Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the microsatellite (Ms) variation in Jeju and American horses and their phylogenetic relationship, and to establish a lineage-based breeding plan for domestic American miniature horse (AMH) and Quarter horse (QH) in Korea. A total of 83 horse samples (27 AMHs, 32 QHs, and 24 Jeju horses [JHs]) were genotyped with 17 Ms markers. The observed number of alleles per locus ranged from 4 (HTG7) to 12 (ASB17), with an average value of 7.71, 7.41, and 6.11 in AMH, QH, and JH, respectively. Of the 17 Ms markers, HTG4, HTG6, HTG7, HMS1 markers had relatively low PIC values (<0.6) in AMH and HMS1 in QH, and ASB2, HMS7, HTG4, ASB23, HMS1, HTG10 in JH. An average level of genetic variation was as follows: AMH, HE= 0.7300 and HO= 0.7317; QH, HE= 0.7505 and HO= 0.7011; and JH, HE = 0.6917 and HO= 0.7011. QH and JH had a genetic distance of 0.3831, and JH and AMH had a genetic distance of 0.2883. Of the three breeds, QH and JH formed clearly near groups and the AMH formed clearly different groups. This study is judged to be suitable for individual identification and parentage testing for registration of the lineage of AMH and QH. Therefore, the results of this study are an effective tool for genetic research and preservation of these horse breeds. Keywords: American Miniature Horse, Microsatellite Marker, Parentage Verification, Quarter Horse.

Abstract
This study was mainly designed to advance and recover the control measures of Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) via accelerating the field identification of some BRD causing pathogens. A simple rapid field test was developed mainly to identify Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica, both are highly associated with BRD. A full identified Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica cultures were earned from Microbiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt. Species-specific bacterial antigen of outer membrane protein of each bacterial strain was prepared separately for M. haemolytica and P. multocida. Specific polyclonal antibodies were prepared by amplifying each one in guinea pigs and rabbits. Pathogens-specific lgG were purified using caprylic acid technique. Pathogens-specific lgG titers were measured by ELISA. The colloidal gold nanoparticles were conjugated to the rabbit mono specific polyclonal lgG antibody and did not conjugate to guinea pig specific polyclonal lgG. The particles were then utilized to develop the Lateral flow kits (LFK) which is a rapid assay for detection for P. multocida and M. haemolytica in clinical samples when Compared to the conventional Bacteriological tests. Results: Percentage of accuracy, specificity and sensitivity of LFK kits recorded 93, 94.4 and 90.4%, respectively, for P. multocida and 91.5, 94.3and 84.7%, respectively, for Mannheimia haemolytica.
Keywords: Lateral flow kit (LFK), P. multocida, M. haemolytica, bovine respiratory disease (BRD).

Abstract
This study aimed to identify the prevalence of enterotoxigenic E. coli producing ESBL in some chicken meat and chicken meat products. A total of 300 samples, including 120 chicken meat samples, 180 nuggets, frankfurter and luncheon (60 each) were taken from different supermarkets of different sanitation levels. These samples were subjected to bacteriological examination. The results showed that the prevalence of E. coli in chicken meat, nuggets, frankfurter and luncheon was 36.7, 16.6, 20 and 26.7%, respectively. In addition, the mean values of Aerobic plate count in chicken meat, nuggets, frankfurter and luncheon were 2.05×105±0.43×104, 3.4×103±0.22×103, 4.7×103±0.11×103 and 6.5×103±0.15×103cfu/g; and the mean values of Coliform count were 2.4×103±0.11×103, 6.3×102±0.36×102, 8.24×102±0.38×102 and 8.5×102± 0.34×102cfu/g, respectively. E. coli isolates were serogrouped into O86:k61, O119:k69, O55:k59, O125:k70, O25:k11, O128:k67, O78:k80 and untyped serogroups. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of most isolates revealed the presence of multidrug-resistant strains. In addition, virulence genes (Sta, Lt and Stx2 genes) were detected in 2, 1 and 4 isolates; and antibiotic resistance genes (bla TEM, Bla CTX-M and AmpC genes) were detected in 100% of isolates indicating high resistance to beta-lactamase antibiotics.
Keywords: E. coli, ESBL, Chicken Meat, Chicken meat Products, Virulence Genes, Antibiotic resistance.

