in the West of Alexandria Governorate. Whereas Mycobacterium was recorded in the GenBank database as Mycobacterium bovis under accession number ON076426, the three mycoplasmas identified under accession numbers ON076423 (M. agalactiae), ON076424 (M. arginini), and ON076425 (M. ovipneumoniae). We concluded that Mycoplasma spp. and Mycobacterium bovis could be transmitted by fleas infesting sheep in Egypt.
Keywords: Egypt, Ctenocephalides, Mycoplasma, Mycobacterium Bovis, Sheep, PCR.

Abstract
Soybean milk waste (SMW) can be used as feedstuff, especially for poultry. The fermentation using Neurospora crassa and Aspergillus ficuum enhances SMW usefulness. This study aimed to determine the effect of fermented soybean milk waste (FSMW) with Neurospora crassa and Aspergillus ficuum in broiler feed for its performance. We used 100 2-days-old broilers without separating males and females (unsexing). The treatment ration was prepared with a balance of 22% CP and 3000kcal/kg ME. This study used a completely randomized block design with five treatments and four replications. The treatment rations were 0, 15, 20, 25, and 30% fermented soybean milk waste. The parameters studied were feed consumption, body weight, weight gain, FCR, nitrogen retention, carcass percentage, abdominal fat percentage, and crude fiber digestibility. The results showed that feed consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion rate, body weight, carcass percentage, abdominal fat percentage, nitrogen retention, and digestibility of crude fiber were non-significantly (P>0.05) different from treatment 0, 15, 20 and 25% of FMSW in broiler feed. Treatment with 30% of FMSW tended to decrease in all parameters. In conclusion, fermented SMW with Neurospora crassa and Aspergillus ficuum in a 2:3 ratio can be used up to 25% in broiler rations.
Keywords: Soybean Milk Waste, Fermentation, Neurospora Crassa, Aspergillus Ficuum, Broilers.

Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis is an infectious and chronic disease affecting cattle, caused by Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis). The zoonotic nature of the disease has a serious worldwide impact on human health. Also, the significant economic costs caused by such disease in addition to the deficiency of precise estimates of the actual disease prevalence necessitate more efficient detection and control measures, particularly in developing countries. The main target of the present work was to develop a local, less expensive bovine tuberculosis interferon-gamma ELISA (Bo-IFN-? ELISA) kit for the rapid and accurate diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. In the current study, three murine hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against bovine interferon-gamma (Bo-IFN-?) were developed and their monoclonal antibodies were characterized. The produced mAbs were of IgM isotype and their specificity was proved using the western blot technique. The prepared mAbs were used for the development of the bovine IFN- ? ELISA test that was evaluated for laboratory diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. The sensitivity and specificity of the developed ELISA kit as compared with the standard tuberculin skin test were determined. This method is based on the measurement of IFN-? released from sensitized bovine lymphocytes upon exposure to the mycobacterial antigens. Using checkerboard titration, the optimal coating concentration of anti- Bo-IFN-? was 20?g/well. Blood samples from apparently healthy cattle, which proved negative in the tuberculin test, were examined with the developed kit and the cut-off value (COV) was equal to 0.30 optical density (OD). In a preliminary study to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the developed ELISA, 23 cattle were examined with the Bo-IFN-? ELISA and the standard tuberculin skin test. The developed Bo-IFN-? ELISA showed high sensitivity (98%) and specificity (71.4%) in the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis as compared to the standard tuberculin skin test.
Keywords: Bovine Tuberculosis, Murine Monoclonal Antibodies, Rapid Diagnostics, ELISA, Sero-Diagnosis, Applied Immunology.

Abstract
Identification of species in animal-derived foods is a crucial component of its management. Legal, financial, religious, and public health considerations all apply to food adulteration, particularly in the case of beef meat. Food adulteration mostly includes replacement of low price ingredient in meat products to get unlawful higher benefits. To protect consumers from meat adulteration, various methods have been investigated. The DNA-based techniques are rapid, greater resistance to degradation, adequate for the detection of small amounts of DNA in complex handled food varieties. This work was designed to investigate different concentrations of beef meat adulterations with other meat types (equine, sheep, dog, and pork) using multiplex PCR. Fresh meat samples of different animal species cattle, donkey, pork and dog were collected for detection of their adulteration. Meat species samples were minced to make meat mixture for mimicking adulteration. The multiplex PCR assay for five meat species was run effectively, clarifying five unique PCR fragments. These PCR sections compared the particular sizes expected for the five designated species. The results showed successful amplification of the target cyt b gene sequences with the expected amplicon sizes (271pb) for cattle, (274pb) for sheep, and (808pb) for dog meat. Amplification of the target mt DNA, and 12S rRNA-tRNA Val gene sequences with the expected amplicon sizes (359pb) for equine, and (290bp) for pork’s meat. The developed multiplex PCR assay was sensitive enough to detect 0.5% (w/w) adulterated meat under mixed matrices. It was concluded that the multiplex PCR could greatly minimize the cost for detection of meat adulteration.
Keywords: Beef Mt DNA, Cyt-b Gene, Meat Adulteration, Multiplex PCR, 12S rRNA-tRNA Val Gene.

Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate factors affecting the level of manganese, selenium, iron and zinc in the serum of brood goats. Total of 134 clinically healthy and non-pregnant does were assigned for this study. Does were classified according to breed, feeding, housing system, age, and parity. The animals in different groups were bled and sera were analyzed for trace elements using Flam Emission Atomic Absorption. Breed affected levels of manganese (P=0.02) and zinc (P=0.01). Does supplemented with pelleted food with barseem had higher serum manganese (P=0.001) and zinc (P=0.05) levels than other feeding groups. Selenium (P=0.001) was higher in the serum of does in mixed houses than those sheltered in closed or open system. Older does had lower serum selenium (P=0.01) and iron (P=0.001) than younger ones. It can be concluded that breed, feeding type, housing system, age and parity could affect the level of serum trace elements in breeding does.
Keywords: Animal Husbandry, Age Groups, Risk factors, Nutrition.

Abstract
Palm kernel meal (PKM) had the potential as an ingredient of broiler ration. PKM must be processed by fermentation with Lactobacillus fermentum to improve the nutritional quality. The aim of this study was to enhance quality and nutritional content of PKM through fermentation by integrating the composition of substrate and fermentation time. This research used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3×3 factorial and repeated for 3 times. Factor A was substrate composition: A1 (100% PKM), A2 (90% PKM + 10% rice bran), and A3 ( 80%PKM +20% rice bran). Factor B was fermentation time: B1 (2 days), B2 (4 days), B3 (6 days). The observed variables were cellulase enzyme activity, mannannase enzyme activity, protease enzyme activity, crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), crude lipid (CL), nitrogen retention (NR), digestibility of crude fiber (DCF) and metabolic energy (ME) on Fermented PKM. The results showed that factor A and B had a very significant interaction (P<0.01) and those factors also exposed a very significant effect on cellulase activity, mannanase activity, protease activity, CP, CF, CL, NR, DCF and EM of fermented PKM. In conclusion the combination of substrate composition (80%PKM+20% rice bran) with fermentation time (4 day) showed optimal results as seen from aktivity selulase 17.63U/mL; mannanase 24.31U/mL; protease 10.34U/mL; CP 25.81%; CF 16.90%; CL 1.83%; NR 62.84%; DCF 54.37% dan ME 2743Kkal/kg. Keywords: Quality, Nutrient, Palm kernel meal, Lactobacillus fermentum.

Abstract
We analyzed the epidemiological relationship of Clostridium (C.) perfringens isolated from feces and soil of horse farm using multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and then compared it with standard strains registered in the National Center for Biotechnology Information. MLST results using MEGA 6.0 showed that total 13 clusters were formed in the phylogenetic tree of the housekeeping genes sequence of the standard strains, and the Korea Isolate Ju (KSJ) strains were classified into 8 types (cluster 4, cluster 5, cluster 6, cluster 7, cluster 8, cluster 11, cluster 12, and cluster 13). The KSJ strains were categorized into 4 groups. Each group had a high bootstrap value (>90%). These results for C. perfringens are considered to be helpful for performing epidemiological investigations and establishing prevention methods for diseases in the future.
Keywords: Clostridium perfringens, horse, multi-locus sequence typing, soil.

Abstract
The use of medications in the treatment of animals with antisperm antibodies (ASA) is questioned by conflicting information. The epididymal sperm extraction (ESE) rat model’s broken blood epididymal barrier was the subject of investigation. Ten adult male Wister-Albino rats served as negative control, fifty rats were exposed to ESE and divided into five groups. The first group was untreated and considered as positive control. The remaining four groups were treated with dexamethasone (DEX), azathioprine (AZA), frankincense, and prepared secondary antibodies. Sperm counts, sperm viability %, ASA concentrations, testosterone assays, and histopathology of the testis and epididymis were performed. The results of the AZA and DEX-treated rats showed that at week 8, there was a significant decrease in ASA compared to the positive control group (P<0.01), whereas there was no significant difference between the testosterone concentrations, sperm count, or viability of the treated rats and the negative control group. Histologically, testis and epididymis displayed moderate degeneration and necrosis. There was a significantly lower ASA and index (%) than in the positive control group at weeks 6 and 8 following treatment with frankincense and secondary antibodies (P<0.01). The testosterone levels, however, recovered to normal levels since they were identical to those of the negative control and lower than those of the positive control (P<0.05). Histologically, the testis and epididymis clarified normal appearance. Conclusion, the findings support the idea that immune responses and acute inflammatory alterations in the testis are triggered by paracrine and immunological processes. Future research on comprehensive hormone profiling or analyses of the hypothalamo-hypophysial- gonadal axis following this operation would be of interest. Keywords: ASA, Epididymal Sperm Extraction, Testosterone, DEX, AZA, Frankincense.