Abstract
Mineral deficiencies are a prevalent challenge for livestock producers and veterinarians. Twenty-five weaned buffalo calves of 90-115 days old and 85-135kg body weight were used in the current study. Calves were clinically examined, and 13 calves showed abnormal hair coat conditions (Zinc deficient, G1) while the other 12 calves were clinically healthy (Apparently healthy, G2). Blood samples were collected from each individual animal for assessment of the blood zinc and copper levels by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometer and for complete hematological analysis. Three behavioral tests were used to assess the anxiety and fear reactions toward novel circumstances: the open field (OFT), the novel object (NOT) and the novel human (NHT) tests. Our results showed that the average body weight did not significantly differ between groups although G1 group showed lower average body weight than G2. The blood zinc level was significantly (P<0.05) lower in G1 than G2, but the copper level did not significantly vary between groups. Mean corpuscular volume was significantly increased in G1 than G2 while mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was significantly reduced. Calves in G1 displayed distinct anxiety and fear related behavioral responses toward novel places (OFT), object (NOT) and human (NHT). We concluded that these early behavioral changes in buffalo calves are related to the developmental deficiency in zinc levels. Our study highlighted the functional significance of zinc in early behavior development and skin disorders in buffalo calves. Keywords: Buffaloes, Calves, Behavior, Zinc, Deficiency.

Abstract
Modern cattle farming needs to find ways to increase the fertility of dairy cows. That’s why we had the goal to study the application of different schemes for stimulating increased fertility in cows. For investigation of the possibility of increasing the fertility of cows, three groups of animals were formed: control and two experimental groups, i.e., The first stimulation scheme included Surfagon (15?g) 1-3h before insemination, Catosal, Gabivit-Se, 10-15min before insemination, and Uteroton. Progesterone (2.5%), Catosal, and Gabivit-Se were injected on the 8th day after insemination. Animals of the second stimulated group received Ovariovit 30-60min before insemination. At the 25-30th inseminated day, were injected Ovariovit and Liarsin. Experimental results were compared by the data of the control group (without stimulation using). Common diagnostics of the animal’s wellness was conducted by clinical and laboratory studies. And the pregnancy was additionally diagnosed by a portable ultrasound scanner AcuVista RS880b and MyLabOneVET with a rectal linear probe. It was found using a complex insemination stimulation scheme aimed at preventing infertility in cows can reduce the service period to 85.60±1.93 days and the insemination index to 1.9±0.25 days. Homeopathic preparations using made it possible to achieve a service-period of 89.50±2.42 days and an insemination index of 2.0±0.27. At the same time, animal hematology study results before and after the experiment in the compare with the Control Group demonstrated the safety of the proposed schemes because of the constant of the main blood parameters. So, the introduction of the proposed stimulation schemes can shorten the service period and raise fecundation that have a great impact on the economic efficiency of the cattle breeding.
Keywords: Cows, Infertility, Fertility Increase, Stimulation, Fecundation Index.

Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the mutual relationship between litter size (LS) and weaning to the first service interval (WSI) in the sow. Retrospective data was collected from 313 farrowings born from 121 Landrace x Yorkshire sows on a farm. The effect of the LS on the subsequent WSI and the effect of the WSI on the subsequent LS were analyzed with one-way ANOVA. Results showed that, on one hand, LS was negatively associated with the WSI. WSI of sows with an LS of 11-13 piglets was longer than that of the sows with an LS of >13, and shorter than that of the sows with an LS of <11. On the other hand, WSI had a quadratic effect on the subsequent LS. Accordingly, sows with a WSI of 6-10 days had a smaller subsequent LS when compared with sows with a WSI shorter than 6 days. When the WSI surpassed 10 days, the subsequent LS tended to increase. The present study indicated that LS and WSI had a mutual relationship. The results suggested that the selection of a large LS may result in a short WSI and the selection of a short WSI may result in a large LS, and both of these will result in an increase in reproductive performance. Keywords: Buffaloes, Calves, Behavior, Zinc, Deficiency.

Abstract
Pyometra is a bacterial infection with an accumulation of purulent exudate within the uterine lumen in intact female dogs. The diagnosis of this disease is made from the history, clinical and gynecological examinations, blood analyses, and ultrasonography of the abdomen. In this report, the clinical-surgical management of three cases of closed cervix pyometra is described. Three intact adult female dogs were presented to the veterinary emergency service because of general malaise, lack of appetite, and vomiting. The bitches showed estrus at least 3 weeks before the consultation, without vaginal discharge during this time. On clinical examination, the patients showed dehydration and apathy. Hematology, blood chemistry, and ultrasound were performed to confirm pyometra. Medical history, clinical, hematologic and chemistry findings, and abdominal ultrasonography were all consistent with a diagnosis of closed cervix canine Pyometra. Determinations of C-reactive protein were important to know the severity of inflammatory response before and post-surgery. Moreover, intraabdominal use of physiologic saline solution plus metronidazole and amoxicillin prevents secondary infections and decreases the inflammatory response. It concludes that the present report describes clinical and surgical management of closed cervix pyometra for optimizing monitoring, treatments, and saving the lives of patients with this disease.
Keywords: Closed cervix, Female dog, Hematology, Uterine inflammation.

Abstract
The mechanism of natural selection of the dominant follicle and hormonal regulation of this process in cattle is still insufficiently studied. The purpose of the study was to study the dynamics of the growth of subdominant and dominant follicles in Holstein cows and optimize the technique of scanning the ovaries during the estrus cycle, measuring the parameters of follicle growth, analyzing the results of sonograms and determining the concentration of estradiol in the pre-ovulatory period. To study the growth dynamics of subdominant and dominant follicles, the method of scanning the ovaries of cows during the estrous cycle using PU2200Vet devices and the Mindray Z5 Vet ultrasound scanner equipped with a convex endorectal sensor with a frequency of 5.0-7.0MHz was used. Two or three waves of dominant follicle growth with a duration of 4 to 12 days were detected in the studied animals. The maximum area of dominant follicles ranged from 191.18 to 243.18mm2. It is proved that the growth of dominant follicles in cows during the spontaneous estrous cycle is accompanied by an increase in the subdominant follicle population, per dominant follicle corresponds from 13.66 to 21.0 subdominant follicle. According to the results of the study, the growth rate of dominant follicle was higher compared to the growth of subdominant follicle, the growth rate of dominant follicle was from 0.9 to 4.43mm/day, this indicator for subdominant follicle was from 0.26 to 1.40mm/day. In the pre-ovulatory period, cows have a decrease in the amount of estradiol in the blood serum. The use of Doppler ultrasound scanning of the blood vessels of the corpus luteum allows determining the functional activity of the corpus luteum of the estrous cycle.
Keywords: Follicle Growth, Follicle Atresia, Ovarian Ultrasound Scanning, Doppler Ultrasound, Estrous Cycle.

Abstract
Rabies in dogs continues to be a serious public health threat in many regions worldwide. Viet Nam is one of endemic countries of the disease and many fatal cases in dogs and human have been frequently reported over years. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and factors associated with the seroprevalence of captured dogs in slaughterhouses in Can Tho and Ben Tre provinces, the two epidemiologically representative locations of rabies in the Mekong delta (MD), Viet Nam. During 2020–2021, a total of 470 canine serum samples were collected from slaughterhouses in six districts for each of Ben Tre and Can Tho provinces and these collected sera were tested for detection of anti-rabies antibodies using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Seroprevalence of rabies virus in Ben Tre was 5.94% (17 positive samples out of 286 collected samples) which was lower than the seroprevalence in Can Tho at 14.13% (26/184), respectively. Similarly, the mean value of antibody titer against rabies virus of captured dogs in Ben Tre (1.19±0.45IU/mL) was lower than that of in Can Tho (5.98±4.84IU/mL). Effects of several demographic factors such as breed, region and sex were not found for canine rabies seroprevalence. This study provides important information about seroprevalence of rabies for dogs in the MD and highlights necessity for vaccination program and surveillance for control and prevention of rabies in the area.
Keywords: Rabies Virus, Antibodies, Seroprevalence, Mekong Delta, Viet Nam.

Abstract
Coat color genetics has been studied in many mammalian species. However, in the dromedary camel, there are only few efforts reported three genes that associated with coat color (MC1R, ASIP and KIT). Saudi dromedaries vary in color from white, light brown, brown, dark brown and black. Tyrosinase (encoded by TYR gene) is a key enzyme responsible for converting tyrosine to melanin in the melanin pathway. TYR is known as the albino locus as it causes albinism in several mammalian species. TYR variants are also associated with diluted coat color phenotypes in rabbits and mice. Here, we investigated the possibility of TYR contribution in the dromedary coat color variations. Dromedary TYR exon 1 gene was studies in the dromedary and two SNPs were detected at position c.200 C>T associated with shoulder height in one study and suggested to be associated with coat color and c.523 T>C associated with black dromedaries. Here, we sequenced TYR all coding regions and identified 3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in exon 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Our finding shows that TYR c.200 C>T is significantly associated with light brown coat color phenotype in the dromedary (P<0.05) suggesting codominant inheritance. This variant substitutes a proline with leucine at position 67 (p.P67L). Two synonymous SNPs variants were discovered in exon 2 c.861 G>A and exon3 c.950 C>T. The finding will contribute to the generation of coat color genetic test in the species.
Keywords: Dromedary, Coat color, Genetics, TYR, Camelids.

Abstract
A combined inactivated montanide ISA-70 adjuvanted vaccine against two types of rabbit viral hemorrhagic disease (RVHD) and Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) was prepared. Another 2 inactivated vaccines were prepared too, one bivalent RHDV1 and RHDV2 against RVHD while the other single monovalent against P. multocida. The prepared vaccines were compared from the aspect of immune response up on the vaccinated rabbits. The comparison was based on the estimation of the humoral immune response for both RHDV and P. multocida by hemagglutination inhibition test (HI) and indirect hemagglutination test (IHA). Four groups of susceptible rabbits were used; one for each vaccine and the 4th group was control. The immune response was followed up for 24 weeks. Higher and earlier immune response against both RHDV1and RHDV2 were induced by combined oil emulsified vaccines at 1st week post vaccination (WPV) than bivalent inactivated RHDV vaccine. Using HI, the antibody titer reached maximum levels of combined oil vaccine (211.75, 211.5) for RHDV1 and RHDV 2 at the 12th weeks after vaccination, respectively. The same results were for P. multocida vaccine as the higher and earlier immune response against P. multocida was obtained from the combined vaccine than Pasteurella vaccine only. For P. multocida A and D, at the 6th week after vaccination, antibody titers of combined oil vaccine using IHA reached (218.5,218.2) respectively. The challenge test in the combined vaccine group revealed that, RHDV1 gave protection with 90%, and 100% for RHDV2 in the combined vaccine. As well as challenge test for Pasteurella gave protection with 90%. The developed combined inactivated montanide oil vaccines against Rabbit hemorrhagic disease types 1, 2 and Pasteurellosis appeared to be safe and effective in improving the immune response (onset and longevity). Immune protection against RHDV1, RHDV2 and P. multocida can be achieved with one manipulation decreasing the stress on animals and efforts.
Keywords: Combined, RHDV, Pasteurella, Vaccine, HI, Rabbits.

Abstract
Good horse performance depends on a genetic predisposition, training, health status, and optimal values of hematological and biochemical blood parameters. This research aimed to monitor 20 hematological and 15 biochemical blood parameters during different types of physical activity in clinically healthy 20 sports and 20 working horses with an average age of 8.33 years. Sport male horses had higher MCV, MCH, number, and percentage of neutrophils, eosinophils, creatinine, and bilirubin, while mares had higher values of RDW, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, MPV, glucose, BUN-to-creatinine ratio. Physical activity in draft horses led to a statistically significant increase in the number of leukocytes and neutrophils and significant hypocalcemia, while in sport horses, there was a significant increase in RBC, HCT, and HGB and significant hypoglycemia after rest. Significantly higher values of neutrophils and creatinine were recorded in male draft horses, while in mares, there were higher values of lymphocytes and amylase. This study proved that sport horses have better aerobic capacity and performance, are better adapted to the type and intensity of physical activity, and are kept in better conditions than draft horses. The different types of physical activity and other physiological factors can significantly change hematological and biochemical parameters in the draft and sports horses. Monitoring of hematological and biochemical blood parameters during different types of exercise is essential to assessing horses’ performance, welfare status, and health status.
Keywords: Physical Activity, Hematological Parameters, Biochemical Parameters, Draft Horses, Sport Horses.

Abstract
An 8-month-old female British shorthair cat presented for a routine health screening. The radiography examination showed an unusual cardiac silhouette around the cardiac apex. The ECG segment from S wave to the T wave (ST segment) is elevated and reveals a counterclockwise deviation of the cardiac axis. An echocardiographic examination demonstrated the loss of the pericardium over the right area of the heart. After a final diagnosis of partial absence of the pericardium, diaphragmatic plication was performed to prevent diaphragmatic herniation. This surgical technique can be selected as a treatment choice to prevent and repair the diaphragm. The partial loss of the pericardium is a rare congenital malformation that rarely occurs in veterinary medicine. This is the first report describing the diagnosis and prevention of a partial loss of the pericardium in cats.
Keywords: Cat, Defect, Pericardium, Diaphragmatic Plication.

Abstract
This study aims to determine the reproductive performance of Swamp buffalo with various dosage of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). The study subjects were Swamp buffaloes (n=16) with an average age of about 5-6 years, a normal estrus cycle, non-pregnant, and had no history of reproductive disease. Estrus synchronization was performed with an injection of 5mL PGF2? hormone. GnRH was injected on the 8th day with various doses (A=without GnRH injection, B=200mg/2mL, C=300mg/3mL, and D=400mg/4mL). Variables observed were superovulation response, the success of artificial insemination, and speed and intensity of onset of estrus in Swamp buffalo. The results showed that the average superovulation response was 81.25%. The success rate of AI was on average 75% with the highest success rate (100%) with C treatment (300g GnRH + 5mL PGF2?). Swamp buffaloes that have been treated have onset of estrus ranging from 72-81hrs and high intensity of estrus. The administration of GnRH 300mg (group C) and 400mg (group D) gave the best superovulation response (100%) and a 100% pregnancy with the administration of 300mg of GnRH (group C). Administration of GnRH 200mg (group B) showed the fastest estrus onset and all treated buffaloes showed high estrus intensity with a score of +++.
Keywords: Swamp Buffalo, GnRH, PGF2?, Reproductive Performance.

Abstract
The current study was planned to document the status of acid-base status and blood gases in camels with urinary tract disorders together with the hemato-biochemical parameters. Twenty-nine camels with urinary disorders were examined. Urinary disorders included cystitis, urine retention, hydronephrosis, red urine, renal masses, ruptured bladder and ruptured urethra. Fifteen healthy camels were used as controls. Compared to a value of 7.54±0.16 in healthy camels, the blood pH in camels with urinary disorders was 7.30±0.15. The HCO3 level has decreased in diseased versus control camels. However, the PCO2 was higher in camels with urinary disorders compared to healthy ones. The PO2 in this study was lower in camels with urinary disorders than healthy animals. However, the TCO2 was higher in diseased than healthy camels. In contrast, the SO2 was decreased in diseased camels compared to healthy controls. Lactate concentration did not differ significantly between diseased camels and controls. Neutrophilic leukocytosis and lymphopenia were the remarkable hematological changes in diseased camels when compared to healthy controls. In comparison to healthy controls, the serum concentration of albumin was highly significantly decreased in camels with urinary diseases compared to controls. In contrast, the globulin concentration was significantly high in camels with diseased animals compared to controls. Other remarkable findings included increased serum concentration of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine and glucose. In conclusion, in comparison to values in the healthy camels, the blood pH, HCO3, PO2 and O2 are lower in camels with urinary disorders; however, the PCO2 and TCO2 were higher in the diseased camels versus healthy animals. Additional outstanding results in diseased camels include neutrophilic leukocytosis, hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia, hyperglycemia, and increased concentrations of BUN and creatinine.
Keywords: Animals, Animal health, Diseases, Pathophysiology, Physiology.

Abstract
The Rainbow Celebes fish (Marosatherina ladigesi) is a type of freshwater ornamental fish that is endemic to the Maros area in South Sulawesi. However, the species is facing endangerment due to frequent fishing. Therefore, this research aims to determine the effect of conservation efforts by providing good feed such as natural feed, prebiotics, and probiotics to improve the growth performance and survival rate of the Rainbow Celebes fish. The research used 90 tails of the fish which were divided into four categories, namely group A (artificial feeding), B (natural food Daphnia sp.), C (synbiotic feed and teak leaf extract Tectona grandis L.), and D (feeding synbiotic plus seaweed extract Sargassum sp.) with a dose of 0.118, 0.120, 0.385, and 0.395gram/day, respectively. The results showed that the highest morphometric was 5.78±0.08mm (length) and 2.70±0.10mm width and the specific growth rate was 2.05±0.04/day. The survival rate was the same in treatments A, B, and D, which was 100%, treatment C was 90%, and the quality of maintenance water was within normal limits. Based on these results, it can be concluded that research with synbiotic feeding and Sargassum sp. significantly improved the morphometry, growth performance, and survival rate of rainbow Celebes fish.
Keywords: Daphnia sp., Rainbow Celebes Fish, Synbiotic Feed, Sargassum sp., Teak Leaves.

Abstract
Abortions of horses caused by Salmonella cause great economic damage to horse breeding farms and private farmsteads in Kazakhstan. This infection is primarily diagnosed through bacteriology, but it is highly dependent on the state of the material under study. It is also time-consuming and lacks sensitivity. Moreover, PCR analysis is used to identify and differentiate the causative agent of Salmonella abortion; the main disadvantage of this is the high cost of equipment and test systems. At the same time, in our country, the effective and affordable method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for serological diagnosis and monitoring of this infection is not used. The aim of this work is to show the use of ELISA based on outer membrane proteins (OMPs) for the serological diagnosis of Salmonella abortion in horses. Self-produced OMPs of S. enterica abortus egui were used in ELISA. Serum samples were taken from aborted mares and contact animals. According to the results of the study of blood sera of mares, the presence of specific antibodies was established in 20-43% of cases. The detection of antibodies indicates that the animal has had a disease or is a carrier of the causative agent of the infection, and, in general, an unfavourable situation for this infection in the surveyed farm. The use of ELISA and latex agglutination tests (LAT) makes it possible to determine the presence of specific antibodies in the serum of unvaccinated animals and can be used to monitor the epizootic situation for this infection.
Keywords: Salmonella enterica abortus egui, Specific antibodies, Diagnostics, ELISA, LAT.

Abstract
This study aimed to isolate and identify Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in raw camel milk (RCM) samples collected from various individual farms in the Al Madinah region, Saudi Arabia, and to establish an antibiotic susceptibility profile of S. aureus isolated from RCM. Out of 115 RCM samples cultured, 52(45.2%) were isolated and detected in the tested samples as suspected S. aureus. Out of the positive samples (n=52), 96.2% were confirmed as S. aureus by the automated method. Antimicrobial resistance profiles of the confirmed isolates to 8 common antibiotics used by veterinarians in the study area were then investigated. The study revealed that the highest resistance was observed to penicillin G as the ?-lactam antibiotic group (73.1%) and tetracycline as the tetracycline antibiotic group (61.5%). In comparison, the S. aureus isolates showed the highest sensitivity to clindamycin as the macrolide antibiotic group (84.6%), followed by ciprofloxacin as the quinolone antibiotic group (65.4%).
Keywords: Camel Milk, S. Aureus, Antibiotics Susceptibility, Al Madinah, KSA

Abstract
The global poultry industry constantly faces the threat of various bacterial and viral diseases, some of which are underreported, especially in developing countries. Even when official reports are available, the scope of the problem and its impact are unknown. Testing for individual pathogens is costly and tedious and may lead to inappropriate management, especially in the case of immunosuppressive diseases. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) provides an opportunity to discover all the events leading to clinical diseases. NGS for bacteria is well established, but this is not the case for viral agents. Because of their many variants, it is impossible to establish barcodes to detect all viruses. Therefore, we propose to establish a multi-barcode system to detect all bacteria and viruses in clinical avian specimens. The libraries can be generated with a one-step reverse transcription–PCR system for bacteria and RNA and DNA viruses, after priming with a single bacterial primer barcode and primer sets for all viruses or targeted viral genes of interest.
Keywords: Avian Disease, Bacteria, NGS, Multi-Barcode, Virus.

Abstract
The aim of this study was to reduce high level of tannin in mangrove (Sonneratia alba) fruits by fermentation using Aspergillus niger. A completely randomized design was used with four treatments (fermentation time) i.e. A: 7 days, B: 10 days, C: 13 days, D: 16 days and the experiments were performed in four replicates. The parameters measured were total mold colony, tannase enzyme activity, tannin content, and tannin degradation. The results showed that the fermentation time had a significant effect (P<0.05) on total mold colony, tannase enzyme activity, tannin content, and tannin degradation. The highest total colony and tannase enzyme activity were found in treatment B, namely 2.24 x 1014cfu/mL and 7.465U/mL, while the lowest tannin content and highest tannin degradation were found in the treatment D, namely 16.03% and 24.42%. The conclusion of this study was that on sixteenth days (Treatment D) fermented Sonneratia alba fruits produced the lowest levels of tannin (16.03%) with the highest level of degradation (24.42%). Keywords: Aspergillus Niger, Fermentation Time, Ruminant Feed, Sonneratia Alba, Tannin.